Modernisasi Dan Terbentuknya Gaya Hidup Elit Eropa Di Bragaweg (1894-1949) Modernization and the Lifestyle of the European Elite in Bragaweg (1894-1949)

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Modernisasi Dan Terbentuknya Gaya Hidup Elit Eropa Di Bragaweg (1894-1949) Modernization and the Lifestyle of the European Elite in Bragaweg (1894-1949) Modernisasi dan Terbentuknya Gaya Hidup..... (Hary Ganjar Budiman) 163 MODERNISASI DAN TERBENTUKNYA GAYA HIDUP ELIT EROPA DI BRAGAWEG (1894-1949) MODERNIZATION AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE EUROPEAN ELITE IN BRAGAWEG (1894-1949) Hary Ganjar Budiman Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat Jl. Cinambo No. 136, Ujungberung, Bandung e-mail: [email protected] Naskah Diterima: 4 Mei 2017 Naskah Direvisi: 4 Juni 2017 Naskah Disetujui: 13 September 2017 Abstrak Penelitian ini menguraikan perubahan Bragaweg dari 1894 hingga 1949. Selain itu, penelitian ini menguraikan bentuk aktivitas golongan Eropa di Jalan Braga yang merepresentasikan nuansa modern di masa kolonial. Metode sejarah digunakan untuk mengkontruksi kisah Braga. Untuk menunjang analisis, penelitian ini, penulis memakai konsep modernisasi yang digunakan Lawrence V. Stockman. Menurutnya, modernisasi tidak menciptakan sesuatu yang baru tetapi menerima sesuatu yang baru dari bangsa atau Negara lain yang lebih maju. Pada awalnya elit Eropa berusaha beradaptasi, kemudian mengupayakan terbentuknya kehidupan khas Eropa di negeri jajahan. Bragaweg adalah gambaran suksesnya upaya elit Eropa tersebut. Transformasi Bragaweg merepresentasikan pertumbuhan ekonomi di kawasan tersebut; dari munculnya toko kebutuhan pokok hingga munculnya toko barang mewah dan industri. Kesan modern terlihat dari gaya hidup yang dipraktikkan elit Eropa serta lengkapnya sarana dan teknologi di kawasan Bragaweg. Pada masa perang kemerdekaan, suasana gemerlap Eropa redup dan digantikan dengan suasan perang. Keywords: Bragaweg, modern, gaya hidup, elit Eropa. Abstract This study describes the Bragaweg changes from 1894 to 1949. In addition, this study describes the form of European-style activity in Braga Street that represents the modern nuances of the colonial period. The historical method is used to construct the Braga story. To support the analysis of this study, the author uses the concept of modernization of Lawrence V. Stockman. He stated that modernization does not create something new but accept something new from another nation or other developed country. At first the European elite tried to adapt, then seek the formation of a typical European life in the colony. Bragaweg is a picture of the success of the European elit. The Bragaweg transformation represents economic growth in the region; From the emergence of staple stores to the rise of luxury and industrial goods stores. Modern impression is seen from the lifestyle practiced by the European elite and the full range of facilities and technology in the Bragaweg region. In the war of independence, the sparkling atmosphere of Europe was dimmed and replaced by the atmosphere of war. Keywords: Bragaweg, modern, life style, European elite. A. PENDAHULUAN Batavia mengalami lonjakan jumlah Kota-kota di Hindia Belanda penduduk hingga 130%, Surabaya 80%, tumbuh dengan cepat sepanjang 1900 Semarang 100%, dan Bandung 325%. hingga 1925. Pertambahan penduduk Pada awal abad ke-20, muncul istilah mengalami lonjakan yang tinggi. Misalnya revolutiebouw yang bisa dimaknai sebagai 164 Patanjala Vol. 9 No. 2 Juni 2017: 163- 180 revolusi dalam pembangunan (Mrazek, Kota Bandung bisa dilihat di Jalan Braga. 