DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF ANOPHELES FREEBORN/ ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY, 1945 Total Man Hours 6,265 42,848 3.253 1,961 19,239 5.542 58,222 2.414 7.836 25,146 8,835 61,320 46,613 . 27.381 25.893 43.647 15.360 17.666 419.441 430,515

. * 5 7 4 2 1 4 O 3 3 Surf. 15 13 — 48 — 12 33 ... 163 Water Eliminated Aores 217 Fill C.Y. — — ... 4,190 847 — 12 15 10 — 114 — — 202 149 ... 33 5.572 10,769

Ft. 24 — — ... — — ...... — — — ... — 785 — ...... UndergroundDrainage Lin. 1.553 2.362 1.293 Ft. — 526 — ... 915 ...... — ... — 18 — — 180 349 — 51 2,039 Ditch Lining Lin. 5.703 Work Total Cu.Yds. 285 4.284 103 1,380 3.601 523 10 2,479 4.828 926 418 6.383 3.192 1.350 10,237 970 3.550 3.760 48,27? 57.314 OPERATIONS — ... 60 ...... — — — ...... Ditching Dynamite 2.743 6,700 3.810 3,4oo 585 17.298 19,775 DRAINAGE New Ft. — 530 ...... — ...... — ... — ... — ...... — 530 705 Drainage Lin. Mach. Hand 1.690 20,788 1,800 13.537 18,131 8.597 90 39.315 140 13.065 2,700 32,136 7.054 6,070 39.620 7.486 42,036 45.682 299,937 Major 1945 547.396 I Ft. 277 754 100 450 — 155 8q. 5.695 8,549 2,664 14,253 1.697 9,377 3.755 16,938 1.138 8,122 8,823 And 30, Cleaning Hundred 31.687 11,876 126, 157,171 1 1 1 1 Table — 1 ...... 1 ...... 1 — — — ... 6 ...... 12 30 - Stumping GrubbingAcres Minor April Clearing .Veg. 2 95 1 1 49 29 46 1 68 18 91 18 15 7 38 Removal Surf Aores — 216 147 842 835

4 Larvicide, Dusted 16 236 ... 307 1,031 ... 216 — 86 58 ... — 2,208 217 ... 17 155 4,551 2,382 Treated Acres WORK Surfaces Oiled 27 1,775 71 ... 77 ...... 3.226 — 668 95 45 — 51 550 ... 250 48 6,883 1.797 MCWA 32 396 35 ...... 948 — 142 166 ... — ... 175 160 LARVICIDAL Used Paris Green Lbs. 573 1,200 2.071 272 6,170 3,379 ...... — — ... Larvicide Oil Gals. 255 17,938 1,018 1,276 62,807 12,372 700 395 539 6,954 6.873 1.146 112,273 34.564 Spraying Pounds DDT Used 1,516 5.733 — ... 890 1.241 455 I89 — 1.911 2,100 226 270 ... 394 I.103 2,198 ... 18,226 2.793 Residual Number Houses Sprayed 4,581 23.695 ...... 1.056 2.129 1.402 694 4,503 4.861 472 1,136 ... 681 3.831 7.166 ... 56,207 8.759

8 18 4 2 19 1 9 1 4 5 7 3 4 Areas in Opera- tion 12 16 10 19 14 156 145 I Carolina Rico Carolina Total STATE Alabama Arkansas California District Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Oklahoma Puerto South Tennessee Texas Virginia Total March DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS of Anopheles freeborni Sr. Malariologist (R) S. B. Freeborn

