Mid-Season Wildflowers at Bridgeport

The common name in bold is likely the name most frequently used at Bridgeport. The blooming dates are merely guidelines; flowers may appear earlier and extend later. If the flower you are looking for is not here, refer to the Early and Late tables to see if the flower was placed there. The references used in compiling this table are listed on the last page. Many of the Native American uses were taken directly from the research paper by Vicki Macdonald. Name changes are in blue, in agreement with The Jepson Manual, Second Edition, 2012.

Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Baby Stars Leptosiphon Mid Polemoniaceae Native Annual Red/ 2-6” tall with whorled, Grows in open grassy areas, foothill woodlands Bicolor pink hairy leaves topped by and chaparral in western North America. 3/12- Phlox Family Below a head of bracts with Previously 5/30 5,600’ one flower open at a A good to view with a magnifier. Linanthus time. The tiny pink 5- are attached in the throat. bicolor Mar. petal flower has a Leptosiphon means “narrow tube” which refers to to yellow throat and a the tube of the funnel-shaped flower. June very long tube below the spreading petals. Ceanothus or Ceanothus Mid Rhamaceae Native Shrub or White 3-9’ tall with stiff Grows in chaparral on sunny, dry, rocky slopes. Buck Brush, cuneatus small tree or pale branches. May be Found throughout and in and Wedgeleaf var. cuneatus 3/11 Buckthorn Family Below blue to wider than tall. The Baja California. Fire encourages germination of Ceanothus 7,000' Monoe- laven- usually white flowers the seed and many seedlings sprout after a fire. Feb. cious der are in clusters and to (male and emit a strong scent. Native Americans used the seeds for food, the May female The fruit has minute blossoms as soap, the leaves for tobacco, the flowers on horns. Opposite 1/4” to roots for red dye, and bark and roots for astringent the same 3/4” evergreen leaves. and tonic. Sometimes used today as a heat plant) Seed capsules burst resistant cover on road banks and slopes. It open with a pop and thrives in poor soil and needs good drainage. It is can cast seeds as far deer resistant. All ceanothus roots fix nitrogen. as 35’.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Ceanothus or Ceanothus Mid Rhamnaceae Native Shrub, White 3-12’ tall and 4-15’ Grows on mountain slopes, ridges and flats Deer Brush, integerrimus semi- but wide, loosely predominately in the mid-Sierra and also in other California var. 4/4- Buckthorn Family 230- deciduous can be branched, with 3- western states. Plant variations exist, likely due to Lilac, Wild macrothyrsus 5/22 8,500’ blue or veined, alternate, the amount of available water. stump- Lilac rarely smooth-edged leaves. sprout after a fire or after cutting. Fire also helps May pink The deciduous leaves in seed germination. Seeds remain viable for 24 to can be up to 3” long years or more. The plant grows well in the garden, July but most often are but may not be the preferred ceanothus to grow. less. The clusters of It was used for treating women after childbirth and flowers are usually is used today to prepare a tonic. The Miwoks used white at Bridgeport. the plant in basket making. The leaves produce a The roots fix nitrogen. green dye. All parts of the plant contain saponin and produce a gentle soap when crushed. Checker Sidalcea Mid Malvaceae Native Annual Rose- 6-12” tall with erect Grows on dry hillsides, often on serpentine, in the Mallow, hartwegii purple stems. Leaves are Sacramento Valley and the foothills east and west Hartweg’s 4/4- Mallow Family Below divided into 5 to 7 of the valley. Endemic to California. Checker- 5/13 2,000’ linear segments. 4 to 6 bloom, rose-purple flowers Use a hand-lens to view the star-shaped hairs on Hartweg’s April cluster or overlap in a the flower. Sidalcea, to group. The flower has Many butterfly larvae feed on mallows: Gray Valley June 5 petals and the Hairstreak, Painted Lady, West Coast Lady, Checker- stamens are fused into Common Checkered Skipper and Large White bloom a central tube. Skipper. Chinese Collinsia Mid Plantaginaceae Native Annual Violet/ 6-20” tall with opposite, Grows in shady, grassy places in many plant Houses heterophylla Purple narrow triangular communities in California and Baja California. On var. Mar Plantain Family Below paired, slightly toothed our trail, watch out for nearby poison oak. Chinese heterophylla to 4,300’ leaves and ascending Houses grow in one area beyond the French June Previously whorls of spectacular Corral Creek, usually on the left but perhaps Scrophulariaceae 3/4” to 1” flowers. The downslope in a good year. Visitors often ask, “Are Figwort Family upper 2 petals are the Chinese Houses blooming yet?” white with purple marks and the lower 2 Frequently included in wildflower seed mixes for petals are purple. A the garden. The plant is host for the larvae of the third petal is hidden. Variable Checkerspot butterfly. The whorled flowers look like a Chinese pagoda, thus the common name.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Clarkia or Clarkia Mid Onagraceae Native Annual Violet/ 4-24” tall with small, Grows widespread on grassy or gravelly slopes Winecup purpurea Purple cuplike purple flowers and flats and also on serpentine. It is found Clarkia, Four- 4/4- Evening Below or in the leaf axils. throughout most of California and occurs in the spot Clarkia 5/30 Primrose Family 5,000’ laven- Bridgeport flowers are western states. It is variable with 3 subspecies. der light lavender with a April darker spot near the Native Americans dried parched and pulverized to top of each of the 4 seeds of Clarkia species. They ate the meal dry or July petals. combined it with acorn meal. Clover or Trifolium Mid Fabaceae Non- Annual Yellow 4-20” tall, prostrate to Grows in grassy or disturbed places from valley Little Hop dubium Native erect. Short stalks with floor to upper conifer forests. Sometimes planted Clover or 3/28- Pea Family from small flower heads of