International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020 Vol. 4, Issue 11, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 608-617 Published Online March 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND TLC PROFILE OF THE STEM BARK EXTRACT OF SENNA OCCIDENTALIS (COFFEE SENNA)
Sase John Terver Nangbes Jacob Gungsat Bioltif Yilni Edward Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Plateau State University, Bokkos Plateau State University, Bokkos Plateau State University, Bokkos PMB 2012 Plateau State-Nigeria PMB 2012 Plateau State-Nigeria PMB 2012 Plateau State-Nigeria
Abstract-Crushed stems of the plant were subjected to exhibits a wide range of climate and topology which has a good sequential extraction (maceration) by increasing polarity bearing on its vegetation and forest composite [4]. index of solvents (hexane, ethylacetate and methanol). The Traditionally, the use of plants as source of herbal preparation methanol extract (3.68%) gave the highest percentage yield for the treatment of various ailments is based on experience followed by Ethylacetate (2.98%) and Hexane (2.24%) was passed from generation to generation. The knowledge of the least in the sequential extraction. All the solvent extracts medicinal plants by traditional healers is jealously guarded with were then used for phytochemical screening and Thin Layer utmost secrecy for economic reasons. Many traditional herbal Chromatography (TLC). Six (6) phytochemicals which practitioners hide the identity of plants used for the treatment of include Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenol, Cardiac-active glycoside, different ailments largely for the fear of patronage, should the Xanthoprotein and Carbohydrate were found to be present patient learns to cure himself [5]. Thus, to mystify their trade, in all the plant extracts, these phytochemicals are important cultivation of medicinal plants is not encouraged, making and could have medicinal usefulness. Two phytochemicals collection to be from the wild. Herbal preparations are used in which include; Flavonoid and Protein were absent in all the traditional medicines as drugs in various dosage forms; as three extracts, out of the fourteen (14) phytochemical tests crushed powder, decoctions, dried extracts, infusions and carried out. The TLC carried out showed that the Hex:EtAc tinctures [6]. (2:8 and 1:9) solvent system gave a better separation for Plants contain many chemicals which when extracted serves Hexane and Etylacetate extracts, showing different green biological functions; including fighting against disease and yellow colours as viewed under UV, while none of the pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and virus) and also serve as food solvent systems used was found to be suitable for the nutrients [7]. Over 12,000 biologically active compounds are separation of components in Methanol extracts. already known. This plant extracts work on the body exactly the same way as pharmaceutical drugs [8]. However, since a single plant may contain many substances and the effect of taking a Keywords— Phytochemicals, Tin Layer Chromatography plant medicine can be complex, proper isolation gives a more (TLC), Solvent Systems, Senna ocidentalis effective health benefit. Plants form the basis for conventional
pharmaceutical drugs. Many parts of plants have been I. INTRODUCTION investigated in recent times and found to contain active substances that are medically useful, whereas many more are Plants are common sources of drugs especially in traditional yet to be scientifically investigated [9]. medicine. It is a common practice in Nigeria and other parts of the world to use plants in the form of crude extracts to treat Senna occidentalis, which is commonly called coffee senna is a common infections and chronic conditions. According to small medicinal shrub, about 3ft tall, belonging to the fabaceae WHO, over 70% of the world’s population rely on medicinal family. It is found in the tropical areas of America and plants for primary health [1] (WHO, 2008). naturalized in Australia, eastern Africa, southern and eastern USA [10]. It can be found in opened pastures and in fields Medicinal plants have been identified and used from pre- cultivated with cereals such as soybean, corn, sorghum; thus historic times. The early historic record of herbs (medicinal during the harvest it is almost impossible to prevent this plant plants) is found from the Sumerian civilization, where the from mixing with the cultivated crop [11]. hundreds of medicinal plants were listed on clay tablets [2] (Kelly, 2009). A number of medicinal plants abound in Nigeria flora [3] (Gbile, 1986), which is the richest country in West Africa with regards to medicinal plant resources. The country
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International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020 Vol. 4, Issue 11, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 608-617 Published Online March 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)
and presented. The research suggests a huge nutritional potential of this plant, it suggests that raw seeds might have some toxicological side effects, but after proper processing, identification and removal of the harmful properties of seeds, they may be utilized to prepare a good, nourishing coffee. The research suggests that S. occidentalis should be further exploited in the future as a source of useful phytochemicals and nutritional compounds for the nutritional industry. A study carried out on the Similarly, in the study phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol crude extracts of Senna occidentalis leaves extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, reducing sugar, phenols, anthraquinones, resins, saponins and glycosides. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the following organisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Aspergillusniger, Penicillium notatumand Rhizopus stolonifer. The results obtained showed that Senna occidentalis Plate 1: Senna occidentalis leaf extracts have interesting pharmacological active compounds with great radical scavenging and antimicrobial Plants belonging to the Fabaceae family have extensively been effects and as such could be used in ethnomedicine for investigated because of their high medicinal and economic uses. treatment of some infections and ailments [18]. The antibacterial and antimalarial activities of the leaves and Studies carried study on the in-vitro antioxidant activity of the root-bark of Senna occidentalis have been reported [12]. plant. Their study was based on the measurement of the The plant is also known by some vernacular names such as scavenging ability test substances towards the stable DPPH Septic weed, Coffee senna, Coffee weed, Mogdad coffee, radical. The research concluded that the plant has antioxidant Negro coffee, Senna coffee, Stephanie coffee, Stinking coffee property [19]. or Styptic weed. The plant is locally called Bana Chakunda in The phytochemical screening, determination of bioactive Odisha, India. [13]. The specie was formally placed in the genus constituent of Senna occidentalis methanolic leaf extract using cassia and thus was formally called Cassia occidentalis [14]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was carried The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle’s when out [20]. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of consumed. The plant contains anthraquiniones, the roots tannins, alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, contains emodin and the seeds contains chrysarobin (1,8- anthraquinones and phlobatannins while cardiac glycoside was dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorphine [15]. not detected. GC-MS chromatogram showed nine peaks. A total The leaves of Senna occidentalis Linn from data revealed in a of 31 compounds were identified when the mass spectra of the research “Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Analyses of Senna constituents was taken. The first compounds identified with less occidentalis Linn” [16] showed that it contains protein, retention time (15.929s) were n-hexadecanoic acid, carbohydrate, fiber, lipids, vitamins, moisture, caloric value and octadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid, while decanoic acid, low levels of anti-nutrients of the leaves whose levels could be decyl ester, ether, octadecyl vinyl, oleic acid, hexyl ester, reduced on processing before consumption. Thus conclusion stearic acid, octadecyl ester and decyl fluoride took the longest was made; that the plant can contribute significantly to the retention time (20.600s) for identification. Thus, the research nutrient requirements of man and may ameliorate some concluded that the presence of these compounds in the plant nutrition related illnesses. extract may at least be responsible for one of the Similarly, in the Review on Nutritional Potential of the plant pharmacological properties of S. occidentalis and thus could be carried out by [17]. An attempt was made to collect all possible of considerable interest to the development of new drugs. ethno botanical and nutritional potential of S. occidentalis with As seen from the literatures reviewed above, more research has reference to its food and medicinal applications. A baseline been done on the leaves, roots and seed, with little attention to survey was conducted between 2011-2015, and information the stem of Senna occidentalis. about S. occidentalis was collected through semi-structured interviews and discussion with the local healers, elderly and II. MATERIALS AND METHODS experienced people. Additionally, all available literature on S. occidentalis was reviewed and studied through an online search A. PLANT MATERIAL engine Scopus and Google Scholar. Literature collection was Senna occidentalis (L.) stem bark was harvested from a river done from 1965 to 2015 and all the information were compiled bank at Tudun wada area of Jos, Jos North L.G.A, Plateau State.
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The plant collected was authenticated at the Department of 6. Test for Phlobatannins Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos. The 0.2g of the molten extract was mixed 2% HCl solution. sample was then chopped into small sizes and dried at room Appearance of red precipitate indicates the presence of temperature for four (4) weeks. The dry sample was crushed phlobatannin. into small sizes using mortar and pestle. The dry crushed sample was stored in a clean dry polyethene bag until needed 7. Test for Tannins for further analyses. 0.2g of the molten extract was mixed with few drops ferric chloride solution. A blue-black, green or blue-green B. PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT precipitate indicates the presence of tannin. The dried sample (50g/200ml) was extracted successively with n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol using cold extraction 8. Test for Saponins method (maceration). The solvent was left in contact with the 0.2g of extract was shaken 5ml of distilled water in a test plant for 72 hours (3 days) in each case. The extract was tube. Frothing which persists on warming indicates the decanted and allowed to stand, after which it was filtered presence of saponin. through a Whatman No. 42 filter paper. The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator to recollect the solvent 9. Test for Xanthoproteins leaving the extract with little amount of the solvent. The extract 0.2g of extract was mixed with few drops of conc. HNO3 was transferred into a pre-weighed beaker and placed on a water and then few drops of ammonia. A red precipitate indicates the presence of xanthoproteins. bath at 40oC until a plastic form of the extract is obtained (soft extract). All the crude extracts were then weighed to determine 10. Test for Steroids (Salkowski’s test) the percentages yield of extraction. The percentage yield of 0.2g of the extract was mixed with 3ml of chloroform and extraction was calculated by using the following equation: 2ml of conc. H2SO4. A red colour appearance indicates the presence of steroid. Weight of the dry concentrated crude extract %Yield= ×100% Weight of the dried crushed plant sample used 11. Test for Cardiac-active glycoside (Keller-killani test) 0.2g of the extracts dissolved in 2ml of glacial acetic acid C. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING containing one few drops of ferric chloride solution The phytochemical test for various phytochemicals present in followed by the addition of few drops of concentrated the extract was carried out using standard methods as described sulphuric acid. A brown ring at the interface confirmed the below [21]. presence of cardiac-active glycoside.