A vast amount of detailed infor- apparently without regard to the pres- mation has been accumulated concerning ence or absence of potential hosts. Anopheles quadrimacu1atus Say, the most Throughout the winter months they show important malaria vector in the southern considerable activity. They move about and eastern United States. Information in their shelters and frequently fly on the ecology of Anopheles freeborni to others. The writer has in mind Aitkin, the less known malaria vector of a sheltered railroad bridge and a the West and the western representative basement passage in the Sacramento of the “Maculipennis Complex,” is less Valley in California. All available voluminous and not so readily available. specimens were collected every week The.purpose of this paper is to summarize during the winter, but these collec- present knowledge of Anopheles freeborni. tions had little effect upon the size Recent studies on the transmission of succeeding catches. of imported malarias show that freeborni becomes infected even more readily WINTER HABITS than quadrimacul atus. It shares with During their period of semi-hiber- quadrimaculatus the doubtful “honors” nation, the mosquitoes are prone to bite of being the nearctic-anophe1ine most if they are in warm shelters. They will fond of human blood. Freeborni seeks even bite out in the open if the tem- the homes of man and the shelters of perature is sufficiently warm. However, animals. It bites avidly at dusk and at their attack is fitful, andcanbest be dawn. From night to night it migrates described as “nibbling.” Usually the from one shelter to another. Most of eggs do not develop as a result of these its traveling is done during the even- blood meals, the blood being utilized ing and in the morning hours. Pre- to build up the fat body. This results cipitin test data verify this type of when captive females are kept in unheated migration because they show slight cor- rooms during the winter. However, if relation between potential hosts at the specimens are kept in heated rooms and points where specimens are collected, fed occasionally, they will develop and and their previous blood meals. lay eggs. If ideal temperature and humidity conditions are maintained (as FALL MIGRATION in an insectary with temperature of 80°F. This species is definitely attuned and 80% humidity) continuous breeding to life in a semi-arid region of sea- results. Apparently the cessation in sonal rainfall. At the end of the dry oviposition is simply a reaction to autumn season, adults maturing late climatic conditions and is not to be in September or early in October seem interpreted as true hibernation or a to be obsessed with “wanderlust.” After diapause. mating, the females migrate for long Winter “nibbling” in heated homes distances by a process of infiltration. is conducive to malaria transmission. Some reach points as far as ten or Laboratory infections have been produced twelve miles from their breeding grounds. in human beings when the mosquito was They seek shelter in outbuildings, merely allowed to pierce the skin, then homes, cellars, and similar locations, removed as soon as the first bit of

1 blood moved up the proboscis. Winter species is represented entirely by larvae. biting of freeborni resembles the normal Developmental time for the larvae of biting of j4edes aegypti. They attack this generation varies. It depends the ankles of workers seated at desks mainly on the temperature, but usually and tables, suck blood for a few seconds, requires about a month. then, at the slightest movement of the It appears that this fall and spring worker, fly away without completing migration is an adaptation for a spe- their feeding. They attack repeatedly, cies dependent upon breeding waters so their chances for infecting many which constantly decrease in extent persons are exceedingly good. during the mosquito season. The migra- tion allows the mosquitoes to retrace EARLY SPRING EMERGENCE OF FEMALES the path the species has followed the During warm sunshiny days in Feb- preceding summer as water became pro- ruary the females emerge from their gressively scarcer. Freeborni shares winter shelters and bite viciously in this adaptation with A. sacharovi, its full daylight. They resume their fall counterpart in the Balkans and Near East. migration which was interrupted by rain and cold weather. Reports of their progress are recorded over their entire range. Sometimes these reports come from distances five or ten miles beyond areas where breeding has ever been re- corded for this species. The fall por- tion of the migration is in the nature of an infiltration. Each day for a period of two to four weeks, observers notice a few more mosquitoes present in each area. In contrast to this, the spring emergence and distribution flight closely resembles a serious flight Seepage Area Breeding freeborni of salt marsh mosquitoes, both in numbers and in vicious biting during broad day- light. During this flight period, the SUMMER HABITS eggs develop and are laid in all kinds The summer habits of freeborni also of breeding places, many of which are reflect the effect of its environment. entirely unfavorable to larval develop- In late May and early June the densities ment. Within two or three weeks all the of adults build up to a high peak in the adult females have disappeared, and the hot interior valleys. This is true later in the inter-mountain country. The life span of the adults decreases as the temperature increases and the relative humidity decreases (increase in saturation deficiencies). The result is a striking decrease in the actual number of adults present in any one place. Females seem to live long enough to oviposit, but not long enough to become infective with malaria parasites. This is undoubtedly the explanation for definite spring and fall periods of relatively high malaria transmission Heavy freeborni Breeding in Ponded Area in the Central Valley of California.