as part of a turf grass mixture. Shamrock 5/3 Europe fewer than 30 tiny Clover yellow flowers. Typical Avoid confusing it with Yellow Bur Clover (which April Below three-part clover leaf. has wedge-shaped leaves and single flowers) or to 1.640’ Hop Clover (which has larger flower heads and July veined banners.). A poultice of the chopped plant is used to stop bleeding of cuts. Clover or Trifolium Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Pink to 18” or taller, non- Grows on slopes in grassland, chaparral and Foothill ciliolatum purple hairy, 3-leaflet disturbed areas in western North America from Clover, Tree Mar 750- alternate leaves. to Baja. Found throughout much of Clover to 5,600’ The flowers soon CA. Flattened flowerheads may be seen on the June reflex, leaving a north side near the end of the trail in a grassy flattened head of area in late May. We rarely go that far on our withering flowers. guided tours. Clover leaves of most varieties can be eaten raw or cooked before flowering. Seeds can be eaten raw or cooked or sprouted. Clover or Trifolium Mid Fabaceae Non- Annual Red/ 4-16” tall, often in Has naturalized in most parts of California. It is Rosy Clover, hirtum native Pink carpets. The three ½” often seeded after fires, for cover crops and for Rose Clover 3/22- Pea Family from leaflets often have a forage. It is replacing native clovers and 5/30 Eura- lighter band across the wildflowers. sia, no. middle. Round, pink or April Africa rose, hairy It was introduced to California from Turkey in the to flowerheads. The 1940s as a forage crop and has become a May Below sepals may harden roadside weed. 6,800’’ into bristles with age.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Clover or Trifolium Late Fabaceae Native Annual Laven- 4-16” tall herb with 3 Grows on upland grassy slopes and flats, dry Tom Cat willdenovii der to minutely toothed, very gravel bars and openings on disturbed heavy Clover 4/11- Pea Family Below pink- slender leaflets 1/2 to soils, sometimes on serpentine. Abundant in Previously 5/30 8,200’ purple 1 1/2” long. Bristle- California, sporadic west of the Cascades. Also in Trifolium to dark tipped stipules at the Baja California and South America. tridentatum Mar purple base of the leaves. to Tubular flowers in a 1” Could be confused with Whitetip Clover (T. June head, usually with variegatum) which grows in wetter places and is white-tipped petals. not on the Bridgeport list. Dudleya or Dudleya Mid Crassulaceae Native Perennial Red- Under 1’ in flower. Grows in the western Sierra and CA coast ranges Canyon cymosa yellow Yellow flowers with on dry, rocky outcrops and talus slopes, generally Dudleya, 3/8- Stonecrop Family 3300- brilliant red sepals on in full sun. Can grow in clay soil but should be Canyon Live 6/18 8900’ stems that rise above planted at an angle to avoid rot. Forever, Rock a rosette of spoon- Lettuce May shaped succulent Purchase them from a nursery; never dig them in to leaves that wither in the wild. The leaves can be eaten raw, but most of July summer. Endangered us prefer to simply enjoy the flowers. by loss of habitat and Hummingbirds sip the flower nectar. Larval host theft by collectors. for the Sonoran Blue butterfly. Fairy Lantern Calochortus Mid Native Perennial White 15-30” tall leafy stems Grows on shady hillsides to open woods in foothill or White albus with 3-petal, hanging, woodland, chaparral and yellow pine forest. Globe Lily 3/22- Lily Family Below white or pinkish, Endemic to California. 5-18 6,500’ delicate globe-shaped flowers. The deep- Calochortus is Greek for “beautiful grass.” April rooted sends up a Native Americans ate the of this to long basal leaf first. boiled or roasted in pits. Some tribes pounded June Often grows among them into flour. Seeds can be ground into meal; rocks where the bulb is buds and flowers can be eaten raw in salads. The tightly wedged. The bulbs have a maple-like taste. seedpod is winged and interesting to see. Foothill Pseudobahia Mid Native Annual Yellow 4-12” tall woolly green Found in sandy, rocky grassland, foothill Sunburst, heermannii to reddish stems with woodland and yellow pine forest in the Sierra Brittlestem, 3/15- Sunflower Family 330- lobed lower leaves. foothills and the central coast ranges. Endemic to Heermann’s 4/18 5200’ There is a single flower California. Golden head with small yellow Sunburst Mar. radial flowers. The flowers look similar to Goldfields. to June

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Geranium or Geranium Mid Geraniaceae Non- Annual Red/ 4-16” high but lies Grows in open to shaded sites, generally on Dove’s Foot molle native Pink close to the ground. disturbed ground. Considered invasive in the Geranium, 3/8- Geranium Family from Round, lobed leaves Northwest, but not in California. Woodland 5/25 Europe with small downy hairs, Can form attractive carpets in shade. The soft Geranium soft to touch. Small leaves are pleasant to touch. Feb. Below rose-pink to red-purple to 1,600’ flowers with 5 petals May occasionally find Herb Robert (Geranium Aug. are notched at the tips. robertianum), with red-tinged foliage and stems and a strong odor when crushed. Geranium, Geranium Mid Geraniaceae Non- Annual or Rose- 1-2’ tall with prostrate Grows in open, disturbed sites in many plant Cutleaf dissectum native biennial purple to erect branching, communities. Common in moist grassy places in Geranium Mar Geranium Family from slender stems. The the spring. A minor to moderate weed in to Europe plant starts as a agriculture and landscaped areas. July Africa, rosette. Flower stems The seeds develop in a cranesbill that is typical Asia have glandular hairs. for geranium plants. It has five elongated sections Roundish leaves are that form a column. In maturity, each detaches Below deeply lobed with from the base of the beak and rolls up to the tip, 4,300’ minute sharp points. exposing one to two seeds. The roundish seeds Small flowers have 5 are brown and strongly pitted. notched petals and a purple-tipped style.

