When Interpretation Acts Require Interpretation 3 Context Or Purpose As a Primary Factor to Be Considered When Divining Meaning Seems Unfathomable
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Interpretation of Tax Legislation: the Evolution of Purposive Analysis
Interpretation of Tax Legislation: The Evolution of Purposive Analysis Stephen W. Bowman* PRÉCIS Durant le XIXe siècle et la première moitié du XXe siècle, l’interprétation de la législation fiscale a été dominée par l’application de règles rigoureuses de l’interprétation réglementaire. Les tribunaux, sauf dans des dérogations occasionnelles et des exceptions limitées, ont interprété rigoureusement et littéralement la législation fiscale, d’après les mots utilisés dans la législation, sans formuler aucune hypothèse sur l’objet et l’esprit de la législation autre que la levée d’impôts. Les règles de la preuve empêchaient les tribunaux de se reporter aux débats parlementaires ou à d’autres moyens extrinsèques pour les aider à établir le but ou le sens des dispositions législatives. Si la formulation d’une provision fiscale était jugée ambiguë, l’équivoque était résolue en faveur du contribuable; si une exemption était jugée ambiguë, l’équivoque était résolue en faveur du fisc. Au moins à compter des années 1930, l’interprétation rigoureuse et littérale a commencé à soulever des critiques sur le plan théorique et judiciaire, critiques qui étaient largement répandues dans le monde de la common law. Durant la première moitié des années 1980, l’approche traditionnelle a été rejetée en faveur de directives plus téléologiques au Canada, au Royaume-Uni et en Australie. Le jugement rendu par la Cour suprême dans l’affaire Stubart Investments Limited v. The Queen s’est avéré une décision critique dans ce domaine. Selon les directives adoptées par la Cour suprême dans l’affaire Stubart, l’interprétation de la législation fiscale devait être faite selon les mêmes principes généraux applicables à la loi en général, et la législation devait être lue dans son contexte complet et dans son sens grammatical et ordinaire, en harmonie avec le plan de la législation entière, l’objet de la législation et l’intention de la législature. -
Redefining What's “Reasonable”: the Protections for Policing
\\jciprod01\productn\G\GWN\84-2\GWN201.txt unknown Seq: 1 18-MAR-16 13:42 Redefining What’s “Reasonable”: The Protections for Policing Barry Friedman and Cynthia Benin Stein* ABSTRACT How should the Constitution govern police surveillance and investiga- tions? Once, the formal rules were clear, even if not faithfully observed: searches and seizures required probable cause and a warrant. Today, how- ever, the Supreme Court has said that many forms of police activity need only be “reasonable.” But what is required to ensure that policing is “reasonable”? This question has become all the more pressing and perplexing as policing has shifted from a reactive, investigative approach that centers on suspicion that a particular person has committed a particular crime to a more programmatic, deterrent approach that relies on searching and seizing people without any suspicion of wrongdoing. In numerous contexts today—among them the use of drones, stop and frisk, bulk data collection, DNA testing, and a myriad of other controversial activities—the government justifies warrantless and often suspicionless surveillance by applying a mushy reasonableness balancing test. Courts, commentators, politicians and police all are at a loss to know precisely what is, or should be, required. This Article argues that matters can be simplified greatly by focusing not on the policing technique at issue, but on the protections that ensure against the use of arbitrary police discretion. Whatever else the Fourth Amendment safeguards, there is widespread agreement that it is a protection against arbi- trary and unjustified government intrusion. Policing has a binary nature to it. Policing agencies engage in two types of searches: (1) They investigate, based on individualized suspicion (“cause”) to believe a person has committed a crime; and (2) they engage in suspicionless searches that seek, in a program- matic or deterrent way, to curb a social problem and prevent criminal con- duct. -
Untangling the Web of Canadian Privacy Laws
Reproduced by permission of Thomson Reuters Canada Limited from Annual Review of Civil Litigation 2020, ed. The Honourable Mr. Justice Todd L. Archibald. Shining a Light on Privacy: Untangling the Web of Canadian Privacy Laws BONNIE FISH AND ALEXANDER EVANGELISTA1 It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. George Orwell, 1984 I. THE GENESIS OF PRIVACY LITIGATION Although there are more Canadian privacy laws than ever before and the right to privacy has quasi-constitutional status,2 Canadian citizens have never had greater cause for concern about their privacy. Our devices make public a dizzying amount of our personal information.3 We share information about our preferences and location with retailers and data brokers when shopping for online products and when shopping in physical stores using our credit cards, payment cards or apps. Smart homes and smart cities make possible Orwellian surveillance and data capture that previously would have been illegal without a judicial warrant.4 The illusion of anonymous or secure internet activity has been shattered5 by large scale privacy breaches that have exposed the vulnerability of our personal information to hackers.6 The COVID-19 crisis raises new privacy concerns as governments and private institutions exert extraordinary powers to control the outbreak, including the use of surveillance technologies.7 1 Bonnie Fish is a Partner and the Director of Legal Research at Fogler, Rubinoff LLP, Alexander Evangelista is an associate in the litigation department of Fogler, Rubinoff LLP. -