2 During the mid-season slump of adult floatage, emergent vegetation or algae. there is slackening in freeborni , a This species tolerates water that is larval rates. This may result from a warm to the touch, but not so hot as failure of some adult females to ovi- that in which A. pseudopunc tip ennis posit, but is probably due to an increase will thrive. It prefers clean, slightly in aquatic predators. This larval de- alkaline water. If its distribution crease does not correspond to the sudden decrease in adult densities. It is simply a smoothing off of the curve of increase in larval rates. As fall ap- proaches and humidities become greater, the densities of adults respond immedi- ately and the high points for the season occur in late September. Active breeding ceases with the first severe frost. If there are no frosts, breeding stops about the middle of Octo- ber. In California, the last males of the season are usually taken during the first or second week of November. Marg Ins of Wi 11 amette River Breed freebomi

FLIGHT RANGE carries it to the sea, it breeds in slightly The mid-season flight range, exclusive brackish water (salinity equal to 15% of migratory flights of overwintering fe- sea water). Within its inland range, it males, is generally restricted to a mile is often found in desert pools where radius. Males are seldom taken more than a the total salts and alkalinity exceed quarter mile from their breeding places. this standard. Normally, it avoids water Like quadrimaculatus, the flight range polluted with sewage or other organic is influenced by densities of breeding. matter. However, if pollution exists in Some authentic cases of flights from heav- a pool, this does not necessarily mean ily infested rice fields extend for two that the species will not be found there. and a half miles. In general, it is true that if an option exists, the cleaner source is chosen. BREEDING PLACES' An example of this is the western rice- Freeborni prefers permanent or semi- field areas on “hard pan” soil where permanent water surfaces which are ex- there is no percolation, and the water posed to sunlight, but have some trans- becomes foul with decaying organic mat- ient shade such as may be produced by ter. These fields will remain completely free from freeborni during the entire growing season, but adjacent seepage pools of cleaner water will teem with larvae. Rice fields in permeable soils are a real menace. Water in these areas is freshened, and then freeborni breeds in great numbers. This species may inhabit the same type of breeding places as quadrima- culatus, but few swamps, bayous and shallow ponds exist within its range. Therefore, it has adapted itself to seepage areas, vegetated borrow pits, hoof prints, carelessly irrigated fields, Overgrown Ditch Breeding freebomi overflow areas from wells and pumps,

3 Los Angeles River Before Clearing Los Angeles River After Clearing

and the edges of streams and irrigation vein, while those of quadrimacu1 at us canals where sufficient vegetation oc- are broadly rounded. Freeborni lacks curs to afford protection from predators the pale spot found in the fringe at and stream action. the apex of the wing of occidentalis. The male terminalia are indistinguish- D I STRI BUT I ON able from occidentalis and aztecus, all A. freeborni found over the en- is three species having sharply pointed tire United States west of the Conti- setae on the outer (dorsal) claspette nental Divide, southernBritish Columbia, lobes, whereas most of these are round- Baja California, Arizona, east of the ed in quadrimacu1atus . The separation Divide in Southern Colorado, New Mexico, of freeborni and aztecus on other than and in Valley at least the Rio Grande geographical grounds might become ne- as far south as El Paso. It has been re- cessary at some time. However, Vargas’ ported from West Texas in a triangle suggestion that the latter has penetrated having its apex at El Paso, its northern into the southwest and California has angle in Gaines County and its south- not been substantiated. Aztecus has ern in Val Verde County on the Rio one unusually long wings, very long, narrow G rande. wing scales and a foxy red thorax. In recent years, repeated efforts Freeborni larvae are separated from to collect specimens at El Paso have those of quadr imacu 1 atus by having closely been unsuccessful. However, the earlier approximated inner clypeal hairs, and by Paso collections have been verified El the absence of pigmented palmate hairs from a study of larvae and of male ter- on the second abdominal segment. How- minalia. Freeborni’s vertical distri- ever, in August 1944, P.A. San (R) Melvin bution is recorded from below sea level Goodwin collected larvae from San Juan in edges Valley, to 6,000 the of Death County in the northwest corner of New feet on Mt. San California, and Jacinto, Mexico, and these were similar to free- over 7,000 feet in Utah. borni except that the inner clypeals DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS were separated by fully three times the Within its range, freeborni is apt width of the tubercle. Larvae of free- to be confused only with other members borni are indistinguishable from those

- of the maculipennis complex. Adult fe- of punctipennis . Hence a word of males are practically indistinguish- warning to collectors in the Rio Grande

able from quadrimaculat us , although in section where confusion may exist. If you 1941, Aitkin pointed out that freeborni collect “punctipenni s” larvae, and they females have apically serrated truncate turn out to be “ quadrimacu1atus” adults, wing scales at the bas? of the cubitus you have located specimens of freeborni.