Gilia or Gilia capitata Mid Polemoniaceae Native Annual Violet/ 6-12” tall, glandular or Grows in many habitats in dry, sandy or rocky Globe Gilia, Purple, white hairy. Alternate areas in sun or shade. Found in western North Blue Gilia, 4/4- Phlox Family Below White leaves, the lower ones America from Alaska to northern Mexico. Bluehead 6/18 7,000’ lobed and the upper Gilia leaves much reduced. Both stamens and style are exerted. April Topped by a spherical Will grow readily in the garden. to 1” head of many tiny July white to blue-violet flared 5-petal flowers.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Gilia or Gilia tricolor Mid Polemoniaceae Native Annual Violet/ 4-15” tall with many Common on grasslands and open hillsides in the Bird’s-eye Purple branched stems central valley, the Sierra foothills and the coast Gilia 3/17- Phlox Family Below topped by clusters of 2 ranges. Endemic to California. 4/18 4,000’ to 5 flowers of 5 petals each with lobes blue- May appear in masses. Blooms on sunny days. May violet shading to white. Interesting to view with a hand lens. The common to The tube is yellow and name is very appropriate with the dark center and April the top of the throat is spreading petals. Blue pollen is unusual. dark violet. The pollen is blue. Linear leaves. Indian Pink Silene Mid Caryophyllaceae Native Perennial Red/ 6-12” tall with a stout Grows in open shade in coastal scrub, chaparral, or Silene laciniata pink tap root and low oak woodland and forest in California, Oregon and subsp. 3/13- Pink Family Below growth. It has paired Mexico. Near the first part of the trail some grow californica 6/26 7200’ sticky, hairy leaves on the river side in the area where irises grow. more than 2” long. The Some are also found along the service road on Mar 1” flowers with 5 petals the Point Defiance trail. to have 4 lobes on the July outer edge of petals. This is the only Silene in the Sierra and the only The sepals are fused Bridgeport wildflower with true red flowers. it is into a prominent tube difficult to grow in the home garden, whereas a (typical of the Pink Southern California species is easy to cultivate. Family -- think of the The “Pink” part in its name refers to the Pink bulbous under part of Family. Some say the petals look like they were the carnation flower). “pinked” with shears, but maybe pinking shears were named that in reference to the Pink Family. Hummingbirds are attracted to the flower. The sticky hairs trap insects. Native Americans used the leaves for a tea to relieve pain.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Johnny Tuck Triphysaria Mid Orobanchaceae Native Annual Yellow 4-14” tall. The flower Grows in grassy, open meadows in many habitats or Butter and eriantha has 3 lower angled in Oregon and California. Eggs subsp. 3/22- Broomrape Below petals that are inflated eriantha 4/23 Family 5,250’ yellow sacs with white This is one of the most common spring flowers, centers. There is a often appearing in masses in sunny meadows. Mar. Previously long white, hairy Tryphysaria is Greek for “three bladders;” eriantha to Scrophulariaceae corolla tube with a means "woolly flowered,” which refers to the May Figwort Family right-angle turn at the plant’s hairiness. top where 2 small upper petals form a It is a green-root parasite, like Owl’s Clover. It pointed purple beak. both photosynthesizes and parasitizes by The upper leaves and attaching its haustoria to other plant roots to draw bracts are purple nutrients from that plant. tipped. The stems are Johnny Tuck has not been seen recently along purplish-red with soft the Buttermilk Bend Trail. hairs. Lotus or Acmispon Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Yellow To 1’ tall, mats 3-14” Grows on dry, grassy slopes in many plant Hill Lotus, brachycarpus wide. Usually 4 hairy communities in western America from to Foothill 3/22- Pea Family Below leaflets in a leaf. northern Mexico. It is in most counties of Deervetch, Previously 5/30 5,600’ Reddish stems. A California. Bird’s foot Lotus Mar. single yellow flower lotus, Short humistratus to which ages to red There are other lotuses in the area, but this is the podded lotus June grows in the leaf axils. most common.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Lupine or Lupinus Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Violet/ 1-4’ tall with 7-10 Grows on roadsides and dry sunny slopes in the Spider benthamii Purple linear, narrow, often Sierra foothills and sometimes in the Central Lupine, 4/3- Pea Family Below silvery leaflets, Valley. Also grows in the Coast Range of Narrow- 6/18 5,000’ somewhat hairy Southern California. Endemic to California. leaved underneath, spread Lupine, Mar- apart like spider legs This is the tallest annual lupine in our area, may Bentham’s May or wagon wheels. The be one of the first to bloom and may be the most Lupine elegant spikes may be striking. The early seedlings are brownish and whorled or not and hard to spot. have deep blue flowers Lupines provide good forage, but can be toxic in with a smaller white large quantities. Other forage must also be banner splotch that available. Lupines are the only food for the Karner turns magenta when Blue butterfly larvae. The larvae crawl up the pollinated. Seedpods stems of wild lupines to feed on the new leaves in are coarsely hairy. mid-April. The underside of the Lupinus means “of wolves,” perhaps due to the margins of the keel is mistaken belief that ancient peoples had that hairy, with no hairs at lupines robbed the soil of nutrients as wolves rob the tip. Both Miniature sheep flocks. The fact is that lupines add nitrogen Lupine and Sky Lupine to the soil, as do other legumes. are hairy only at the tips. Lupine or Lupinus Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Violet/ 4-16” tall with 3-7 Found in open grassy places from California to Miniature bicolor Purple narrow leaflets, with British Columbia, including the Mojave Desert. Lupine, 4/3- Pea Family Below the upper surface not Miniature Lupine does not create showy masses Lindley’s 5/1 5,2500 usually hairy. The 1/4'” like other lupines, although it is one of our most Annual ’ clustered blue flowers common lupines. It is often found with California Lupine, Mar- (may be whorled) have poppies. Bicolor Lupine June a white patch on the banner that turns It may be confused with Sky Lupine. The magenta when the Miniature Lupine banner is longer than wide, flower has been whereas the Sky Lupine banner is as wide as or pollinated. The hairy wider than it is long. seedpods are thin and small.