1. Test for Alkaloid 12. Test for Carbohydrate 0.2g of the molten extract was mixed with little amount of 0.2g of extract was mixed with few drops of concentrated HCl and then wagners reagent. Formation of a white sulphuric acid then heat. Black colouration indicates the precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloid. presence of carbohydrate
2. Test for Flavonoid 13. Test for Protein 0.2g of the molten extract was mixed with 1ml of 2% 0.2g of extract was mixed with few drops of Biuret reagent. ammonium chloride and the exposed to light. Yellow A pink colouration indicates the presence of protein. precipitate indicates the presence of Flavonoid. 14. Test for Fixed oil (Spot test) 3. Test for Anthraquinone A small quantity of extract was pressed between two filter A few drops magnesium acetate was added to 0.2g of the papers. Appearance of grease spot will indicate the presence molten extract. Pink colour formation indicates the presence of fixed oil. of anthraquinone. D. TIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) 4. Test for Quinone 0.2g of the molten extract was treated with few drops of Each extract was dissolved in respective solvent. 7 x 5cm pre- conc. H2SO4 or aqueous NaOH solution. Red colour coated silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate was cut with ordinary formation indicates the presence of quinone. household scissors. Plate markings were made with soft pencil (1cm from bottom of plate). Glass capillaries were used to spot 5. Test for Phenols the sample for TLC at distance of 1.5 cm at 3 tracks. The solvent 0.2g of molten extract was mixed with ferric chloride system used were Hexane: Etylacetate (1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, solution. A green or dirty green precipitate indicates the 8:2), Hexane: Etylacetate: Methanol (3:2:5, 4:4:2). The presence of phenol. developed TLC plates were sprayed with 10% H2S04 solution and heated on a hot-plate to allow colour development. The
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Retention factor (Rf) value was determined by using the following formula: Number Rf Colour viewed Solvent system of spots Value under UV Distance travelled by the compound (cm) 푅푓 = Distance travelled by the solvent (cm) 0.12 Orange 0.35 Green nHexane:Etylac 5 0.39 Green etate - 1:9 III. RESULTS 0.43 Yellow The Results obtained are presented in the following tales below 0.68 Yellow 0.08 Orange Table 1: Weight and Percentage Yield of Extract 0.32 Green Extract Colour of Wt. of Wt. of Percentage 0.37 Yellow nHexane:Etylac extract sample (g) extract (g) yield(%w/w) 7 0.45 Yellow etate - 2:8 0.68 Yellow HE Dark green 500 11.20 2.24% 0.72 Green EE Dark green 500 14.60 2.92% 0.86 Yellow 0.30 Light yellow ME Brown 500 18.40 3.68% 0.58 Green nHexane:Etylac 5 0.75 Yellow Total 44.20 8.84% etate - 3:7 0.82 Green Key: HE: Hexane Extract, EE: Ethylacetate Extract, 0.93 Yellow ME: Methanol Extract nHexane:Etylac 0.25 Yellow 2 etate 4:6 0.73 Light green Table 2: Phytochemicals screening of Senna occidentalis stem nHexane:Etylac 0.55 Yellowish green 2 etate 5:5 0.90 Light yellow Phytochemicals HCE ECE MCE nHexane:Etylac 1 0.78 Yellowish green Alkaloid (Wagners test) + + + etate- 8:2 Flavonoid (NH4Cl test) - - - nHexane:Etylac 0.62 Yellow Quinone - + + etate:Methanol 2 0.77 Yellowish green Tannin + + + 4:4:2 Phenols + + + nHexane:Etylac Saponin (Frothing test) + - + etate:Methanol- 1 0.90 Yellowish green Anthraquinone - + - 3:2:5 Phlobatannin - - + Steroid & terpenes - + + Cardiac-active glycoside + + + Table 2: TLC Analysis of Methanol Crude Extract Xanthoprotein + + + Carbohydrate + + + Number Colour viewed Solvent system Rf Value Protein - - - of spots under UV Fixed oil (Spot test) + - + nHexane: Key: HCE: Hexane Crude Extract, ECE: Ethylacetate Crude 1 0.13 Light yellow Etylacetate 4:6 Extract, MCE: Methanol Crude Extract, nHexane: 0.40 Light yellow + : Present - : Absent Etylacetate: 2 0.49 Light yellow Methanol 4:4:2 Table 1: TLC Analysis of nHexane crude Extract nHexane: Etylacetate: 1 0.89 Light yellow Methanol- 3:2:5
Table 3: TLC Analysis of Etylacetate crude Extract