4 duction number of the motion picture DIVISION NOTES film is MCWA-TE-4-012; of film strip,

MCWA-TE-5 - 004. In this film, Sam Snipe, a reporter, is told to get the story of EMORY FIELD INVESTIGATIONS the most dangerous female in the world. The Emory University Field Station He gets the story and learns the facts has submitted a report concerning the about the malaria mosquito and the trans- hydrology of anopheline breeding. It is mission of the disease. The film is part of a long range investigation of available for unrestricted distribution. natural occurrence of malaria. This work, “GENERAL INSPECTION AND CONTROL as well as that done previously, indi- ACTIVITIES AT THE AREA LEVEL”, a black cates a delicate balance between the fac- and white silent film strip, shows the tors which determine the existence of activities of malaria control crews in anopheline breeding areas. Areas in- the field. It is available for unre- volved are surface reservoirs which stricted distribution. Production number remain during the summer months. is MCWA-TE-4-012. Investigations are in progress at Emory Field Station to determine resting PROPOSED HANDBOOK SERIES places and the dispersal of anophelines The committee for the proposed hand- in environments where DDT has been book series recommended: (1) that there used as a control measure. Specimens are be two sizes of handbooks - a field size, marked with water soluble dyes. When and a larger office size; (2) that the re-taken, they are destained with a professional division involved be re- solution of alcohol and glycerine before sponsible for technical content and for they are examined. informing the Training and Education Division of the purpose of each handbook; DENGUE FEVER REPORTED (3) that final decisions regarding style Honolulu reported two confirmed and organization of books should rest cases of locally acquired dengue fever with the Training and Education Division. during the month of May. These were the first cases in several months. IN-SERVICE TRAINING AND ORIENTATION Ten trainees and three visitors AEDES AEGYPTI CONTROL attended the 35th In-Service Training New Orleans has integrated Aedes and Orientation Course in May. Visitors aegypti control with general sanitation. included Med. Dir. J.W. Mountin, Chief This mobile unit has been transferred of the States Relations Division; Senior into a permanent organization and is Surgeon C.D. Head; and San. Eng. Robert now operated under the State and City P. Low. Health Departments. In Norfolk, Virginia, an Aedes MAP SERIES COMPLETED aegypti program has been inaugurated. The May issue of the Field Bulle- Asst. San. (R) James A. Morrow and tin completes the series of anopheline Eng. Aide William T. Stephenson are distribution maps. All points from which assigned on a temporary basis to Norfolk specific records are available are in- for the purpose of recruiting and train- cluded. However, the shaded areas fre- ing locally hired inspectors who will quently bridge gaps in our existing work with the local unit. records if it seems likely that the species occurs in the intervening areas. NEW FILMS READY FOR DISTRIBUTION These maps were prepared to show gen- “CRIMINAL AT LARGE” is a natural eralized distributions, and may serve color cartoon film strip available either as a basis from which additional ex- as a film strip or as a 16 mm. motion tensions in the range of anopheles spe- picture film with a sound track. Pro- cies may be recorded.

