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Deep Exploration of Ε Eridani with Keck Ms-Band Vortex

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The Astronomical Journal, 157:33 (20pp), 2019 January https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaef8a © 2019. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Deep Exploration of ò Eridani with Keck Ms-band Vortex Coronagraphy and Radial Velocities: Mass and Orbital Parameters of the Giant Exoplanet* Dimitri Mawet1,2 , Lea Hirsch3,4 , Eve J. Lee5 , Jean-Baptiste Ruffio6 , Michael Bottom2 , Benjamin J. Fulton7 , Olivier Absil8,20 , Charles Beichman2,9,10, Brendan Bowler11 , Marta Bryan1 , Elodie Choquet1,21 , David Ciardi7, Valentin Christiaens8,12,13, Denis Defrère8 , Carlos Alberto Gomez Gonzalez14 , Andrew W. Howard1 , Elsa Huby15, Howard Isaacson4 , Rebecca Jensen-Clem4,22 , Molly Kosiarek16,23 , Geoff Marcy4 , Tiffany Meshkat17 , Erik Petigura1 , Maddalena Reggiani8 , Garreth Ruane1,24 , Eugene Serabyn2, Evan Sinukoff18 , Ji Wang1 , Lauren Weiss19 , and Marie Ygouf17 1 Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; [email protected] 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA 3 Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 4 University of California, Berkeley, 510 Campbell Hall, Astronomy Department, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 5 TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Mailcode 350-17, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 6 Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 7 NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC-NExScI, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 8 Space sciences, Technologies & Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du Six Août 19c, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium 9 Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 10 NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 911225, USA 11 McDonald Observatory and the University of Texas at Austin, Department of Astronomy, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA 12 Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile 13 Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Chile 14 Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France 15 LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France 16 University of California, Santa Cruz; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA 17 IPAC, California Institute of Technology, M/C 100-22, 770 S. Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 18 Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 19 Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Dèpartement de Physique, Universitè de Montrèal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada Received 2018 May 1; revised 2018 October 16; accepted 2018 October 29; published 2019 January 3 Abstract We present the most sensitive direct imaging and radial velocity (RV) exploration of ò Eridani to date. ò Eridani is an adolescent planetary system, reminiscent of the early solar system. It is surrounded by a prominent and complex debris disk that is likely stirred by one or several gas giant exoplanets. The discovery of the RV signature of a giant exoplanet was announced 15 yr ago, but has met with scrutiny due to possible confusion with stellar noise. We confirm the planet with a new compilation and analysis of precise RV data spanning 30 yr, and combine it with upper limits from our direct imaging search, the most sensitive ever performed. The deep images were taken in the Ms band (4.7 μm) with the vortex coronagraph recently installed in W.M. Keck Observatory’s infrared camera NIRC2, which opens a sensitive window for planet searches around nearby adolescent systems. The RV data and direct imaging upper limit maps were combined in an innovative joint Bayesian analysis, providing new ò +0.38 constraints on the mass and orbital parameters of the elusive planet. Eridani b has a mass of 0.78-0.12 MJup and is orbiting ò Eridani at about 3.48±0.02 au with a period of 7.37±0.07 yr. The eccentricity of ò Eridani b’s orbit is +0.06 0.07-0.05, an order of magnitude smaller than early estimates and consistent with a circular orbit. We discuss our findings from the standpoint of planet–disk interactions and prospects for future detection and characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope. Key words: planet–disk interactions – planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability – planets and satellites: gaseous planets – stars: planetary systems – techniques: high angular resolution – techniques: radial velocities Supporting material: machine-readable tables 1. Introduction ò Eridani is an adolescent (200–800 Myr)(Fuhrmann 2004; ) ( ) * Mamajek & Hillenbrand 2008 K2V dwarf star Table 1 .Ata Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is distance of 3.2 pc, ò Eridani is the tenth closest star to the Sun, operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology. Keck time was granted for this project by Caltech, the University which makes it a particularly attractive target for deep planet of Hawai’i, the University of California, and NASA. searches. Its age, spectral type, distance, and consequent 20 F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. apparent brightness (V=3.73 mag) make it a benchmark 21 Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow. 22 system, as well as an excellent analog for the early phases of Miller Fellow. 