2006). Didukung oleh perkembangan Jalan Braga sering disebut mewakili citra teknologi dan kebijakan liberalisasi Parijs van Java yang tersemat di Kota ekonomi pada penghujung abad ke-19, Bandung. Dienaputra (2015: 817) orang-orang Eropa, termasuk para menyatakan bahwa sentra dari sebagian pengusaha dan keluarga pegawai besar denyut kehidupan gaya Eropa di pemerintah kolonial, semakin banyak Bandung pada dasarnya berada di sekitar datang ke Hindia Belanda. Mereka jalan Braga. beradaptasi dengan kondisi tropis di Seperti dijelaskan oleh Haryoto Hindia Belanda, menciptakan lingkungan Kunto (1984, 2014), di Braga terdapat ideal berdasarkan persepsi1 golongan segala jenis pertokoan, restoran, tempat Eropa. Lingkungan ideal menurut persepsi hiburan, gedung pertemuan orang-orang Eropa ini, di antaranya diwujudkan dalam Eropa, bioskop hingga tempat pelacuran bentuk jalan beraspal, lampu penerangan pun ada di sana. Pada jalan Braga pula, jalan, taman kota, lahan pemakaman, uang berputar dan perekonomian melaju. perluasan lahan kota dan pembangunan Pada masa itu lahir ungkapan dari para gedung perkantoran berkonsep Nieuw pengusaha perNebunan Eropa, —naar Indische Bouwstijl (Kunto, 1986, 2014). beneden geld halen!“ yang —artinya Ne Menjelang abad ke-20, kota-kota di bawah mengambil uang“. MaNsud Jawa–sebut saja misalnya Batavia, ungkapan tersebut tentu saja dari tempat Bandung, Malang, dan Semarang– tinggal para penguasaha Eropa di daratan semakin berkembang pembangunannya tinggi Bandung, menuju ke Braga guna serta dinamis kehidupan masyarakatnya mengambil uang di bank. Pada awal abad (Colombijn dkk., 2005) ke-20, di Jalan Braga terdapat 3 unit bank: Seperti halnya Batavia, Malang, Escompto, DENIS, dan Javasche Bank. dan Semarang, Bandung merupakan salah Sepanjang 1925 hingga 1930, uang satu dari sedikit kota yang merasakan nasabah yang tersimpan di DENIS Bank modernisasi paling mula di Hindia mengalami peningkatan hingga 900%, dari Belanda2, salah satu hasil pembangunan 504.500 gulden meningkat hingga 4.718.500 gulden3. 1 Berdasarkan uraikan di atas, Munculnya julukan seperti Venetie van Java meneropong Jalan Braga yang dijuluki (untuk Batavia), Holland Tropische Stad sebagai dee meest Europeesche (Malang), Costa Brava van Java (Semarang), winkelstraat van indie (Pusat perbelanjaan Switzerland van Java (Garut) merupakan indikasi betapa kota di Hindia Belanda nomor satu Bangsa Eropa di Hindia dibentuk berdasarkan persepsi ideal tentang Belanda) menjadi menarik untuk dikaji. kota di Eropa. Sebagai sebuah jalan yang tak lebih dari 1 2 km itu, sebagai sebuah lokus kecil di Selama Periode 1810 ± 1906 Bandung tengah kota Bandung, agaknya menjadi mengalami perubahan sosial. Perubahan itu penting untuk menelisik bagaimana bergerak secara unilinear, dari kehidupan tradisional kemudian berkembang ke arah mungkin Jalan Braga bisa dijuluki dee kehidupan modern. Proses perubahan mencapai meest Europeesche winkelstraat van indie? puncak dengan pembentukan Gemeente Kenapa harus Jalan Braga, bukan Jalan Bandung pada 1 April 1906. Teknologi kereta di Bandung terbukti mempercepat kehidupan kota (Hardjasaputra, 2002). Bandung 3. Economic-booming terjadi di Bandung pada merupakan kota pertama di Hindia Belanda 1920-an akibat tingginya permintaan hasil yang memiliki biro arsitek swasta, yaitu perkebunan di wilayah Priangan. Hal ini Technisch Bureau Biezeld & Mooje2. Bandung sejalan dengan pertambahan penduduk Eropa, pula yang sempat direncanakan menjadi dan percepatan pembangunan kota (Kunto, Ibukota Hindia Belanda (Dienaputra, 2015). 