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Šumarski List 9-10/2014 ŠUMARSKI LIST HRVATSKO ŠUMARSKO DRUŠTVO UDC 630* ISSN 0373–1332 Slika 1. Oštećene sjemenke obične jele i nekoliko imaga halcididnih osica. Slika 3. Jelovi češeri polovicom lipnja, u razdoblju rojenja halcididnih osica. Unutrašnjost sjemenki je pojedena, a na sjemenoj ljusci zapažaju se okrugli Češeri su tada još neodrvenjeli i ženke osica mogu svojim dugačkim leglicama CODEN izlazni otvori koje su progrizla imaga nakon dovršetka larvalnog dijela razvoja. precizno uložiti pojedinačna jajašca u zametnute sjemenke u unutrašnjosti SULIAB Figure 1. Damaged silver fir seed with several chalcid wasp adults. Interior češera. Figure 3. Silver fir cones in mid June, during the chalcid wasps swarm- of the seed is consumed, while on the seed coat, a round exit holes are visible. ing period. They are still unhardened and soft enough to enable chalcid females They were chewed by adults after finishing the larval part of wasp’s development. to use their lengthy ovipositors and lay single eggs in developing seed. Slika 2. Dvije ženke i mužjak osice jelova sjemena Megastigmus suspectus Slika 4. Oštećeno sjeme i imaga osice čempresova sjemena, Megastigmus Borries, 1895 položene na jagodicu kažiprsta. Desno dolje je poredbeno mjer- wachtli Seitner, 1916. Figure 4. Damaged seed and few adult cypress chal- ilo duljine 2 mm. Figure 2. Two females and a male silver fir seed chalcid cid wasps, Megastigmus wachtli Seitner, 1916. wasp Megastigmus suspectus Borries, 1895 pictured on index finger pad with a 2 milimeter linear scale bottom right. 9–10 2014 Megastigmus osice – specijalizirana skupina biljojednih osa – štetnika sjemena četinjača Sjeme šumskih drvenastih vrsta osobit je i vrijedan izvor hrane i skrovito stanište za kukce koji su se tijekom filogenije specijalizirali i tijesno prilagodili svoj razvoj fenologiji i morfologiji pripadajućih biljaka domaćina. Ovoga puta predstavljamo jednu osobitu skupinu malenih sjemenojednih osica iz roda Megastigmus. Osica jelova sjemena (Megastigmus suspectus Borries, 1895) jedna je od poznatijih i davno proučenih spermatofagnih (sjemenojedih) vrsta. Kao i kod ostalih suvrstica, njeno se rojenje odvija u doba kada su češeri još zeljaste konzistencije, odnosno prije odrvenjavanja, a nakon dovršetka oprašivanja i zametanja sjemena. Kako je ova vrsta orijentirana na jelovo sjeme, ženke svojim dugačkim leglicama tijekom lipnja (slika 3) pojedinačno ulažu jajašca, u pravilu u zametnute jelove sjemenke. Poznata je i mogućnost razvoja i u sjemenci koja nije zametnuta (buduće „gluho“ sjeme) pri čemu se nagađa da kukac na kemijskoj razini utječe na fiziološke pro- cese u sjemenci. Najveći dio života ove osice provedu u unutrašnjosti sjemenke gdje dovrše larvalni razvoj, zakukulje se i kao odrasli kukci napuštaju sjemenku. Razvoj osice čempresova sjemena (slika 4) malo je drukčiji s obzirom na višegodišnji razvoj čempresovih češera. Dio razvijenih ličinki ove osice napušta sjemenke prije odrvenjavanja i otvaranja češera kukuljeći se u češernom tkivu. Njihove izlazne rupe vidljive su stoga i na površini češera. Važnost ovih malenih štetnika sjemena posebice dolazi do izražaja kod intenzive proizvodnje šumskog sjemena, primjerice u klonskim sjemenskim plantažama gdje i maleni gubici uroda pred- stavljaju značajne ekonomske gubitke. Megastigmus chalcid wasps – specialized group of phytophagous wasps – conifer seed pests Seed of forest woody plants is an important and valuable source of food and shelter for some insects that adapted their development through the phylogeny and in co- evolution with their respectful plant host, its phenology and morphology in the first place. This time we focus on a group of seed feeding chalcid wasps within the genus Megastigmus. Silver fir chalcid wasp (Megastigmus suspectus Borries, 1895) is one of the well known and thoroughly researched seed damaging wasps. Similarly like 9-10 other closely related species within the group, it swarms while the cones of its host are still green (figure 3) but at the same time pollinated, and in the process of seed development. Females use their long ovipositors to insert individual eggs in the developing seed. It is known that their larvae can also develop successfully in non fertil- ized seed which is thought to be governed by insects complex chemical interference on inherent seed physiology. Most of their life they spend within the seed where GODINA CXXXVIII they finish their larval development, pupate and leave the seed as adult wasps. Cypress seed chalcid wasp’s (figure 4) life cycle differs in a way that it is adapted to a multiyear development of cypress’s cones. Some of the fully developed larvae leave seed while the cone still has not matured and pupate in cone tissue. Therefore, exit Zagreb holes of this species are also found on the surface of the cone. Importance of these small chalcid wasp pests becomes an issue in forest production sites like in forest 2014 seed orchards. Even a small percentage of seed loss is considered unacceptable and of significant economic impact. 