23 ’ ò NSF Graduate Research Fellow. the solar system s evolution. Eridani hosts a prominent, 24 NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow. complex debris disk, and a putative Jupiter-like planet. 1 The Astronomical Journal, 157:33 (20pp), 2019 January Mawet et al. Table 1 Booth et al. (2017) used the Atacama Large Millimeter/ Properties of ò Eridani submillimeter Array (ALMA) to image the northern arc of ( < ″) Property Value References the outer ring at high angular resolution beam size 2 . The 1.34 mm continuum image has a low signal-to-noise ratio ( ) ( ) ( ) R.A. hms 03 32 55.8 J2000 van Leeuwen 2007 (S/N) but is well-resolved, with the outer ring extending from Decl. (dms) −09 27 29.7 (J2000) van Leeuwen (2007) ( ) 62.6 to 75.9 au. The fractional outer disk width is comparable Spect. type K2V Keenan & McNeil 1989 ’ ( ) ± ( ) to that of the solar system s Kuiper Belt and makes it one of the Mass Me 0.781 0.005 Boyajian et al. 2012 ; Distance (pc) 3.216±0.0015 van Leeuwen (2007) narrowest debris disks known, with a width of just 12 au. = °± ° V mag 3.73 Ducati (2002) The outer ring inclination is measured to be i 34 2 , K mag 1.67 Ducati (2002) consistent with all previous estimates using lower-resolution L mag 1.60 Cox (2000) submm facilities (Greaves et al. 1998, 2005; Backman et al. M mag 1.69 Cox (2000) 2009). No significant emission is detected between ∼20 and Age (Myr) 200–800 Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008) ∼60 au (see Booth et al. (2017), their Figure 5), suggesting a large clearing between the inner belt(s) within 20 au and the outer belt outward of 60 au. Booth et al. (2017) find tentative evidence for clumps in the ring, and claim that the inner and 1.1. ò Eridani’s Debris Disk outer edges are defined by resonances with a planet at a The disk was first detected by the Infrared Astronomical semimajor axis of 48 au. The authors also confirm the previous Satellite (Aumann 1985) and later on by the Infrared Space detection of unresolved mm emission at the location of the star Observatory (Walker & Heinrichsen 2000). It was first imaged that is above the level of the photosphere and attribute this by the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array excess to stellar chromospheric emission, as suggested by (SCUBA) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope by Greaves MacGregor et al. (2015). However, the chromospheric et al. (1998). ò Eridani is one of the “fabulous four” Vega-like emission cannot reproduce the infrared excess seen by Spitzer debris disks and shows more than 1 Jy of far-infrared (FIR) and SOFIA. excess over the stellar photosphere at 60–200 μm and a lower Finally, recent 11 μm observations with the Large Binocular significance excess at 25 μm (Aumann 1985). Using the Spitzer Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) suggest that warm dust is Space Telescope and the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory present within ∼500 mas (or 1.6 au) from ò Eridani (Ertel et al. (CSO) to trace ò Eridani’s spectral energy distribution (SED) 2018). The trend of the detected signal with respect to the from 3.5 to 350 μm, the model presented in Backman et al. stellocentric distance also indicates that the bulk of the (2009) paints a complex picture. ò Eridani’s debris disk is emission comes from the outer part of the LBTI field of view, composed of a main ring at 35–90 au, and a set of two narrow and hence is likely associated with the dust belt(s) responsible inner dust belts inside the cavity delineated by the outer ring: for the 15–38 μm emission detected by Spitzer and SOFIA. one belt with a color temperature T;55 K at approximately 20 au, and another belt with a color temperature T;120 K at 1.2. ò Eridani’s Putative Planet approximately 3 au (Backman et al. 2009). The authors argue that, to maintain the three-belt system around ò Eridani, three Hatzes et al. (2000) demonstrated that the most likely shepherding planets are necessary. explanation for the observed decade-long radial velocity (RV) Using Herschel at 70, 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm, Greaves variations was the presence of a ;1.5 MJ giant planet with a et al. (2014) refined the position and the width of the outer belt period P=6.9 yr (;3 au orbit) and a high eccentricity to be 54–68 au, but only resolved one of the inner belts at (e=0.6).
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