Interpreting the Charter of Rights: Generosity and Justification
Osgoode Hall Law Journal Volume 28 Issue 4 Volume 28, Number 4 (Winter 1990) Article 3 10-1-1990 Interpreting the Charter of Rights: Generosity and Justification Peter W. Hogg Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Article This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Citation Information Hogg, Peter W.. "Interpreting the Charter of Rights: Generosity and Justification." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 28.4 (1990) : 817-838. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol28/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Osgoode Hall Law Journal by an authorized editor of Osgoode Digital Commons. Interpreting the Charter of Rights: Generosity and Justification Abstract The author argues that there is a close relationship between the scope of the rights guaranteed by the Charter and the standard of justification equirr ed under section 1. The broader the scope of a right, the more relaxed the standard of justification must be. A generous interpretation of a right is incompatible with the stringent Oakes standard of justification. However, a purposive interpretation of a right, confining the right to conduct that is worthy of constitutional protection, is compatible with a stringent standard of justification. Keywords Canada. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; Constitutional law--Interpretation and construction; Canada Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. -
Explanatory Memorandum to the European Union
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE EUROPEAN UNION (WITHDRAWAL) ACT 2018 (CONSEQUENTIAL MODIFICATIONS AND REPEALS AND REVOCATIONS) (EU EXIT) REGULATIONS 2018 2018 No. [XXXX] 1. Introduction 1.1 This explanatory memorandum has been prepared by the Department for Exiting the European Union and is laid before Parliament by Act. 1.2 This memorandum contains information for the Sifting Committees. 2. Purpose of the instrument 2.1 The purpose of this instrument is to ensure that the UK statute book accommodates “retained EU law”, a new body of domestic law introduced by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (“the EUWA 2018”), coherently and effectively after the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. 2.2 This instrument amends the Interpretation Act 1978, the Interpretation and Legislative Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 (“the ILRA 2010”) and the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954, which set out general rules of interpretation for legislation. 2.3 This instrument makes provision for how non-ambulatory cross-references to European Union legislation up to the point immediately before exit should be read. Non-ambulatory references are references which are not automatically updated.1 It also makes provision for how cross-references to EU legislation post-exit should be read. 2.4 It also adds a number of words and expressions to the ILRA 2010 and the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 and provides general rules of interpretation in light of the introduction of “retained EU law”. 2.5 These Regulations repeal and revoke primary and secondary legislations in consequence of the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 (“the ECA 1972”) and arising from the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. -
The Trend Towards Purposive Statutory Interpretation: Human Rights at Stake
THE TREND TOWARDS PURPOSIVE STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: HUMAN RIGHTS AT STAKE By Tobias Lonnquist* A clear trend has been identified in relation to the interpretation of statutes from a strict or literal approach towards a more purposive approach. This has even been the case for revenue law which for some time has been considered as a penal statute. This trend is evident in other tax jurisdictions, both civilian and common law. After comparing and contrasting the various arguments for and against the purposive approach, it has been concluded that this observed change should not be welcomed in relation to the taxation legislation. Such an approach poses a serious threat to the separation of powers’, as the judicial arm would be able to read words into the legislation as they see fit. Even worse, however, is the threat to human rights, that is, the ability of the taxpayers to protect what is rightfully their own. Introduction The approach to statutory interpretation has undergone immense change over the past couple of decades, particularly in relation to the interpretation of revenue statutes.1 The change is said to be from a strict or literal approach (which has tended to favour the taxpayer), towards a more purposive approach (which tends to favour revenue). This shift has been viewed as quite bold, given that revenue statutes have for a long time been considered penal statutes and interpreted accordingly, that is, strictly and in favour of the taxpayer. As with any criticism there are also praises, for example from Kirby J, in FC of T v Ryan:2 * BCom, BIT, MAcc (Bond). -
