A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations

Cambridge University Press 0521826926 - A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations Edited by Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn Frontmatter More information

A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations An A to Z companion to 2,000 years of encounter between Judaism and Christianity, A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations is a pioneering work which explores and deﬁnes the many factors that characterise the historic and ongoing relationship between the two traditions. From Aaron to Zionism, the editors have brought together over 700 entries – including events, institutions, movements, people, places and publications – contributed by more than 100 internationally renowned scholars. The Dictionary, compiled under the auspices of the Cambridge-based Centre for the study of Jewish–Christian Relations, offers a focus for the study and understanding of Jewish–Christian relations internationally, both within and between Judaism and Christianity. It provides a comprehensive single reference to a subject which touches on numerous areas of study such as theology, religious studies, history, Jewish studies, literature and social and political studies, and will also attract the interest of a wide international readership beyond these disciplines.

Edward Kessler is a Founding and Executive Director of the Cambridge Centre for the study of Jewish–Christian Relations. He is the author of several works on Jewish–Christian relations including the acclaimed Bound by the Bible: Jews, Christians and the Sacriﬁce of Isaac (2004).

Neil Wenborn is a full-time writer and publishing consultant. He is the author of several biographies and is co-editor of the highly respected History Today Companion to British History.

A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations

EDITED BY Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521826921

C Centre for the study of Jewish–Christian Relations 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations / edited by Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-82692-6 (hardback) 1. Judaism–Relations–Christianity–Dictionaries. 2. Christianity and other religions–Judaism–Dictionaries. I. Kessler, Edward, Dr. II. Wenborn, Neil. III. Title. BM535.D487 2005 261.2603–dc22 2005012923

ISBN-13 978 0 521 82692 1 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-82692-6 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of maps page vi List of contributors vii Editors’ preface xiii Acknowledgements xvi List of abbreviations xvii Maps xix The structure of the book xxviii

A–Z dictionary 1

Bibliography 454 Index of names 501

List of Maps

Ancient Palestine page xix The Roman Empire xx The Byzantine Empire xxii The Ottoman Empire xxiii The Russian Empire xxiv The State of Israel xxv The British Empire, excluding North American possessions xxvi

Contributors

Anna Sapir Abulaﬁa Marcus Braybrooke Vice-President and College Lecturer in History, Lucy President of the World Congress of Faiths, Cavendish College, Cambridge, UK Co-Founder of the Three Faiths Forum, UK

David Abulaﬁa Margaret Brearley Professor of Mediterranean History, University of Lecturer/Academic Board member, London Jewish Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cultural Centre; formerly Fellow in Jewish–Christian Relations, Selly Oak Colleges and Institute of Jewish James K. Aitken Affairs, London, UK Research Fellow, Department of Classics, University of Reading, and Honorary Fellow, Centre for the study James Carleton Paget of Jewish–Christian Relations, Cambridge, UK Lecturer in New Testament Studies, University of Cambridge, Fellow and Tutor of Peterhouse, Philip Alexander Cambridge, UK Professor of Post-Biblical Jewish Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Kenneth Cracknell Professor of Theology and Global Studies, Brite Hamutal Bar-Yosef Divinity School, Fort Worth, Texas, USA Professor Emerita, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva; Research Fellow, The Hartman Institute, Robert Crotty Jerusalem, Israel Adjunct Professor of Religion and Education, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Michael Battle Assistant Professor of Spirituality and Black Church Philip Culbertson Studies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, School of Theology, Auckland University, Auckland, USA New Zealand

Anders Bergquist Philip A. Cunningham Vicar of St John’s Wood, London; formerly Executive Director, Center for Christian–Jewish Vice-Principal of Westcott House, Cambridge and Learning, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, Canon Residentary of St Alban’s Abbey, St Alban’s, UK USA

Reimund Bieringer Alan Detscher Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Faculty of St Catherine of Sienna Parish, Riverside, Connecticut, Theology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium USA

Barbara E. Bowe Audrey Doetzel Professor of Biblical Studies, Catholic Theological Christian–Jewish Relation and Encounter, Sisters of Union, Chicago, Illinois, USA our Lady of Sion, Canada-USA