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crude extract yield as shown in Table 1 was based on the weight Solvent Number Rf Colour viewed of dried and crushed plant materials. The percentage yield of system of spots Value under UV crude methanol extract (3.68%) is the highest among the three solvent extracts, followed by etylacetate extract (2.92%), 0.83 Faint yellow nHexane:Ety whereas hexane extract showed the lowest percentage yield 3 0.55 Faint green lacetate- 1:9 (2.24%). 0.38 Yellow 0.31 Faint yellow The result is in agreement with earlier research conducted [23], nHexane:Ety 3 0.49 Faint green which reported that polar solvents usually have higher lacetate- 2:8 0.72 Yellow extraction yield compared to non-polar solvents. This is 0.33 Light yellow because the polar compounds such as polyphenols are highly nHexane:Ety 0.67 Light yellow extracted in polar solvent compared with non-polar solvents 4 lacetate- 3:7 0.78 Green [24]. This indicates that the plant contained more polar 0.85 Yellow compounds as these compounds will be dissolved in similar 0.71 Light yellow polarity of solvents which apply to the “like dissolves like” nHexane:Ety 3 0.73 Light yellow principle. The low percentage yield of extracts by the plant lacetate 4:6 0.83 Yellowish green material which was collected late March, agrees with a research conducted at different quarters of the year (i.e at different 0.58 Faint yellow nHexane:Ety seasons), which showed that low percentage yield was obtained 3 0.92 Faint yellow lacetate 5:5 at the first quarter season. 0.95 Yellowish green However, high percentage yield of plant extraction does not nHexane:Ety 0.88 Yellow 2 indicate that the solvent extract will perform high antibacterial lacetate- 8:2 0.91 Yellowish green activity [25]. 0.48 Faint yellow nHexane:Ety 0.62 Faint yellow lacetate:Met 4 0.77 Faint yellow hanol- 4:4:2 0.94 Yellowish green 4 nHexane:Ety lacetate:Met 4 0.95 Yellowish green 3.5 hanol- 3:2:5 3
2.5 IV. DISCUSSION 2 1. Percentage Yield 1.5 The solvents used in the present study were selected based on 1 their different polarity ranges. In chemistry, polar substances 0.5 would dissolve in polar solvents while non-polar substances will dissolve in non-polar solvents. Hexane, ethylacetate and 0 Hex. Ext. EtAc. Ext. Me. Ext. methanol (in order of increasing polarity, respectively) were selected to enable the extraction and separation of a wide range of components that are present in the samples. Powdered Fig. 1: Yield of extract of S. occidentalis samples were first soaked in hexane to extract out the non-polar compounds, while methanol was used last, after ethylacetate, to 2. Phytochemical Screening extract out the polar compounds which constitutes the bulk compounds present in the sample. Methanol is classified as high The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence polarity solvent that can be used to extract sugar, amino acids of twelve (12) out of the fourteen (14) phytochemicals tested in and glycosides from the samples [22]. the different solvent extracts, with flavonoid and protein absent in all the extracts. The hexane extract shows the presence of The ability of a solvent to extract the bioactive compounds from eight (8) phytochemicals which include; alkaloid, tannin, plants is determined by calculating the percentage yield of phenol, saponin, cardiac-active glycoside, xanthoprotein, extraction. The percentage yield of plant extract is mainly carbohydrate and fixed oil. The etylacetate extract also shows dependent on the solvent used in the extraction. Different the presence of eight (8) phytochemicals which include; polarity index of solvents give different percentage yields and alkaloid, tannin, phenol, anthraquinone, steroid, cardiac-active extract different phytochemical compounds. The percentage of glycoside, xanthoprotein and carbohydrate, while the methanol
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International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020 Vol. 4, Issue 11, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 608-617 Published Online March 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com) extract has the highest number of phytochemicals present, being malignant diseases, infections and malaria [21] (Trease and ten (10) which include; alkaloid, tannin, phenol, saponin, Evans, 1989). Alkaloids are anti-plasmodiac, analgesic and also phlobatannin, steroid, cardiac-active glycoside, xanthoprotein, have bactericidal effects. Alkaloids present in the plant extract carbohydrate and fixed oil. All the solvent extracts showed the have toxicity against cells of foreign organisms, such