Foetal Rights and the Regulation of Abortion Martha Shaffer*
Foetal Rights and the Regulation of Abortion Martha Shaffer* In.this article, the author discusses the legal L'auteure dtudie le statut juridique du foetus status of the foetus in the wake of the Supreme A la lumi~re de l'affaire Tremblay c. Daigle. Court of Canada decision in Tremblay v. Dai- Elle analyse d'abord un des aspects de la ddci- gle. She examines the Court's finding that the sion de ]a Cour supreme du Canada selon foetus has no rights in the civil or common law lequel le fetus n'a aucun droit autant en droit and exposes the resulting difficulties with the civil qu'en common law. Elle fait ensuite res- assertion of foetal rights under the Charter.By sortir les difficult~s que pr6sente le fait de sou- drawing upon factums submitted by the parties tenir que ]a Charte confire des droits au foetus. and by anti-abortion intervenors in Daigle and En faisant appel aux m~moires que les parties Borowski v. Canada (A.G.), the author ana- et les intervenants opposds i l'avortement ont lyzes the scientific and moral claims pro- soumis lors des affaires Daigle et Borowski c. pounded by opponents of abortion in support Canada (P.G.), 'auteure dfmontre que leurs of foetal rights but finds them insufficient to arguments moraux et scientifiques ne suffisent establish a normative argument for the recog- pas i 6tablir une norme selon laquelle on pour- nition of such rights under the Charter. rait baser la reconnaissance des droits en The determination of foetal rights under the faveur du fetus en vertu de ]a Charte. -
Which Textualism?
COMMENTS WHICH TEXTUALISM? Tara Leigh Grove ∗ INTRODUCTION The academic indictment of textualism was almost in. Although textualism has in recent decades gained considerable prominence within the federal judiciary,1 legal scholars remain skeptical: critics argue that textualism is insensitive to the actual workings of Congress,2 overly rigid,3 or (conversely) overly malleable4 and thus not much different from its main competitor purposivism.5 Moreover, some critics charge that textualism is not a neutral method of interpretation at all. Instead, ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ∗ Charles E. Tweedy, Jr., Endowed Chairholder of Law & Director, Program in Constitutional Studies, University of Alabama School of Law. Many thanks, for helpful comments on earlier drafts, to Josh Blackman, Sam Bray, Aaron Bruhl, Jessica Clarke, Neal Devins, Heather Elliott, Katie Eyer, Richard Fallon, David Fontana, Cary Franklin, Laura Heymann, Bert Huang, Orin Kerr, Andy Koppelman, Anita Krishnakumar, Alli Larsen, Gary Lawson, Henry Monaghan, Victoria Nourse, Jim Pfander, Susan Provenzano, William Pryor, Richard Re, Naomi Schoenbaum, Larry Solum, Kevin Stack, and Chris Walker. 1 Justice Kagan commented several years ago that “w[e are] all textualists now.” Harvard Law School, The 2015 Scalia Lecture | A Dialogue with Justice Elena Kagan on the Reading of Statutes, YOUTUBE at 08:28 (Nov. 25, 2015), https://youtu.be/dpEtszFT0Tg [https://perma.cc/6HMD- 727M]. Although that may be an exaggeration, Justice Kagan’s comment captures how the rise of modern textualism has impacted the way that judges approach cases. See Thomas R. Lee & Stephen C. Mouritsen, Judging Ordinary Meaning, 127 YALE L.J. 788, 793 (2018) (underscoring the influence of textualism in the courts); Gillian E. -
Statutory Instrument Practice
Statutory Instrument Practice A guide to help you prepare and publish Statutory Instruments and understand the Parliamentary procedures relating to them - 5th edition (November 2017) Statutory Instrument Practice Page i Statutory Instrument Practice is published by The National Archives © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to: [email protected]. Statutory Instrument Practice Page ii Preface This is the fifth edition of Statutory Instrument Practice (SIP) and replaces the edition published in November 2006. This edition has been prepared by the Legislation Services team at The National Archives. We will contact you regularly to make sure that this guide continues to meet your needs, and remains accurate. If you would like to suggest additional changes to us, please email them to the SI Registrar. Thank you to all of the contributors who helped us to update this edition. You can download SIP from: https://publishing.legislation.gov.uk/tools/uksi/si-drafting/si- practice. November 2017 Statutory Instrument Practice Page iii Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 3 CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 4 PART 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... -
