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Phenology of Desert Shrubs in Southern Nye County, Nevada T

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Phenology of Desert Shrubs in Southern Nye County, Nevada T Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs Volume 4 Soil–Plant–Animal Relationships Bearing on Revegetation and Land Reclamation in Nevada Article 2 Deserts 10-1-1980 Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada T. L. Ackerman Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 E. M. Romney Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 A. Wallace Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 J. E. Kinnear Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm Recommended Citation Ackerman, T. L.; Romney, E. M.; Wallace, A.; and Kinnear, J. E. (1980) "Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada," Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs: Vol. 4 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm/vol4/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. PHENOLOGY OF DESERT SHRUBS IN SOUTHERN NYE COUNTY, NEVADA E. Kinnear 1 T. L. Ackerman', E. M. Romney . V Wallace', and J. Abstract.- This study was done to document the variability in time of phenological events at different locations temperature data on the Nevada Test Site. Phenological events for desert shrubs were recorded, and rainfall and southern were gathered for four to six years at eight sites that are located within the northern Mojave Desert, the Great Basin Desert, and the transitional zone between them. Results have been graphically displayed to show the correlation variability in phenological activity encountered during the study period and also to show the general between these events and the environmental regime that triggered a particular phenological stage among different species. For a given location a four-to-six-week range in beginning events from sear to year was common. In addition growth, to the usual spring activity that normally followed winter rain and snow, most shrub species resumed new comparison to sur- and six species were observed to flower and fruit following rare summer or early fall rains. In rounding locations, the closed drainage basins within the study area have lower temperatures at night that result in a delay of phenological events in most shrubs. Faithful participants in the annual pilgri- five vallevs for a four-to-six-year period. The mage to view desert wildflowers and shrubs eight sites lie across a gradient within the are cognizant of the extreme variability in northern Mojave Desert, the southern Great time of phenological events at different Rasin, and the transition zone between them. desert locations. Each person visits his favor- Rlaisdell (1958), Wein and West (1972), ite location hoping that it will be a "good and West and Gasto (1978) related environ- year" of splendorous color. Often he is re- mental data to phenology in the Great Rasin warded, but some years fall short of expecta- desert. Tueller et al. (1973) reported pheno- tions. logy for the Great Rasin desert, and Reatley Phenological events are triggered mainly (1975) related climate to vegetation patterns by rainfall and suitable temperature, al- across the Mojave /Great Rasin desert transi- though photoperiod is probably important tion of southern Nevada. Reatley (1974a) de- for some species. The environmental regime scribed the effects of rainfall and temper- that triggers a particular phenological stage ature on the distribution of Larrea tridentata varies among species: annual plants will not i.Sesse & Moc. ex DG.) Cov. on the Nevada germinate and develop unless moisture and Test Site, where L. tridentata is at its north- temperature conditions are suitable. Shrubs ern limits. Reatley (1974b) also developed a can survive long periods of low moisture and generalized word model relating phenology high or low temperature by dormancy or in- of desert plants to environmental triggers activity. (temperature and rainfall) in the Mojave and Desert areas are characterized by in- transition desert portions of the Nevada Test frequent, low rainfall and extremes in tem- Site. perature. Desert plants are adapted to these The purpose of this study was to determine conditions. They are capable of a rapid the influence of environmental factors on the growth response when conditions are favor- phenology of desert shrubs along the transi- able, and they rapidly become dormant or in- tion from the Mojave Desert to the Great Ra- active when soil moisture is low or temper- sin desert. This study was part of a project to atures arc extreme. This study reports determine the climatic factors that cause the phenology of desert shrubs on the Nevada vegetative composition to change across this Test Site in southern Nevada for eight sites in area. Because of the wide vear-to-vear varia- 1 .1 n.i. leai Medii inc ami lia.li.iii.ni Hiolugv, University ..I ( alifomia, I os