1986; Hardjasaputra, 2002). Modernisasi dan Terbentuknya Gaya Hidup..... (Hary Ganjar Budiman) 165 Riau atau Jalan Dago misalnya. Pada titik Bragaweg. Tentu pijakan tahun 1894 tidak ini menelusuri transformasi jalan Braga berlaku ketat, karena indikasi menjadi perlu. Banyaknya pertokoan di perkembangan Braga sebagai sebuah pusat Braga pada masa kolonial sebagaimana aktivitas orang Eropa sebetulnya sudah digambarkan oleh Hutagalung dan nampak, setidaknya terhitung dari mulai Nugraha (2006) bisa menjadi parameter berdirinya Societeit Concordia pada 1879. untuk membuktikan bagaimana aktivitas Jauh sebelum itu, dalam ruang lingkup masyarakat di Braga bisa yang lebih umum, sebetulnya modernisasi merepresentasikan kesan modern4 di kota di Bandung sudah dirintis sejak Bandung kolonial, bagaimana pula gaya hidup Eropa ditetapkan sebagai Ibukota Keresidenan bisa terbentuk dan dipraktikkan. Priangan pada 1864. Titik tuju penelitian Berdasarkan uraian di atas, ini dibatasi hingga tahun 1949, yaitu penelitian ini mecoba mengerucutkan terhitung sejak masa revolusi fisik, rumusan masalah menjadi tiga. (1) menjelang pengakuan kedaulatan Bagaimana perubahan Jalan Braga dari Indonesia oleh Belanda. Tahun 1949 sebuah jalan biasa menjadi sebuah jalan menjadi batasan karena pada masa tersebut modern yang identik dengan kehidupan kondisi Jalan Braga tidak kondusif dan orang-orang Eropa; (2) Ciri apa saja yang mulai ditinggalkan orang-orang Eropa menunjukkan bahwa Braga adalah disebabkan situasi perang yang melanda kawasan modern di masa Hindia Belanda; Hindia Belanda. serta (3) bagaimana pula gaya hidup Eropa Memang telah banyak penulis yang tumbuh di kawasan tersebut. Melalui yang membahas Jalan Braga, seperti rumusan masalah tersebut, penulis Haryoto Kunto (1984; 1986), Ridwan mencoba melihat Braga dari dua Hutagalung dan Taufanny Nugraha (2008), perspektif. Pertama, dari perkembangan Iwan Hermawan (2010), dan disinggung lanskap; dari jalan lengang menjadi jalan dalam disertasi Sobana Hardjasaputra yang penuh dengan toko dan menjadi pusat (2002). Meski demikian, sejauh aktivitas. Kedua, melihat Braga sebagai penelusuran penulis belum ada penelitian ruang yang diisi oleh aktivitas manusianya, yang meninjau Jalan Braga dengan utuh di mana praktik kebudayaan berlangsung. dari masa ke masa. Penulis tidak Kajian ini diharapkan mampu menampik bahwa dari sekian karya yang merekonstruksi perubahan yang terjadi di telah ada, banyak data yang bisa kawasan Braga di tengah kompleksitas dikumpulkan dan direkontruksi dengan perkotaan masa kolonial. Kajian ini juga sudut pandang yang berbeda. Untuk itu, diharapkan bisa menjadi studi penelitian ini mencoba memberi sudut pendahuluan, bila transformasi di Braga ini pandang baru dengan melihat Braga akan dikaji dalam periodiasi yang lebih sebagai
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