Petition for Mandamus
USCA4 Appeal: 18-2486 Doc: 2-2 Filed: 12/17/2018 Pg: 1 of 189 ADDENDUM USCA4 Appeal: 18-2486 Doc: 2-2 Filed: 12/17/2018 Pg: 2 of 189 TABLE OF CONTENTS Record Materials: District Court Opinion, Dkt. No. 101 (March 28, 2018) .......................................... Add. 1 District Court Order, Dkt. No. 102 (March 28, 2018) ............................................ Add. 48 District Court Opinion, Dkt No. 123 (July 25, 2018) .............................................. Add. 50 District Court Order, Dkt. No. 124 (July 25, 2018) ............................................... Add. 102 District Court Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. No. 135 (November 2, 2018) ...... Add. 104 District Court Order, Dkt. No. 136 (November 2, 2018) .................................... Add. 135 Amended Complaint, Dkt. No 95 (February 23, 2018) ........................................ Add. 136 Constitutional and Statutory Provisions: U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 8 ......................................................................................... Add. 185 U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 7 ........................................................................................ Add. 185 28 U.S.C. § 1292 .......................................................................................................... Add. 186 28 U.S.C. § 1651 .......................................................................................................... Add. 187 USCA4 Appeal: 18-2486 Doc: 2-2 Filed: 12/17/2018 Pg: 3 of 189 Case 8:17-cv-01596-PJM Document 101 Filed 03/28/18 Page -
Brexit: What Now? Uncoupling UK Law from the EU
Brexit: what now? Uncoupling UK law from the EU Much UK law is currently linked to that of the EU. Ending the UK’s membership of the EU will require significant uncoupling of the two legal systems. This paper provides an introduction to the inter-relationship of UK law and EU law and the legal mechanisms that might be used to separate them. As the issues surrounding implementation are highly complex, this introductory paper tries to provide a clear outline that can act as the foundation for more detailed analysis. The “ECA”: The European Communities Act 1972 – UK Membership – legal status the key UK statute implementing the UK’s UK law has historically taken the view that an membership of the EU. international treaty (or non-UK law ratified by the UK Government) does not form part of the domestic laws of the UK unless and until it is given effect by, or pursuant to, an Act of the UK Parliament. In limited circumstances, the UK Government can give effect to treaty obligations without specific legislation. The EU law perspective is that the obligations of EU law apply Categories of EU Law throughout the EU as an automatic consequence of EU law can be defined in the following membership of the EU. This means that EU law will, on principal categories: its own terms, no longer apply in the UK immediately after the UK stops being an EU Member State. As a – EU Treaties: The primary law of the EU. Binding result, the UK’s membership of the EU operates on on the UK as an EU Member State. -
Backdoor Purposivism
KRISHNAKUMAR IN PRINTER FINAL (DO NOT DELETE) 2/16/2020 7:25 PM BACKDOOR PURPOSIVISM ANITA S. KRISHNAKUMAR† ABSTRACT It has become standard among statutory interpretation commentators to declare that, “We are all textualists now.” The comment stems from the observation that in the modern, post-Scalia era, all of the Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court pay significant attention to statutory text when construing statutes and, relatedly, that legislative history use by the Court as a whole has declined since its heyday in the 1970s. The account of textualism’s triumph is so prevalent that some scholars have declared purposivism—or at least traditional purposivism—essentially defunct. Two prominent textualist scholars in particular have suggested that there is a “new purposivism” at work on the modern Court and that this purposivism is textually constrained, limiting its focus to the means identified in the text of the statute rather than the underlying policy objectives motivating the statute—or, alternately, using purpose as a threshold consideration in determining whether a statute’s text is ambiguous in the first place. This Article challenges the conventional “purposivism is dead or dying” narrative in two important ways. First, relying on data from an empirical analysis of 499 Roberts Court statutory interpretation cases decided between 2006 and 2017, it argues that traditional purposivism is alive and well on the modern Supreme Court. That is, while purposivist Justices in the modern era do pay attention to text and invoke textual canons in a way that their 1970s purposivist counterparts Copyright © 2020 Anita S. Krishnakumar. † Mary C.