tageles, ( alifomia khi21 1980 Nevada Desert Ecology bilitv in desert weather patterns, many more Materials and Methods years of data probably will be required to de- rive a complete understanding of the climate- The species for which phenology was re- phenology relationships. corded are given in Table 1. Characteristics of the eight study sites are given in Table 2. Phenological and environmental measure- ments were made weekly in the spring and early summer when plants were most active, Table 1. Species for which phenology was recorded and every two to four weeks during other (common names in parentheses). seasons of the year. For each species we re- Acamptopappus shockleyi A. Gray (C.oldenhead) corded the date of "first" observed leaf bud, Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne (Bur-Sage) leaf stage, flower bud, flower, fruit, seed or Artemisia spinescens D. C. Eat. (Bud-Sage) fruit fall, leaf fall, and dormancy. Within the Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Big Sagebrush) time of these events there was a great varia- Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (Four-Winged Salt- brush) tion from shrub to shrub. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem.) S. Wats. (Shad- Environmental data collected at the time scale) of each observation included rainfall, max- Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) T. Howell (Winterrat) J. imum and minimum temperatures 30 cm Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. (Blackbrush) aboveground and soil temperature at 15, 30, Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. (Mormon Tea) Eriogonum kearneyi Tidestr. and 45 cm depths (Fenwall KA31L4 thermis- Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. (Spiny Hop-Sage) tors). Soil moisture was measured gravi- salsola Torr. Gray (Cheesebush) Hymenoclea & metrically on samples taken at monthly inter- Krameria parvifolia Benth. (Bange Ratany) vals from 7 to 15 cm and 30 to 38 cm depths Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Cov. (Creosote Bush) from 1968 to 1970. Thermocouple psy- Lycium andersonii A. Gray (Desert-Thorn) chrometers (Wescor) were used from 1971 to Lycium pallidum Miers var. oligospermum C. L. Hitchc. 1973 for soil moisture measurements. (Box-Thorn) Oryzopsis hymenoides (Boem. & Schult.) Bicker (Indian Bice-Grass) Results and Discussion Spliaeralcea ambigua A. Gray (Desert mallow) Yucca schidigera Boezl ex Ortgies (Mojave Yucca) Phenology, rainfall, and temperature data for the years 1968-1970 for the Mercury Val- Table 2. Characteristics of the eight phenology study sites. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 4 ley, Rock Valley, and Frenchman Flat sites years) and higher maximum spring air tem- have been reported (Wallace and Romney peratures (means ranged from 3-4 C higher 1972). A correction should be made on page for all years). The lower minimums are prob- 286 of that report in the rainfall reported for ably due to temperature inversion. The Rock Valley in August 1969. The graph Yucca Flat Station 1, near Yucca Playa, gen- should show 0.35 cm of rain instead of 3.5 erally was a week or more behind Station 3 cm. The environmental data for these same in phenology. The latter site is 100 m higher sites for the years 1968 to 1970 were report- in elevation upon the Bajada and 1.9 km SW ed by Romney et al. 1973. Results for of Station 1. Station 1 had lower minimum 1968-1973 for Rock Valley were reported by air temperatures (means ranged from 2.4 to Ackerman and Bamberg (1974). Data for 5.6 C for all years) probably again due to an 1971 to 1973 are given in the diagrams of inversion of cooler air. Beatley (1975) men- Figures 1-8 of this report. Four-to-six-year tions that Frenchman Flat and Yucca Flat are summaries of ranges of beginning dates of both closed drainage basins with low temper- phenophases, with means, are given in Fig- ature inversion layers. Flowers and flower ures 9-16. buds of Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. at the north Frenchman Flat station appeared from 10 days to a month earlier than at the General Response to Pahute Mesa station, which is 770 higher Moisture and Temperature m in elevation and 22.5 km farther north. In this area the gentle winter and early spring (October to March) rains are more im- Effects of Summer Rains portant for growth in the spring than the in- frequent intense rains of summer. Usually Summer rains are local, infrequent, and of from late November through early January such intensity that much water runs off and the night air temperatures are near or below little penetrates the soil to become available freezing, so most of the moisture from rains for plant growth, except in drainage chan- during this period is stored in the soil until nels. The effect of these rains varies depen- favorable conditions permit budding and ding on the amount and penetration in the leafing out of plants.
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