Mary C. Boys Alice L. Eckardt Skinner & McAlpin Professor of Practical Theology, Professor Emerita, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Union Theological Seminary, New York, USA Pennsylvania, USA

vii

List of contributors

Artem Fedortchouk K. Hannah Holtschneider St Andrew’s Biblical Theological College, Moscow, Lecturer in Modern Judaism, New College, Russia Edinburgh, Scotland

Eugene J. Fisher Colin Honey Associate Director, Secretariat for Ecumenical and Senior Research Associate, The Lonsdale Centre for Interreligious Affairs, US Conference of Catholic Applied Ethics, Melbourne, Australia Bishops, Washington, DC, USA Morna D. Hooker Martin Forward Lady Margaret’s Professor Emerita, University of Helena Wackerlin Professor of Religious Studies and Cambridge, and Fellow of Robinson College, Executive Director of the Wackerlin Center for Faith Cambridge, UK and Action, Aurora University, Aurora, Illinois, USA William Horbury Lawrence E. Frizzell Professor of Jewish and Early Christian Studies, Director, Institute of Judaeo-Christian Studies, Seton and Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA UK Helen P.Fry Rebecca J. W. Jefferson Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Hebrew Research Assistant, Taylor-Schechter Genizah and Jewish Studies, University College, London, UK Research Unit, University Library, Cambridge, Petr Frysˇ UK Director, Society of Christians and Jews (ICCJ), Robin M. Jensen Prague, Czech Republic The Luce Chancellor’s Professor of the History of Ruth Gledhill Christian Art and Worship, Vanderbilt University Religion Correspondent, The Times, London, UK Divinity School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

Deirdre J. Good Ivor H. Jones Professor of New Testament, The General Theological Methodist Minister, resident in Lincoln; formerly Seminary, New York City, USA Principal of Wesley House, Cambridge, UK

Sergei Hackel Adam Kamesar Formerly Reader in Russian Studies, University of Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Sussex, Brighton, UK, and Archpriest of the Russian Wolfram Kinzig Orthodox Church Professor of Ecclesiastical History (Patristics), Walter Harrelson Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Bonn, Professor Emeritus, Vanderbilt University Divinity Bonn, Germany School, and Adjunct University Professor, Wake Forest William Klassen University Divinity School, Southport, North Adjunct Professor of Religion, University of Waterloo, Carolina, USA Waterloo, Ontario, Canada C. T. R. Hayward Ruth Langer Professor of Hebrew, Department of Theology, Associate Professor of Jewish Studies, Theology University of Durham, Durham, UK Department, and Associate Director, Center for Hans Hermann Henrix Christian–Jewish Learning, Boston College, Boston, Director, Bischoﬂiche¨ Akademie des Bistums Aachen, Massachusetts, USA Aachen, Germany Daniel R. Langton Michael Hilton Centre for Jewish Studies, Department of Religions Rabbi, Kol Chai Hatch End Jewish Community, and Theology, University of Manchester, Manchester, London, UK UK

viii

List of contributors

Christopher M. Leighton Steven J. McMichael Executive Director, Institute for Christian and Jewish Assistant Professor, Theology Department, University Studies, Baltimore, Maryland, USA of St Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA

Amy-Jill Levine Jonathan Magonet E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Professor of New Principal, Leo Baeck College – Centre for Jewish Testament Studies, Vanderbilt Divinity School, Education, London, UK Nashville, Tennessee, USA Ian Markham Lee I. Levine Professor of Theology and Ethics, and Dean, Hartford Professor of Jewish History and Archaeology, Hebrew Seminary, Hartford, Connecticut, USA University, Jerusalem, Israel Justin J. Meggitt Jane Liddell-King Staff Tutor in the Study of Religion, Institute of Member of the English Faculty, University of Continuing Education, and Fellow, Hughes Hall, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Judith Lieu John C. Merkle Professor of New Testament Studies, King’s College, Professor of Theology, College of Saint Benedict, Saint London, UK Joseph, Minnesota, USA