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Lupine or Lupinus Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Violet/ 8-24” tall with whorled Grows in grassy places from the valley floor to the Douglas’ nanus Purple rich blue flowers with a mountains in California, and eastern Lupine, Sky 3/8- Pea Family Below large white blotch on Oregon. It often appears in a mass display. Lupine, Field 5/22 4,300’ the banner that turns Lupine magenta when The banner is as wide or wider than it is long, Mar- pollinated. The leaves whereas the Miniature Lupine banner is longer June have 5 to 7 linear to than wide. Both often appear together and may be spoon-shaped leaflets, confusing to differentiate. hairy on both sides. Seedpods are hairy. Lupine or Lupinus Mid Fabaceae Native Annual Yellow 4-16” tall with Grows in chaparral, foothill woodland and yellow Harlequin stiversii and multicolored flowers: pine forest, especially in open sandy places. Lupine or 4/26- Pea Family Below pink yellow banner, rose- Endemic to California. At Bridgeport they grow on Stiver’s 5/25 6,900’’ and pink wings and white the sandy beach below the Point Defiance Trail Lupine white keel. 6-9 leaflets in a along the So. Yuba River. April palmate leaf. to Seedpods are The plant size is smaller at higher elevations. June generally non-hairy. Lupine or Lupinus Mid Fabaceae Native Perennial Violet/ To 5’ tall, bushy, with Found in sunny, open, brushy or rocky areas in Bush Lupine, albifrons shrub, Purple 7-10 narrow silvery many plant communities from southern Oregon to Silver Bush var. albifrons 3/15- Pea Family Below subshrub leaflets and multiple northern Baja California. Lupine 5/8 5,000’ spikes with blue-purple pea flowers. The Some plants smell like grape soda on hot days. Mar- banner has a lighter The plants develop a woody base. This lupine June center that changes to may be toxic to livestock, causing birth defects magenta when and weight loss. pollinated. The hairy Native Americans made head wreaths from the mature seedpods flowers to celebrate the May strawberry festival. along the stem open explosively. Can be grown in the garden with full sun, good drainage and soil on the dry side. A bush in bloom can be spectacular. Seems to be deer proof. Madia or Madia Mid Asteraceae Native Annual Yellow 4-48” tall with yellow ¼ Grows on dry slopes and meadow edges in Common elegans to 1/2” ray flowers western North America. Madia species, called Madia, 4/4- Sunflower Family Below often maroon at the tarweeds, are often glandular and aromatic. Elegant Madia 5/29 11,150 base. Disk flower Common Madia has four subspecies and is highly anthers are black. variable. April Narrow leaves. Urn- to shaped receptacle. Pomo and Miwok roasted the seeds and pounded Nov. Strongly scented. them into flour that was eaten dry. The seeds are rich in oil.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Milkweed or Asclepias Mid Apocynaceae Native Perennial Red- 1-3’ stem with broad, Grows in brushy rocky places, on semi-open Purple cordifolia purple opposite, clasping slopes and forested flats in California, Nevada Milkweed, 4/4- Dogbane Family 160- and heart-shaped leaves and Oregon. Can grow on serpentine soil and lava Heart-leaf 5/30 6,500’ pink up to 6” wide, waxy, flows. Milkweed Previously blue-green to purplish, April Asclepiadaceae, with milky sap. Ten or Used in many ways: Sticky milk was heated and to Milkweed Family more flowers occur in stirred until solid, then made into chewing gum July an umbel with red- with salmon fat or deer grease added for flavor. purple stems. A flower The milk was used in healing wounds. It also held has 5 reflexed red- soot in place for tattooing. A tea was made for purple petals with 5 measles, asthma and coughs and for recovery pale pink elevated from childbirth. Milkweed was a contraceptive and hoods. The seeds with snakebite remedy, but improper dosage could long silky tails develop cause vomiting and death. Plant fibers were in a large pod that rubbed between the hands and thighs to make splits open for wind cords and fibers for cloth. dispersal. The plant Young shoots and buds may be eaten, but only generally occurs singly after being boiled in several changes of water to rather than in colonies. remove toxicities. During WWII, the silky down was used for stuffing in lifejackets. In a failed attempt to start a milkweed floss market for milkweed and down comforters in the 1990s, a company named Natural Fibers stated “we found that floss is a non-allergenic cellulose fiber; with a fill-power of about 350 cm3/g which is comparable to high quality goose down; white in color; 50% more breathable than down; 20% more durable than down; and 10% warmer per unit of weight than down.” The floss had to be combined with goose down because the floss compressed too much by itself. The article may be viewed at http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings 1993/v2-422.html All milkweeds are hosts for the Monarch Butterfly. Alkaloids ingested from the plant make larvae unpalatable to predators, persisting even when they change into butterflies. Most milkweeds are toxic to cattle and sheep. Humans may get dermatitis from contact with the plant.