9–10, CXXXVIII (2014) ŠUMARSKI LIST, Tekst i fotografije: B. Hrašovec UPUTE AUTORIMA INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Šumarski list objavljuje znanstvene i stručne članke iz područja Forestry Journal publishes scientific and specialist ar ticles from the šumarstva, odnosno svih znanstvenih grana pripadajućih šu mar­ fields of forestry, forestry­related scientific branches, nature pro­ stvu, zatim zaštite prirode i lovstva. Svaki znanstveni i stručni tection and wildlife management. Every scientific and specialist članak trebao bi težiti provedbi autoro ve zamisli u stručnu praksu, article should strive to convert the author’s ideas into forestry prac­ budući da je šumarska znanost primjenjiva. U rubrikama časopisa tice. Different sections of the journal publish articles dealing with donose se napisi o zaš titi prirode povezane uz šume, o obljetni­ a broad scope of topics, such as forest nature protection, anniver­ cama, znanstve nim i stručnim skupovima, knjigama i časopisima, saries, scientific and professional gatherings, books and magazines, activities of the Croatian Forestry Association, meetings and con­ o zbiva njima u Hrvatskom šumarskom društvu, tijeku i za ključ­ clusions of the Managing Board, annual and extraordinary meet­ ci ma sjednica Upravnoga odbora te godišnje i izvanredne skup­ ings, announcements on the branches of the Association, etc. štine, obavijesti o ograncima Društva i dr. All articles submitted to the Editorial Board for publica tion must Svi napisi koji se dostavljaju Uredništvu, zbog objavlji vanja be written in Croatian, and scientific and specialist articles must moraju biti napisani na hrvatskom jeziku, a znanstveni i stručni be written in Croatian and English. Titles and subheadings must radovi na hrvatskom ili engleskom jeziku, s naslovom i podnas­ be translated into English or Croatian. lovima prevedenim na engleski, odnos no hrvatski jezik. Documents must be prepared in standard A4 format, all margins Dokument treba pripremiti u formatu A4, sa svim mar ginama should be 2.5 cm, and spacing should be 1,5. The font should be 2,5 cm i razmakom redova 1,5. Font treba biti Ti mes New Ro­ 12­point Times New Roman (notes – foot notes 10). The text itself man veličine 12 (bilješke – fusnote 10), sam tekst normalno, na­ should be in normal type, the titles in bold and capital letters, the slovi bold i velikim slovima, podnaslovi bold i malim slovima, subheadings in bold and small letters, and the authors in bold and autori bold i malim slovima bez titu la, a u fusnoti s titulama, small letters with out titles. Footnotes should contain the name of adresom i elekroničkom adresom (E­mail). Stranice treba obroj­ the author together with titles, address and electronic address (e­ čati. mail). The pages must be numbered. A manuscript with all its components, including tables, graphs, Opseg teksta članaka može imati najviše 15 stranica za jedno s figures (drawings and photographs) and maps, should not exceed prilozima, odnosno tablicama, grafikonima, slikama (crteži i fo­ 15 pages. Manuscripts exceeding 15 pa ges must be approved for tografije) i kartama. Više od 15 stranica može se prihvatiti uz publication by editors and review ers. The attached drawings, pho­ odobrenje urednika i recenzenata. Crteže, foto grafije i karte tographs and maps should be in high resolution. tre ba priložiti u visokoj rezoluciji. All paper components should be in two languages (titles of com­ Priloge opisati dvojezično (naslove priloga, glave tab lica, mjer ne ponents, table headings, units of measure, graph axes, fi gures, jedinice, nazive osi grafikona, slika, karata, fotografija, legende i maps, photographs, legends and others) and the font should be dr.) u fontu Times New Roman 10 (po potrebi 8). Drugi jezik je 10­point Times New Roman (8­point size if neces sary). The sec­ u kurzivu. U tekstu označiti mjesta gdje se priložio moraju pos­ ond language must be in italics. Places in the text where the com­ taviti. ponents should be entered must be marked. Rukopisi znanstvenih i stručnih radova, koji se prema prethod­ Manuscripts of scientific and specialist papers, written according nim uputama dostavljaju uredništvu Šumarskoga lista, moraju to the above instructions and submitted to the Editorial Board of sadr žavati sažetak na engleskom jeziku (na hrvatskome za članke Forestry Journal, must contain an abstract in English (or in Croa­ tian if the article is written in English). The abstract should allow pisane na engleskom jeziku), iz ko jega se može dobro indeksirati
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