Gareth Lloyd Jones David M. Neuhaus Professor of Theology and Religious Studies, Pontiﬁcal Biblical Institute (Jerusalem), Shalom Department of Theology and Religious Studies, Hartman Institute (Jerusalem) and Religious Studies University of Wales, Bangor, UK Department, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestinian Autonomy Andrew Louth Professor of Patristic and Byzantine Studies, Judith H. Newman University of Durham, Durham, UK Associate Professor of Old Testament, Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Rachel McCann Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Stephen Nicholls Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA Centre for German–Jewish Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK John McDade Principal of Heythrop College, University of London, Peter Ochs London, UK Edgar Bronfman Professor of Modern Judaic Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Michael McGarry USA Rector, Tantur Ecumenical Institute for Theological Studies, Jerusalem, Israel John J. O’Keefe Associate Professor of Theology, Creighton University, Bernard McGinn Omaha, Nebraska, USA Naomi Shenstone Donnelley Professor Emeritus of Historical Theology and of the History of Christianity, David Patterson Divinity School, University of Chicago, Chicago, Emeritus President, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Illinois, USA Jewish Studies, Yarnton, Oxford, UK

James S. McLaren John T. Pawlikowski Senior Lecturer, School of Theology, Australian Professor of Social Ethics and Director, Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia Catholic–Jewish Studies Program, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago, Illinois, USA Dennis D. McManus Senior Adjunct Professor, Department of Theology, Sarah J. K. Pearce Department of Classics, Georgetown University, Senior Lecturer and Director of the Parkes Institute Washington, DC, USA for the Study of Jewish/Non-Jewish Relations,

List of contributors

University of Southampton, John K. Roth Southampton, UK Edward J. Sexton Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Peter A. Pettit Genocide, and Human Rights, Claremont McKenna Director, Institute for Jewish–Christian College, Claremont, California, USA Understanding; Assistant Professor, Department of Religion, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Miri Rubin Pennsylvania, USA Professor of European History, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK Christine Pilkington Principal Lecturer in Religious Studies, Canterbury A. James Rudin Christ Church University College, Canterbury, Senior Interreligious Advisor, The American Jewish UK Committee; Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, Florida, Stephen Plant USA Senior Tutor and Director of Studies, Wesley House, Marc Saperstein Cambridge, UK Charles W. Smith Professor of Jewish History and Marcus Plested Director of the Program in Judaic Studies, The Vice-Principal and Director of Studies, Institute for George Washington University, Washington, DC, Orthodox Christian Studies (Cambridge Theological USA. Federation) and Research Fellow, Faculty of Divinity, John F.A. Sawyer University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Emeritus Professor, University of Newcastle upon Daniel Polish Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Rabbi of congregation Shir Chadash, Poughkeepsie, Joachim Schaper New York, USA Reader in Old Testament, School of Divinity, Didier Pollefeyt History and Philosophy, University of Aberdeen, Professor of Catechetics, Religious Education and UK Jewish–Christian Dialogue, Faculty of Theology, Simon Schoon Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Minister of the Reformed Church, Gouda; Professor of John D. Rayner Jewish–Christian Relations, Theological University, Honorary Life President of Liberal Judaism; Emeritus Kampen, Netherlands Rabbi of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue, London, UK Stefan Schreiner Stefan C. Reif Professor of History of Religions and Jewish Studies Professor of Medieval Hebrew Studies, Faculty of and Director of Institutum Judaicum, University of Oriental Studies; Director, Genizah Research Unit, Tubingen,¨ Tubingen,¨ Germany University Library; Fellow of St John’s College – Frank Shaw University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Formerly Visiting Assistant Professor of Classics, St John Rogerson Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies, University of Canada Sheffield; Canon Emeritus of Sheffield Cathedral, Franklin Sherman Sheffield, UK Founding Director, Institute for Jewish–Christian Jonathan Romain Understanding, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Minister, Maidenhead Synagogue, Berkshire, Pennsylvania, USA UK Michael A. Signer Daniel Rossing Abrams Professor of Jewish Thought and Culture, Director, Jerusalem Center for Jewish–Christian Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame, Relations, Jerusalem, Israel Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