as presence of Alkaloid, tannin, phenol, cardiac-active glycoside, enzymes in microbial cells [33]. xanthoprotein and carbohydrate. The presence of phenolic compound in the plant proves that Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenol, Cardiac-active glycoside, they have anti-microbial and anti-fungal effect. Also, plants that Xanthoprotein and Carbohydrate were found to be present in all contain phenols could be used as anti-inflammatory, immune the solvent extracts, while Flavonoid and Protein were absent enhancers and hormone modulators. Phenols are also known to in all the solvent extract. have the ability to block specific enzymes that cause Phytochemicals such as flavonoids and tannins are known to inflammation and to prevent disease [34]. Phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals and build up immunity respectively, thus are well known potential phytotoxins and exist as free forms, taking care of the stimulation of free radicals and oxidative esters or as glycoside when combined with sugars. Such stress as a result of high glucose levels. The root of Senna compounds contribute to the bitter taste. occidentalis is a rich source of antioxidants [26]. The presence There are also enough documented data, which suggest that of tannins may be the reason why Senna occidentalis is used in there is a positive correlation between total phenolic content the treatment of constipation and intestinal worms in India. and antimicrobial activity [35]. Tannins could also be the probable reason why the plant is used for treatment of poisonous bites. Tannins also have the potential 3. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to remedy complex divalent ions such as zinc, iron and copper Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is used to provide insight in soils resulting in their unavailability [27]. into the chemical composition present in the plant extracts. TLC Cardiac glycoside acts on the heart muscles and increase renal works on the principles that like forces attract and unlike forces flow (diuresis). Saponins are often referred to as "natural repel. It will retain the polar compounds on the TLC plate detergent" because of their foamy nature and they have anti- (stationary phase) that is coated with a polar adsorbent, silica carcinogenic properties, immune modulation activities and gel. The sample is then moved upward via the mobile phase. regulation of cell proliferation as well as health benefits such as The mobile phase moves through the TLC plate by capillary inhibition of the growth of cancer cell and cholesterol lowering action and assisted with gravity force [36]. activity [28]. This can also explain why the plant is used as an R value is used to characterize the different phytochemical antioxidant. Occurrence of steroidal saponins from various f compounds that are present in the extract. The formula used to studies indicates their importance and the interest in pharmacy calculate the R value is mentioned earlier in the methodology. due to their relationship with such compounds such as sex f The phytochemical compound will be obtained by different R hormones especially in development of the female f values, due to their polarity. The polar compounds will have contraceptive pills [29]. Also, the presence of saponins may be strong interaction with the stationary phase on TLC and travel the reason why the decoction of the roots of S. occidentalis are shorter path. Meanwhile, the non-polar compounds have widely used in Africa in the treatment of women’s problems weaker interaction with stationary phase and travel longer path including improving female fertility, and in treating sterility and [37]. Thus, the lower the R value, the higher the polarity of dysmenorrhea since steroidal structures could serve as potent f phytochemical compounds. This information is important by starting material in the synthesis of these hormones. choosing appropriate and suitable solvent system to further Steroids have been reported in clinical studies as anti- isolate pure compounds from the plant extract by other advance inflammatory and analgesic agents [30], they are also used as chromatographic techniques [38]. The comparison of R value treatment for congestive heart failure [31]. Thus, the reason f of a known standard to an unknown molecule would allow for why S. occidentalis is used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic partial characterization of the compound. agents. Phlobatannins are known to exhibit diuretic property The plates below show the developed chromatogram which [32]. resulted from the various solvent extracts and the Rf values of the components separated: Alkaloids, the most revered of all the phytochemicals, are said to be pharmacologically active and their actions are felt in the autonomic nervous system, blood vessels, promotion of diuresis, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, uterus,