5 HEADQUARTERS NOTES SPOT MALARIA CONTROL IN NORTH CAROLINA NEW ASSIGNMENTS New assignments include: Jr. Asst. Eng. (R) Vincent J. Roggeveen to Ar- Spot malaria control is part of the kansas; Asst. Eng. (R) Wallace R. Frank North Carolina State Board of Health to the Savannah Laboratory; Asst. Eng. summer program. This program is an (R) Verdon L. Dix to Tennessee; Jr. attempt to prevent the introduction of Ent. Leon G. Lungstrom to District 7, new strains of malaria into the popu- Kansas; Educator Thomas R. Harris to lation by discharged servicemen who have the Training and Education Division in case histories of malaria. Prior to Atlanta; Jr. P.H. Eng. Wm. R. Schmidt this, the state program was limited to the Savannah Laboratory; and P.A. chiefly to war areas. Present control Surgeon O.W. Yeager to Manning, South efforts are directed toward specific Carolina. cases in non-war areas where the diag- nosis of malaria is proved either by TRANSFERS positive blood smears, or by the mili- Transfers include: P.A. San. (R) tary service record in cases of discharged L. Edward Perry from District 8 to servicemen. A limited amount of DDT is set Headquarters; Asst. Eng. (R) John R. aside and used specifically for spraying S. Hill from Gulfport, Miss., to Col- homes in which such persons live. If the umbia, S.C. ; Asst. Eng. (R) Sam G. Se- supply of DDT is insufficient for all gal from Herrin, 111., to Louisville, positive cases, the spraying will be limit- Ky.; Asst. San. (R) H. Page Nicholson ed to the homes of discharged servicemen. from Norfolk, Virginia, to Savannah, In carrying out this program, local Georgia; and P.A. San. (R) Paul Weinstein health officers contact medical prac- from In-Service Training Section to the titioners in their areas, notify them Professional Relations Section. of the program, and request that they report immediately all cases of malaria NEW COMMISSIONS to their local health departments. Newly commissioned officers during Wherever a case of malaria is re- the month of May include: Asst. Eng. ported, a thick blood smear is obtained (R) Henry K. Hickey assigned to Miss.; from the patient either by the physician Jr. Asst. San. Eng. (R) Robert C. Levy or by local health department personnel. to Miss.; Jr. Asst. San. Eng. (R) Harry Smears are taken before the treatment T. Crohurst, unassigned; Jr. Asst. Eng. for malaria is started. The smears, to- (R) Gordon H. Jaehnig to Mi ss. ; and Asst. gether with completely addressed report Eng. (R) Ross W. Buck to Illinois. cards, are mailed to the Division of Epidemiology, State Board of Health, AREAS REOPENED Raleigh, N.C. A smear is requested from The Greenville and Grenada air discharged servicemen when the disease bases in Mississippi have been reopen- is in its active stage. However, if ed. MCWA control is now in progress symptoms are absent, a statement cer- in these two areas. tifying that service-records for the patient show a case history of malaria EXTENDED CONTROL PROGRAM PROGRESS is signed by the health officer and is Tennessee and Alabama have com- accepted in place of a smear. By fol- pleted their first spraying of houses lowing through with the spot control on the extended malaria control pro- program, it is hoped that the number of gram. This includes the spraying of cases of malaria in North Carolina will more than 12,000 houses in Tennessee, be greatly reduced, and that the intro- and 17,000 in Alabama. duction of new strains will be checked.

6 CARTER LABORATORY NOTES INSECT PREMISE SANITATION: In- vestigations for determining the value of DDT in food and milk establish- ments aim primarily at the control of ANOPHEUNE LARVICIDES: Carter Me- houseflies. Results of tests now in pro- morial Laboratory field investigations gress indicate that excellent control suggest that DET used either as a dust may be expected for periods varying or a fuel oil emulsion is more efficient from two to several months. One complete than paris green for controlling anoph- treatment of the interiors of a dairy eline mosquito larvae. Inspections made and adjacent outbuildings with 2l/2% 24 to 48 hours after treatments with DDT emulsion is sufficient to give either DDT dusts or oils, averaged 95 practical control for several months. to 97% mortality of larvae in the plots In establishments with poor sanitation tested. Inspections a week later indi- the complete residual treatment must cated the elimination of 49 to 69% of be supported by controlling fly breed- the larval population based on the ing in the area with periodic appli- pre-treatment count. Inspections 24 to cations of lA% DDT emulsion as a cover 48 hours after dusting with paris green spray. In pasteurizing plants, DDT indicated a 65% reduction of the lar- used as a 5% residual spray gives good vae with no further reduction at the results, especially if occasional lar- end of a week. viciding is done. In restaurants, flies are controlled by a residual spray of EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS: Stud- 1 X A% DDT emulsion. Highly varnished sur- ies of larvicidal dusting in experi- faces may be harmed slightly by the spray. mental areas using DDT at the rate of .1 lb. per acre indicate, to date, that surface insects have not been killed RESIDUAL SPRAYS: Preliminary re- in significant numbers. sults showed a rapid loss in DDT tox- Aquatic areas treated with a DDT icity applied to surfaces covered with by-product at the rate of .1 lb. per 7-day dried paints, gloss enamels and acre showed no appreciable mortality of spar varnishes. Mud surfaces lost all surface organisms. At .4 lb. the same toxicity 48 hours after they were spray- material showed significant mortality ed. Standard DDT - xylene emulsion of surface organisms and was toxic to caused some staining on high grade blue high gloss some deeper forms. At 1 lb. per acre, wall paper, and on certain nearly all forms, including fish, cray- blue and green enamels. fish and tadpoles were destroyed. HOST PREFERENCE STUDIES: Tests for TYPHUS CONTROL INVESTIGATIONS: DDT determining host preference of Anoph- as a control for rat ectoparasites is eles quadrimaculatus in a South Caro- being investigated in several Savannah lina test area show that blood from 15.9% business establishments. A 10% DDT of the 378 females collected in un- dust is used in rat runs, burrows, holes screened houses reacted positively to 1260 leading into double walls and floors, human antisera, while only .5% of and places suspected of harboring rat specimens taken from stables showed nests. A comparison of ectoparasites a positive reaction. taken from rats caught 5 to 11 days after dusting operations with those DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT: A port- caught before, indicated a general re- able light weight power sprayer utili- duction of more than 99% of all fleas, zing a 3Vi gpm. rotary pump was assem- 73% of lice, but only 68% of mites bled and placed on test for application present on the rats. of residual DDT sprays.