List of contributors

David Sim Christine Trevett Senior Lecturer, School of Theology, Australian Professor, School of Religious and Theological Catholic University, Victoria, Australia Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Norman Solomon Murray Watson Member of the Oxford University Teaching and Lecturer in Sacred Scripture, St Peter’s Seminary, Research Centre in Hebrew and Jewish Studies, London, Ontario, Canada Yarnton, Oxford, UK David Weigall R. Kendall Soulen Formerly Head of Department of History, Anglia Professor of Systematic Theology, Wesley Theological Polytechnic University, Cambridge, UK Seminary, Washington, DC, USA Michael Weisskopf Lecturer in Russian-Jewish history, Department of Joann Spillman Slavic Studies, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Professor of Theology, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, Missouri, USA Susan White Harold L. and Alberta H. Lunger Professor of Spiritual Sacha Stern Resources and Disciplines, Brite Divinity School, Fort Reader in Jewish Studies, School of Oriental and Worth, Texas, USA African Studies, University of London, London, UK George R. Wilkes Kenneth Stow Lecturer, Centre for the study of Jewish–Christian Professor of Jewish History, University of Haifa, Haifa, Relations; Afﬁliated Lecturer, Divinity Faculty, Israel University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Jesper Svartvik Isabel Wollaston Docent and Senior Research Fellow, Lund University Senior Lecturer, Department of Theology, University and the Swedish Research Council, Lund, Sweden of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Lucy Thorson Abigail Wood Program Director, Cardinal Bea Centre of Jewish School of Humanities, University of Southampton, Studies, Gregorian Pontiﬁcal University, Rome, Italy Southampton, UK

Liam M. Tracey Melanie J. Wright Professor of Liturgy, St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, Academic Director, Centre for the study of Ireland Jewish–Christian Relations, Cambridge, UK

Editors’ preface

Since the beginning of the twentieth century the munity of faith today. Such an encounter with living relationship between Judaism and Christianity has and faithful Judaism can be profoundly enrich- changed dramatically and is one of the few pieces of ing for Christian self-understanding’ (Guidelines for encouraging news that can be reported today about Lutheran–Jewish Relations, 1998). Consequently, there the encounter between religions. The rapprochement is today wide recognition within Christianity that the in relations and the development of a new way of think- formation of Christian identity is dependent upon a ing were pioneered by a small number of scholars and right relationship with Judaism. Every bishop is now religious leaders in the ﬁrst half of the century. How- commended to ‘promote among Christians an atti- ever, it was the impact of the Holocaust, the creation tude of respect towards their “elder brothers” so as of the State of Israel, the development of the ecu- to combat the risk of anti-semitism, and . . . should menical movement and the work of the Second Vat- be vigilant that sacred ministers receive an adequate ican Council (1962–5) which in combination made the formation regarding the Jewish religion and its rela- changes more widespread. As a result, Christianity, so tion to Christianity’ (Congregation for Roman Catholic long an instigator of violence against Jews, rediscov- Bishops, Directory for the Pastoral Ministry of Bishops, ered a respect and admiration for Judaism, and the 2004). once close relationship, which had become a distant For their part, many Jews initially responded with memory, has been to a large extent restored. For Jews, distrust to the modern changes in Christian teaching the traditional view that they were on their own and about Judaism; others engaged in dialogue with Chris- that Christianity was an enemy has been replaced by tians for defensive reasons, in order to tackle prejudice a realisation that partnership with Christianity is pos- and antisemitism. There were, of course, individual sible and that both faiths share a Messianic vision of Jewish ﬁgures who promoted a positive view of Chris- God’s kingdom on earth. tianity, such as Martin Buber who reminded Jews that At the same time as gaining a new appreciation Jesus was a fellow Jew,their ‘elderbrother’.But in recent of Judaism, Christianity during this period acknowl- yearstherehavebeenstirringsofanewandmuchmore edged its contribution to antisemitism and the detri- widespread interest in Christianity among Jews, illus- mental impact of the legacy of the Adversus Judaeos trated by the publication in 2000 of Dabru Emet (‘Speak (anti-Jewish) literature. It no longer holds that Jew- Truth’), a cross-denominational Jewish statement on ish interpretation of scripture was false or has been relations with Christianity which asserts, for example, replaced by Christian interpretation. This is illustrated that ‘Jews and Christians seek authority from the same by the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which book – the Bible (what Jews call “Tanakh” and Chris- now states: ‘The Jewish reading of the Bible is a pos- tians call the “Old Testament”)’. The eight-paragraph sible one, in continuity with the Jewish Sacred Scrip- statement demonstrates awareness of a common pur- tures...areading analogous to the Christian read- pose with Christianity. Furthermore, the impact of the ing which developed in parallel fashion.’ (The Jew- papal visit to Israel, also in 2000, made an indelible ish People and their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian mark on the Jewish psyche. Bible, 2002). The Churches are also aware of the need Of course, there continue to be divisions and quar- to learn about developments in post-biblical Judaism, rels over, for example, attitudes towards the State of as demonstrated by the World Lutheran Federation’s Israel and its relationship with the Palestinians as well assertion that ‘Christians also need to learn of the rich as with its other Arab neighbours. Evidence of increas- and varied history of Judaism since New Testament ing antisemitism, particularly in Europe and the Mid- times, and of the Jewish people as a diverse, living com- dle East, has also led to a corresponding increase in