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Rf=0.83 Rf=0.86 Rf=0.68
Rf=0.72 Rf=0.72
Rf=0.68 Rf=0.55 Rf=0.43 Rf= 0.49 Rf=0.45 Rf= 0.39 Rf=0.38 Rf= 0.35 f Rf=0.32 R =0.31
Rf= 0.21 Rf=0.08
Hex:EtAc= 1:9 Hex:EtAc= 2:8
Rf=0.83 Rf=0.83 Rf=0.93 Rf=0.85 Rf=0.73 Rf= 0.82 Rf=0.78 Rf=0.73 Rf=0.71 Rf=0.7 Rf=0.67 5 Rf=0.58 Rf=0.25
Rf=0.33 f R =0.30 Rf=0.31
Hex:EtAc= 3:7 Hex:EtAc= 4:6
Rf=0.95 Rf=0.90 Rf=0.91 Rf=0.92 Rf=0.78
Rf=0.88 Rf=0.55 Rf=0.58
Hex:EtAc= 5:5 Hex:EtAc= 8:2
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Rf=0.95 Rf=0.94 Rf=0.90 Rf=0.77 Rf=0.89 Rf=0.77
Rf=0.62 Rf=0.62
Rf=0.48 Rf=0.49 77 Rf=0.40
Hex:EtAc:Me= 4:4:2 Hex:EtAc:Me= 3:2:5 Plate 2: Developed chromatogram of all extracts with different solvent systems
All the solvent systems showed at least a spot for hexane extract. The hexane extract was found to contain polar, semi polar and non-polar compounds. The hexane extract showed a VI. AKNOWLEDGEMENT better separation with 2:8 (Hex:EtAc) solvent system, having Professor (Mrs) E.A. Adelakun and Dr. B.M. Wufem for their the highest and lowest Rf value as 0.86 and 0.08 respectively, critical review, knowledgeable and valuable advice. with more of the non-polar compounds. The ethyl acetate extract contains polar, semi-polar and non-polar, showing more of the non-polar compounds. Results as seen above showed that VII. REFERENCES the solvent system used is not suitable for separating polar compound as expected in the methanol extract. [1] World Health Organization, (2008). Traditional Medicine. Media Centre Fact Sheet No.134. Available V. CONCLUSION at http://www.who.int./mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/2 This research showed that the methanol extract of Senna 008. occidentalis gave the highest percentage yield of extraction. [2] Kelly, K. (2009). “History of Medicine”. New York: This indicated that the stem extract of Senna occidentalis Fact file; p. 29-50. contained more polar compounds than non-polar compounds. [3] Gbile, Z. O. (1986). Ethnobotany, taxonomy and The results from the phytochemical screening test revealed that conservation of medicinal plants. The State of Medicinal the stem bark of Senna occidentalis contains interesting Plants Research in Nigeria, Sofowora, A.(Ed.). phytochemicals such as Tannins (antioxidant, antiviral), University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 13-29. Cardiac glycosides (anti-hypertensive), Alkaloids [4] Toma, A., Makonnen, E., Mekonnen, Y., Debella, A., & (antimalarial) and Steroids (anti-inflammatory, analgesic) Adisakwattana, S. (2015). Antidiabetic activities of which are bioactive compounds with important aqueous ethanol and n-butanol fraction of Moringa pharmacological properties. Thus, the plant (Senna stenopetala leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic occidentalis) could be explored and used as a starting material rats. DOI:10.1186/s12906-015-0779-0. BMC for drug synthesis and discovery and also to remedy infections complementary and alternative medicine, 15(1), 242. that might arise in the body if these phytochemicals are [5] Obute, G.O (2007). “Ethnomedicinal plant resources of ascertained on further isolation and purification to be medicinal south eastern Nigeria. African Journal of biomolecules. Results from the TLC showed that the best Interdisciplinary Studies. solvent system that can be used for the separation of compounds [6] Awosika, F. (1993). “Traditional Medicine as the from hexane and etylacetate extracts is 2:8 (Hex:EtAc. The solution to Nigeria Health Problems”. Clinical TLC also shows that the plant contains compounds that can be Pharmacology and Herbal Medicine, 9(3): 26-31. isolated from it. Hence, anticancer, antiviral, anti-hypertensive and other important drugs could be developed from this Plant.
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