7 LITERATURE REVIEW

THE MOSQUITOES OF NEW JERSEY Dr. Headlee presents an interesting AND THEIR CONTROL. By Thomas J. Headlee. account of the history of mosquito 1st Edition, pp. vii-326. New Brunswick. control in New Jersey since the begin- Rutgers University Press. 1945. Price $4.00 ning of this century. He points out that a number of persons had given In this book, the author points out serious thought to the mosquito problem that he has treated the subject matter in New Jersey before the beginning of in such a way as to be valuable to the the century, but 1900 marks the year teacher, the student, those engaged in when money was set aside for preliminary practical mosquito control and also to investigation of the problem. the lay reader. The first part deals with the classification, description and bi- According to the author, the laws ology of mosquitoes found in New Jersey, relating to mosquito control extend

and the second with mosquito control . over the period from 1902 to 1927. The most outstanding and active laws passed One feature of the book is a table by the New Jersey Legislature relative summarizing distribution records for more to mosquito control are sections of the than thirty light traps which were in Laws of 1912 and 1927. Powers granted simultaneous operation each season for in these acts provide for the pro- about ninety days. Total catches of each secution of practical mosquito control trap for the ten year period beginning work by county units which are financed in 1932 and ending in 1941 are shown. from public funds, and whose activities Unfortunately, these data are not sum- are supervised by the New Jersey State marized in such a way that seasonal oc- Agricultural Experiment Station. In ad- currence and relative densities of dition, research procedure and leadership various species are revealed. are provided. Experience indicates that these two acts provide a basis for One hundred and ninety-eight pages efficient prosecution of mosquito con- are used for the description, char- trol in New Jersey. acteristics and habits of both the adult and larval forms of nearly every mos- Dr. Headlee points out that probably quito which has been found in New the most important economic effect of Jersey. But practically the entire mosquito reduction has been the increased chapter on Mosquito Biology was taken value of vacation lands along the sea- from Dr. John B. Smith’s 1904 report, shore. Tables are presented to show the and little attention has been given to remarkable increase in value in cer- the results of more recent investigations. tain counties. It is also shown that The illustrations are also from Dr. as a result of mosquito control work, Smith’s earlier work. malaria has been practically eliminated from sections where formerly one hundred The nomenclature used by Dr. Headlee or more cases were experienced in a does not conform to most recent usage. single year. Lists are given to show the scientific names according to Howard, Dyar and Knab; This book is interestingly written, New Jersey Agricultural Station Bulletin and no doubt will be welcomed by mosquito 348; and Robert Matheson. Lists of sci- control workers, particularly those in entific and common names are given New Jersey. For others, its value would according to John B. Smith and according have been greatly enhanced if more to this book. It seems that an up-to-date biological and actual control results list of synonyms under each species achieved by Dr. Headlee and his co-work- would have been of greater value. ers had been included. D.E. Harding

8 Table II

MCWA Expenditures And Liquidations By Major Items

April 1945

Continental Percentage Puerto Percentage U. S. of Total Rico of Total

.01 Personal Services $ 510,211.14 68.92 is,655.29 92.04 .02 Travel 23,825.83 3.22 186.98 • 92 .03 Transportation of Things 5,279.2*+ .71 .04 Communication Services l,95*+.55 .25 12.70 .07 2 295 86 ■^1 .06 Printing and Binding 928.99 *13

— .07 Other Contractual Services 3,7*+o.5S • 51 ,0S Supplies and Materials 83,197.76 11.24 1,401.41 6.91 .09 Equipment 108,857.18 14.71 11.75 .06