xiii

Editors’ preface

Jewish sensitivity to criticism, particularly Christian new subject of study. Although the distinctiveness, criticism. In addition, the consequences of 9/11 and even uniqueness, of the relationship between the two the upsurge of violence in the Middle East are caus- faiths has long been noted by Jews and Christians ing a strain on relations. Nevertheless, it seems clear alike, there has until now been no single work that that in the mainstream of both traditions many of the explores and defines the many factors that go to make principal divisive issues have been either eliminated or up this relationship. The dramatic developments of taken to the furthest point at which agreement is pos- the last half-century have led to a greater degree of sible. The efforts of Catholics and Protestants towards mutual respect, as witnessed in the widespread use respect for Judaism project attitudes that would have of such familial terms as ‘elder and younger broth- been unthinkable a few decades ago. Christian theol- ers’. Yet these terms remain vague and undefined. ogy has been profoundly revised at the official level: They illustrate the fact that the uniqueness of the all Churches are now committed to the fight against relationship is far easier to proclaim than to define, antisemitism, and the vast majority are actively com- let alone explain. The contributors to this Diction- mitted to teaching about the Jewishness of Jesus, and ary, drawn from a wide range of disciplines, back- the problem of mission to Jews has been significantly grounds and countries, are therefore involved in a reduced. ground-breaking endeavour. In uncovering the ele- Yet it is not only questions of faith that have pro- ments of the long and continuing relationship between vided the basis for relations between Judaism and Judaism and Christianity, we hope that the Dictionary Christianity. Jews and Christians do not exist only in will contribute significantly to the definition of, and religious communities – they also live in the world. will act as a focus for, a new field of study. The Jewish–Christian encounter has influenced and That field is by its very nature interdisciplinary, and been influenced by the evolution of civilisation and a key feature of the Dictionary is that it not only focuses culture, both for good and for ill. Take, for example, on subjects – whether historical, theological, political the record of the German Mennonite community. As or cultural – within the Jewish–Christian encounter Melanie Wright has shown, although core elements itself, but also reflects broader historical, theologi- of Anabaptist theology – radical Church–state sepa- cal, political or cultural subjects through the prism of ration and pacifism – should (if one assumes that that encounter. Thus, it includes not only the sort of having the right theology leads to right action) have entries the reader might expect to see in a work of prevented them from participating in Nazism, Ger- this kind – baptism, Hebrew Bible, New Testament, man Mennonites abandoned their heritage in order Messiah, Holocaust – but also entries on such top- to support Hitler. To understand this one needs to ics as architecture, abortion, the Ottoman Empire, turn not to theology, but to the socio-political realm. Russian literature, music. Just as ‘Holocaust studies’ Many of the Church’s members were returnees from is accepted today as a field within which people use the Soviet Union and consequently, in the context tools and insights from a range of different disci- of the new ethnic politics, keen to prove their iden- plines, so Jewish–Christian relations both involves and tity as true Germans. They believed that failure to impacts upon many other fields of study. The entries do so would have had negative consequences for the in the Dictionary include inter alia events, institutions, Church.1 movements,people,places,publicationsandtheology, The Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations is the and the extensive network of cross-references between first work comprehensively to address not only the them itself serves to dramatise – and, we hope, tempt theological, but also the philosophical, historical, the reader to explore – the variety and interconnect- sociological and political dimensions of the ongoing edness of the subject’s many aspects. For example, it encounter between Judaism and Christianity. Surpris- should no longer be possible for a student of English ing as it may seem, while the history of that encounter literature to claim an understanding of The Merchant stretches over two millennia, it represents a relatively of Venice without understanding the perception of Jews and Judaism in sixteenth-century England, or for a 1 Wright, M. J., The Nature and Significance of Relations biblical scholar to address the development of Chris- between the Historic Peace Churches and Jews during and tian scriptural interpretation without an examination after the Shoah, in Porter, S., and Pearson, B. W. R. (eds), Christian–Jewish Relations through the Centuries (Sheffield, of Jewish interpretations of scripture. Nor is it possi- Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), 410–12. ble for a historian to study modern history without