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Monkeyflower Mimulus Mid Phrymaceae Native Subshrub Yellow/ 2-4’ tall woody sticky Grows on dry slopes throughout most of California or Bush aurantiacus Sal- stems with paired and in southwestern Oregon. Varies according to Monkeyflow- var. 4/4- Lopseed Family Below mon narrow sticky deep- locale. Can grow on serpentine.The variety er, Sticky aurantiacus 6/18 5,200’ green leaves, paler previously called “bifidus” is now Mimulus Monkeyflower Previously under and topped with aurantiacus var. grandiflorus. It has larger azalea- var. Mar. Scrophulariaceae star-shaped hairs. The shaped yellow/orange flowers, grows on steep grandiflorus to Figwort Family ½ to 1” long 2-lipped banks of canyons and rocky slopes and may be June flowers have petals seen along our trail and near the Hwy. 49 Bridge shallowly notched and over the So. Yuba River. The Seep-spring may be white to red. Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) is found in moist Ours are usually places. Its flower is yellow with red spots that orange. The orange guide insects to the nectar. color we see is actually a layer of yellow Tickle the stigma and watch the flower close down topped by a layer of in an adaptation to prevent self-pollination. If orange. Bees are pollinated, it will stay closed and no more pollen attracted to the yellow may be deposited when the insect backs out, thus and perhaps butterflies preventing self-pollination. If not pollinated, it will to the orange. Few reopen and wait for the next insect. pollinators favor Young leaves and stems of Mimulus species can orange. be eaten raw but taste bitter. They taste better The leaves exude a when cooked. They were also used as a salty sticky varnish on hot flavor enhancer. Crushed raw leaves and stems days to seal in the made a poultice for wounds. water and make it Mimulus is the host plant for the larvae of the difficult for insects to Common Checkerspot and Buckeye butterflies. It chew on them. Deer is also visited by the Sphinx Moth, bees and don’t seem to eat hummingbirds. them. Can be grown in the garden with good drainage. Drought resistant. Will return after freezing.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Paintbrush, Castilleja sp. Mid Orobanchaceae Native Annual to Red, 4-36” height varies There are about 200 species of Castilleja in the Indian subshrub orang- with species. The color western North America. Of the 36 species found Paintbrush The common Broomrape Below red of the flower is actually in California, almost half of them are found in one: Castilleja Family 5,220’ the color of bracts and Nevada and Placer counties. Most of us call them applegate or flowers. Tubular all “Indian Paintbrush,” without trying to name the Previously Below flowers are within the species. Different ones occur at various elevations Scrophulariaceae 1,200’ bracts. The plants a and have various attributes. Some may be seen at Figwort Family hemiparasitic: they the Highway 49 bridge and Pt. Defiance Trail. Varies photosynthesize in by spp. their green leaves and These plants absorb and concentrate selenium parasitize nearby from the soil. The flowers in small amounts were shrubs. used as condiments by some Native Americans and children sucked the nectar from the flowers. The leaves and roots are especially toxic. Pallid Owl’s Castilleja Mid Orobanchaceae Native Annual Yellow 5-18” tall with cream to Grows in valley grasslands, foothill woodland and Clover lineariloba pale yellow bracts yellow pine forest. Endemic to California. 4/4- Broomrape Below enclosing small white 5/30 Family 5,900’ or yellow (sometimes Not abundant at Buttermilk Bend. Look above the pink) 2-lipped tubular trail on a high bank on the north side about 2/3 of April Previously flowers. Linear leaves the way to the bridge. Not as showy as Purple to Scrophulariaceae and bracts. Owl’s Clover. June Figwort Family Parasitic on nearby plants but also photosynthesizes with green leaves. Penstemon or Penstemon Mid Plantaginaceae Native Perennial Violet/ 1-5’ tall woody Grows in grassland, chaparral and forest Foothill heterophyllus Purple branches with narrow openings. Endemic to California, found only there. Penstemon var. purdyi 4/4- Plantain Family Up to lower alternate leaves 6/18 6,200’ and shorter upper Penstemon is a food source for the Sierra Previously opposite leaves. The Checkerspot butterfly larvae. Native Americans May Scrophulariaceae buds are yellow, but used penstemon species for eyewash, a poultice to Figwort Family the showy long tubular for running sores and various aches, and a tea for June 2-lipped flowers in colds. Spanish Americans boiled the flower tops spikes are brilliant blue and made a liquid for kidney troubles. Some tribes to violet with shades of used the flowers to indicate the end of watermelon magenta. Penstemon planting season. means “5 stamens.” Penstemon grows well in the garden, but it may th The 5 is be somewhat short-lived for a perennial. It is infertile (no anther) generally deerproof and drought-tolerant. A similar and is called a plant with lovely flowers is sold by Las Pilitas staminoid. Nursery as “Margarita BOP.”

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Phacelia or Phacelia Mid Boraginaceae Native Annual White 7-23” stems, stiff-hairy Grows on rocky, dry slopes in California, southern Caterpillar cicutaria and glandular, with Nevada and Baja California. Phacelia var. cicutaria 3/12- Borage Family Below deeply lobed leaves. 5/2 4,600’ The bell-shaped “dirty .Phacelia means “bundle.” The flower coils are in Previously white” flowers are tight bundles that gradually unwind. It may be Feb. Hydrophyllaceae, coiled and open one at confused with Vari-leaved Phacelia, a perennial to Waterleaf Family a time. The hairs may that blooms later in May to July and looks even June cause dermatitis. more like caterpillars.