Total $ 740,290.93 100.00 20,268.13 100.00

Expenses other than Personal Services 23Q.079.79 31.08 1,612.84 7.96

Table III

MCWA Personnel And Total Payroll

April 1945

Custodial Commi asionad Prof A Sci. Sub-Prof, (l) C. A. F. and Per Hour Total Percent of Total State No. Pay No. Pay No. Pay No. Pay No. Pay No. Pay No. Pay Alabama 4 1.173 2 527 24 4,370 2 354 65 8,009 97 14,433 2.59 2.69 Arkansas 10 3.03? 5 1,282 40 7,266 6 1,117 355 43,603 4l6 56,306 11.11 10.50 California 1+ 1.099 — — 4 872 1 621 15 2.223 26 4,817 .69 .90

— — — District of Columbia 1 332 — — — l 233 2 565 .05 .11 Florida 9 2,708 6 1,741 54 9,847 8 1.333 154 19,510 231 35,139 6.17 6.56 Georgia 9 2,716 3 741 64 11,061 7 1,167 84 10,421 167 26,156 4.46 4.88 Illinois 5 1,110 1 203 — — l 164 — — 7 1,697 .19 . 82

— Indiana l 284 — — 2 139 1 — — 3 L23 .08 .08 Kentucky 4 1,183 2 547 12 1,805 3 513 3? 4,457 59 8,505 1.58 1.59 Louisiana 11 3,192 4 1,256 48 9,575 7 1,269 283 36,101 ?53 51,393 9.42 9.59 Maryland 1 248 — — 2 385 l 27b 11 1,482 15 2,389 .40 .45 Hississipni 9 2,707 7 1,860 4l 7.030 6 1,308 126 14,897 189 27.802 5.05 5.19 Missouri 2 714 1 160 14 2,576 — — 116 12,441 133 15,891 *.55 2.96 North Carolina 6 1,811 5 1.561 10 1,882 4 732 145 18,638 170 24.624 4.54 4.59 Oklahoma 4 1,210 2 477 15 2,91? 1 164 67 8.363 89 13,132 2.38 2.44 Oregon — — — — 2 203 — — — — 2 203 •95 .03

South Carolina 11 3,212 6 1.729 45 ?.?59 12 1,701 3?7 47,641 46l 63,142 12.31 11.78 Tennessee 4 1,296 2 638 15 2,620 4 730 89 10,670 114 15.954 3.04 2.98 Texas 7 1,925 4 1,333 64 - 10,749 10 1,601 245 30,527 330 46,135 8.81 8.61 Virginia 2 616 2 696 10 2,029 3 602 100 13.027 U7 16,970 3-12 3.16

AEDES AEGYPTI

— — Alabama 1 283 — — 8 1,521 1 146 10 1.952 .27 •36 Florida — — — — 20 3,588 73 — — 20 3,6bl •53 .68 — — Georgia 3 912 — — 6 l,l64 — 9 2,076 .24 .89

— . Louisiana 1 284 — — 7 1.357 1 164 — 9 1,805 .24 *4 South Carolina — — — — 6 1.207 1 164 — — 7 1.371 .19 .26 Texas 4 1,135 — — 28 5,266 2 311 4 65? 3? 7.370 1.01 1.38

Ha. & Dist. (2) 66 22,287 11 2,898 31 5,301 139 24,617 47 6,27? 294 61,381 7.85 11.45 Mobile Units 6 1,902 3 748 4 625 3 622 8 1,023 24 4,920 .64 .92 Puerto Hico 7 2,114 2 529 7 l,46o 6 1,225 298 13.32? 320 18,656 8.54 3.48 Honolulu T.H. 4 1,262 — 6 1,655 3 616 21 3,594 34 7,127 •90 1.33 Total 196 60,973 68 18,976 589 107,332 235 41,823 2658 306,891 3746 535,995 100.00 100.00 Percent of Total 5-23 11.18 1.82 1.54 15.72 20.02 6.27 7.80 70.96 57.26 100.00 100.00 (l) Includes Entomological Inspectors (2) Includes Headauarters and District Offices, malaria survey Imnorted Malaria Control, special investigations, and employees temporarily attached to Heada_uarters pending assignment to states LEGEND

ANOPHELES OCCIDENTALIS

ANOPHELES BARBER/

LEGENO

ANOPHELES WALKER/ AND ATROPOS ANOPHELES WALKER!

ANOPHELES ATROPOS ANOPHfiiJsiE DISTRIBUTION MAPS