Pineapple Matricaria Mid Asteraceae Non- Annual Yellow Less than 1’ high, Grows in disturbed places such as sandbars, Weed or discoidea native green often much lower. riverbanks, footpaths, roadsides, crop fields and Rayless 3- Sunflower Family to CA, Branched stems pastures throughout most of California. A common Chamomile Previously 29- Native topped by cone- weed, it can be found from Alaska to California Chamomilla 5/22 to nw shaped yellowish- and across to Nova Scotia. suaveolens North green disk flowers. Feb. Am.,ne When crushed, the Young leaves are edible before blooming and to Asia deeply lobed leaves smell like pineapple when crushed. Aug. smell sweet, similar to It is like a smaller version of Brass Buttons which Below pineapple. is in the Cotula genus and is found in Southern 7,400’ California. Plantain or Plantago Early Plantaginaceae Native Annual Silvery 2-6” tall with narrow, Grows in grasslands, chaparral and open California erecta to white, fuzzy, grass-like woodland in sandy, clay or serpentine soils. Plantain, Late Plantain Family Below green, leaves and tiny Foothill 2,300’ whitish translucent flowers These plants are generally inconspicuous and Plantain, Mar. with 4 curled back escape notice, although they may be abundant. Dwarf to petals and dark The flowers have a delicate beauty when viewed Plantain May stamens. through a hand lens. Pretty Face, Tritelia Mid Thermidaceae Native Perennial Yellow 6-18” tall with a low Grows in open, grassy woodlands and on lightly Golden ixioides cluster of leaves and a shaded slopes in northern and central California Brodiaea subsp. scabra 3-7- Brodiaea Family 750- to tall stem with an umbel and southwestern Oregon. At Bridgeport, grows 5/30 7,200’ of yellow flared slightly before the French Corral Creek bridge on Previously flowers. The 6 petals both sides of the trail. Mar. Liliaceae, may or may not have to Lily Family dark midveins. Ours at The edible bulbs were one of the “Indian May Bridgeport usually do potatoes.” have the dark Similar to Bloomeria or Goldenstar, a genus in the midveins. same family that grows in central and southern California.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Rattlesnake Daucus Mid Apiaceae Native Annual White 5-36” decumbent or Grows in rocky or sandy places in many plant Weed, pusillus erect plant with bristly, communities throughout California to B.C. and So. American April Carrot Family 0- dissected linear America. It is often considered an invasive Wild Carrot to 5,400’ leaves. The stems are noxious weed. June usually unbranched. and it has a large The milky sap can cause dermatitis. The root is taproot. The lacy edible, but may be easily confused with the deadly flower umbel is flat to poisonous water hemlock. Called “rattlesnake cupped, made of many weed” because it was used as a poultice for small flowers with 5 snakebites. It is also used in herbal medicine. petals, subtended with It is closely related to Queen Anne’s Lace conspicuous bracts (Daucus carota) which is generally branched, that may extend often taller and has a white lacy umbel with a beyond the flowers. reddish flower in the center. Sanicle or Sanicula Mid Apiaceae Native Perennial Yellow 1-2' tall. Compound Grows in sun or shade on slopes in grasslands Poison bipinnata pinnate leaves have and pine-oak woodlands, often under Blue Oaks. Sanicle 3/17- Carrot Family 66 to lobed or smooth Found in the coastal range and the 4/28 3,300’ edges. Inconspicuous foothills. Endemic to California. yellow flowers in April simple umbels on The crushed leaves are pungent and smell similar to almost leafless stems. to cilantro. A poultice of the boiled plant was used May Taproot. The plant is for snakebite. The plant is poisonous to livestock, rough to touch and but is rarely eaten. The poison is only mildly toxic. appears wispy. Sanicle or Sanicula Mid Apiaceae Native Perennial Yellow 1-3' stout, taprooted Grows in shade or partial shade on open slopes Pacific crassicaulis plant, with very small and in ravines in oak woodlands, chaparral, Snakeroot or 3/13- Carrot Family Below yellow flowers in grasslands and yellow pine forest. Extends from Gamble Weed 4/28 5,000' simple, dense umbels British Columbia to Baja California. at the top of branching Mar. stems. Each head has Native Americans used the plant for a poultice for to approximately five snakebite and wounds. Chewed roots were May leaflike, lance-shaped rubbed on the body for good luck in gambling. bracts at its base. The The petioles are not winged as they are in Purple leaves are maple-like, Sanicle. palmately lobed with fine-toothed edges.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Scotch Cytisus Mid- Fabaceae Non- Perennial Yellow 3-9’ erect shrub with 5- Grows in disturbed places in sunny sites, Broom, scoparius Late native shrub, angled, green hairy Common Pea Family from evergreen branches when young. in pastures, forests and grasslands. Introduced to Broom, April so. Older branches the US in the 1800s for ornamental use, this plant Broomtops, to Europe become brown and has become a noxious invasive West Coast weed European July no. smooth. Many showy that colonizes readily, outcompeting other plants. Broom, Irish Africa yellow pea flowers Some communities sponsor “Scotch Broom pulls” Broom, appear in the axils in to reduce the population. There is a special weed English Below spring, followed by wrench for popping this tough plant out of the Broom 3,300’ small deciduous ground. When removing extensive colonies, plant leaves with 3 leaflets. desirable fast growing plants in their place so they Mature flat seed pods and other weeds will not repopulate the area. are dark brown or Scotch Broom can live for 20 years. A single plant black with white hairs can produce more than 12,000 seeds a year and on the margins. As seeds can last up to 30 years in the soil. they dry and twist open, they pop out There are several other species of broom found in seeds several feet Oregon and Washington and parts of California. away. Ants and autos transport the seeds. Sierra Fawn Mid Liliaceae Native Perennial White Up to 15" tall with a Grows on brushy hillsides or open woodlands in Lily multiscapi- with a single stem that may yellow pine forest and foothill woodland. Prefers deum 3/7- Lily Family 100- yellow branch at ground level. the shade of other shrubs. Endemic to California, 3/22 4,000' center. The short-lived bloom growing in the southern Cascades and the Sierra has 6 recurved white Nevada. The Sierra also has the Plainleaf Fawn Mar. flower petals with egg Lily (Erythronium purpurascens) that grows at to yolk yellow at the base higher elevations at the edges of drying snow May of each. There are 2 fields. mottled or spotted leaves. The plant This is the only Fawn Lily that produces bulblets. makes bulblets from The common name “fawn lily” refers to the spotted long, slender leaves similar to the spots on a fawn. We find it on rhizomes. a bank at the edge of the road just below the top of the Point Defiance Trail.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Silver Puffs Mid Asteraceae Native Annual Yellow 2-16” tall with long Grows in open grasslands, woodlands, chaparral or Lindley’s lindleyi tapered basal leaves, and deserts, generally in loose soils. Found in the Silverpuffs Mar. Sunflower Family Below milky sap and a western states and considered endangered in to - 7500’ solitary ligulate yellow British Columbia. May flower head that withers quickly (opens Previously considered a , it is now the in the morning and only plant in the separate genus Uropappus. fades in the afternoon). Named for the showy seed head, which is Pointed green bracts generally more noticed than the flower. The seed extend beyond the is primarily wind-dispersed. flower rays. The seed head is silvery white We saw the flower one morning and couldn’t find with bristle-tipped, it at all that afternoon. A few weeks later we saw notched pappus many silver puffs. scales. Slender Micropus Mid Asteraceae Native Annual White Less than 6” tall. A Grows in dry or moist, bare or grassy, often sandy Cottonweed californicus slender, erect gray- soils or gravel in many plant communities in or Q-Tips, 3/15- Sunflower Family Below green plant topped western North America. Cottontop 5/30 5,250’ with small, dense woolly flower heads. Micropus means “small foot.” The small size Mar. Alternate linear leaves. means this plant is easily overlooked. to June Smooth Cat's Hypochaeris Mid Asteraceae Non- Annual Yellow 4-16" tall with shallow- Grows in disturbed places on many continents. Ear or False glabra native lobed basal leaves, Dandelion 3/12- Sunflower Family from hairless and shiny Northern Sierra Nevada also has a Rough Cat's 5/30 Eur- green. The stem is Ear (H. radicata) that is a hairy perennial, but it is asia, n. hairless, topped by a not on the Bridgeport flora list. Both species grow Mar.. Africa yellow flower head of in disturbed places and are considered weeds by to ray flowers only. The gardeners. They form carpets similar to June Below sap is milky. The seed dandelions. Hypochaeris is Greek for “less than 5,300' head is dull white or joyous” referring to the plant’s weedy habit. tawny. Slender taproot. Sulphur Pea Lathyrus Mid Fabaceae Native Perennial Yellow Vines sprawl to 10’, Grows on banks in open shade especially in sulphureus to supported by terminal canyons. Found on the west slope of the Sierra 3/22- Pea Family 200- orange tendrils at the tips of Nevada and north coast range to southern 5/13 5,000’ or pinnate leaves. Pale Oregon. brown yellow to orange to April brown flowers grow on The flowers become more orange as they age. to one side of the stalk. June

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Tauschia or Tauschia Mid Apiaceae Native Perennial Yellow 3-4' robust plant with Grows in pine-oak woodland and chaparral in the Hartweg's hartwegii up to 1' long coarsely Sierra Nevada foothills and parts of the coast Tauschia, 3/22- Carrot Family Below serrated compound ranges. The plant has a succulent appearance leaves, with a 3-lobed that seems to be out of place in a drier Hartweg's 4/28 5,900' terminal leaf. The environment. Endemic to California. Umbrellawort compound umbel of Mar. yellow flowers spreads We find one plant along the trail beyond French to widely. The longer Corral Creek. May outer flower heads on It might be thought to be a sanicle, but it has the umbel appear to be longer, larger leaves. orbiting around the center. Vetch or Vicia villosa Mid Fabaceae Non- Annual Violet/ Vines to 2-5’ with 8-12 Grows in disturbed places. Winter Vetch native Purple pairs of soft hairy 1” or Hairy Vetch 3/22- Pea Family from leaflets with tendrils at Brought from Europe as a rotation crop, but now it 6/18 Europe the tip. 20-60 purple is an invasive weed. It blooms in the spring, red flowers dangle on usually later than or sometimes with Spring Vetch, Mar. Below one side of a stalk but it is named for its winter hardiness. It is still to 4,000’ (raceme). The flower used as a winter cover crop in organic gardening. June tube is long. Like all legumes, it fixes nitrogen in the soil. Wally Basket Tritelia laxa Mid Thermidaceae Native Perennial Violet/ 8-16” stalk bears an Grows in grassy places, chaparral and open or Ithuriel’s Purple open umbel of blue to woodland. Endemic to California but occasionally Spear, Grass 3/15- Brodiaea Family Valley purplish tubular flowers found in Oregon. Nut, Common 5/22 to with six pointed lobes Tritelia Previously 5,000’ spreading outward. 3 Can be grown in the garden and a cultivar is April Liliaceae, stamens are attached available. to Lily Family at a lower level than Ithuriel, an angel in Milton’s Paradise Lost, had a June the other 3. Can be spear that would reveal disguised objects in their confused with Bridge’s proper shape, thus showing Satan was in Brodiaea, which has disguise. white at the petal bases and tips and all Native Americans used the stems for temporary 6 stamens at the same baskets and the corms were dug and eaten as level (and is not found “potatoes.” Called Nut Grass for the nutty flavor of at Buttermilk Bend). the bulbs. Harvest Brodiaea, also blue/purple, does not bloom until June.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Wild Petrorhagia Mid Caryophyllaceae Non- Annual Red/ 4-20” tall on a wiry Grows on grassy flats, open shrublands and Carnation or dubia native pink stem topped with a disturbed areas on several continents. Introduced Grass Pink, 3/25- Pink Family from cluster of buds but only to CA in the 1920s and now common. Wilding Pink, 6/18 so. one 1/2” rose-colored Hairypink Europe flower open at a time. Notice the bulbous sepals and swollen stem joints April Below 5 notched petals, each typical of the Pink Family. The joints may be to 5,900' looking like a heart. glandular and hairy. Too bad this pretty little June flower isn’t native. Wild Endive Hedypnois Mid Asteraceae Non- Annual Yellow 2-16” branched, Grows in gardens, pastures, roadsides and or Crete cretica native spreading, bristly stem disturbed areas in the southwestern United Weed, 4/4- Sunflower Family from topped by a single or States, California to , including the Sierra Cretanweed 6/18 Medi- several, yellow, Nevada foothills, and to northern Mexico. terra- toothed, ligulate flower Considered a noxious weed in many areas. Feb. nean heads similar to a to dandelion, most often The plant starts from a basal rosette of green to June Below with a brown dot in the purplish leaves that may be smooth, toothed or 3,700’ center. The bud is egg- lobed. The ligules of the flower head wither shaped. Milky sap. readily. The Kumeyaay or Southern Diegueno tribe boiled the seeds whole to make a tea for stomach trouble Woodland Lithophragma Mid Saxifragaceae Native Perennial White 6-14’ tall with slender Grows in open grassy and shady woodland areas. Star bolanderi leafless stems and Endemic to California. Found in the Sierra Nevada 3/15- Saxifrage Family Below deeply-lobed basal foothills, the North Coast Ranges and the San 4/28 6,500’ leaves. ½” small white Gabriel Mountains. flowers with 5 petals Feb. with either smooth or The flower looks like a dainty 5-pointed star. to toothed outer edges. There are several species; they are variable and July Both are at Bridgeport. may be confusing.

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Common Scientific Flower Date Family Native Type Interesting Facts Name Name Color Description Yarrow or Achillea Mid Asteraceae Native Perennial White Up to 3’ tall with stems Grows in meadows and damp places in the Common millefolium topped by flat-topped Northern Hemisphere. Achillea is named after the Yarrow 3/22- Sunflower Family Below clusters of small white Greek hero Achilles, who may have used yarrow 6/18 12,000' flowers. Divided, soft to treat wounds. fernlike leaves, with April upper ones clasping. Native Americans dried the entire plant and made to Very aromatic. a tea to treat indigestion, “rundown” conditions Sept Spreads by runners and hair loss. The leaves stopped bleeding and and seed. Fresh made a poultice for rashes and pain. Yarrow is bruised leaves may be still used as a healing herb. It is anti-coagulant, used as a temporary anti-inflammatory, astringent and fever-reducing. insect repellant but Used in gardens, especially the hybrid forms with may cause dermatitis colored flowers. Often recommended as a lawn in some people. The substitute which needs only occasional mowing plant attracts predatory and is drought tolerant. If allowed to flower, the wasps, ladybugs and stalks prevent a grass-like appearance and are hoverflies, and repels harsh underfoot. Common yarrow spreads easily undesirable insects. and is difficult to remove since it grows from Some birds use yarrow fragments of root. to line their nests. Contact with yarrow can cause phytophotodermatitis, a skin rash due to an interaction of sunlight UV radiation and plant compounds. In the case of yarrow, exposed skin of sensitive persons may erupt in blisters similar to poison oak about 24 hours after exposure, peaking in 48 to 72 hours. To prevent the rash, avoid the plant or wear sunscreen and protective clothing. Some other plants known to cause phytophotosensitivity are parsnips, parsley, celery, carrots, lemons, lime and fig.

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Resources for Wildflower Information

Baldwin, Bruce G. and others. The Jepson Manual, Vascular Plants of California. University of California Press, Second Edition, 2012. Somewhat complicated, but useful once mastered. The authoritative source for scientific names. Balls, Edward K. (Researched with Phillip A. Munz). Early Uses of California Plants. University of California Press, 1962. 1. Food Plants 2. Drink Plants 3. Fibers and Basketry Plants 4. Medicinal Plants 5. Soap and Fish Poison Plants 6. Dye, Gum, and Tobacco Plants 7. Present-Day Uses of Some California Plants (Donated by Barbara Pixley to the Docents Reference Library at Bridgeport.) Bornstein, Carol, David Fross and Bart O’Brien. California Native Plants for the Garden. Cachuma Press, 2005. Useful descriptions of gardening with native plants.

Funk, Alicia, and Karin Kaufman. Living Wild, Gardening, Cooking and Healing with Native Plants of California. Flicker Press, Second Edition, 2013. Written by local authors and full of interesting information. Lindberg, Herb. Wildflowers of Bridgeport. Herbert E. Lindberg, 2009. Excellent photography of the flowers at Bridgeport. A smaller brochure is available. Niehaus, Theodore, and Charles Ripper. Peterson Field Guides: Pacific States Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Company, Second Edition, 1998. Easy to use with pertinent information on most of the flowers in California. Papers presented to the Wildflower Committee, South Yuba River State Park. “Blooming Dates” compiled by Mary Miller, updated through June 2002, and “Interesting Plant Facts”—A research paper by Vicki Macdonald on Native American plant uses. Redbud Chapter, California Native Plant Society. Trees and Shrubs of Nevada and Placer Counties, California. Redbud Chapter, 2014. Comprehensive text and definitive photos for plant identification. Redbud Chapter, California Native Plant Society. Wildflowers of Nevada and Placer Counties, California. Redbud Chapter, 2007. A comprehensive guide to local wildflowers with good photos and text to help with identification. Very extensive. Schmidt, Marjorie G. Growing California Native Plants. University of California Press, Second Edition, 2012. An updated classic source for growing natives. Sweet, Muriel. Common Edible and Useful Plants of the West. Naturegraph Publishers, 1976. A classic source still useful today. Ward, Darlene. ”Bridgeport’s Springtime Treasures.” A 23-minute DVD that can be viewed at the South Yuba River State Park Visitor Center. All photos were taken at Bridgeport. Darlene Ward has been a docent since 2008 and was mentored by Vicki Macdonald. The following are some useful Internet sites: http://arboretum.ucdavis.edu/arboretum_all_stars.aspx Helpful information on growing a garden of native and drought-tolerant plants. http://www.calflora.org/ A search on a plant’s name leads to a map showing the distribution of the plant in California, verification of name changes, location suitability for growing the plant and links for more information. http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/ Displays many photos of a plant species to aid with a tentative wildflower identification. http://www.cnps.org/cnps/grownative/ Extensive information on gardening with native plants from the California Native Plant Society. http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ Native American Ethnobotany, naming tribal use and source of information. Search on the genus alone if genus and species fails to elicit information. Not all plants or local Native American tribes are listed. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/menu.homegarden.html A good source of information on weeds and other pests in the home garden. www.laspilitas.com Las Pilitas Nursery, CA. Useful for plant descriptions and uses in the garden. Also “Incredible Edibles” (Edible native plants) http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/latin-names/ Interesting site explaining modern uses of plants and warning about toxicity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Search on a plant’s name for plant characteristics. Compare with other sources for accuracy.

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