xiv

Editors’ preface

taking into consideration the impact of the Holocaust Christian encounter. The Dictionary seeks to lay bare or the creation of the State of Israel. The Dictionary will those roots, as well as to trace their outgrowth in therefore be of interest not only to Christians and Jews, the encounter itself. It is based on the latest schol- but also to all those who are interested in the contribu- arly thinking and does not attempt to flatter or to veil tion to, and continuing influence upon, contemporary unpleasant truths, for only accurate descriptions of society of the encounter between the two traditions. the Jewish–Christian encounter can provide a basis At the same time, however, the Dictionary deliber- for positive relations in the future. It is to be hoped ately avoids offering either a Jewish approach to the that the Dictionary will contribute both to the self- relationship or a Christian one; nor, while it neces- professed need within Christianity to develop a closer sarily deals with the subject, is its principal focus on and more understanding relationship with Judaism dialogue between the two religions – dialogue is a sub- and to the need within Judaism to update its own tradi- sectionofJewish–Christianrelationsbutnotitsequiva- tions and make more widely known its teachings about lent. In other words, the guiding criterion for the choice Christianity. of entries has not been their significance to the under- Finally, the transformation of Jewish–Christian standing of Judaism or Christianity (or even both); relations has significance for the wider interfaith rather, it has been their significance to the encounter encounter. The contemporary encounter intends not between Judaism and Christianity. No doubt, as with to abolish differences but to develop a partnership – for any work of this kind, there are other subjects we might Jews a h. evruta and for Christians a common mission – have included, as well as differences in emphasis and to tackle one of the great challenges of the twenty-first approach between related subjects, but every entry century: the encounter between all faiths. The chal- aims to describe and evaluate the importance of its lenge takes place daily not only in the seminary or the subject to the encounter, and that importance is the place of worship, but also in the classrooms of the pri- touchstone against which both its inclusion and its mary,secondary and tertiary sectors as well as in popu- treatment have been rigorously tested. lar culture and in the workings of intercommunal and In providing a broader basis for a discourse about international relations. The establishment of Jewish– Judaism and Christianity than has ever been achieved Christian relations as a field of study will not lead to before, the Dictionary will, we hope, not only help consensus or uniformity, nor will it tell us all we want establish boundaries for the field of study, but will or need to know about the relations between the two also provide a valuable insight into the relationship traditions. However, a better understanding of the rela- between the two traditions. The significant growth of tionship will lead to the realisation that, while Judaism Holocaust studies, as well as growing Christian recog- and Christianity are separate, they are also profoundly nition of Christianity’s contribution to antisemitism connected. The Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Rela- and the Holocaust, has burdened the study of Jewish– tions and its bringing together of Jewish and Chris- Christian relations with emotion and apologetic. The tian scholars from around the world is one more sign same burden has increased the general ignorance that a new relationship has begun. If this can happen among adherents of both religions of the historical between Judaism and Christianity it can surely happen and theological roots of the contemporary Jewish– in the encounter with other religions as well.

Acknowledgements

It will be no surprise that editing a book of this scale an interest in the work of the Centre for the study of has been hard work. That it has also turned out to Jewish–Christian Relations. be so rewarding is due to several institutions and a As for individuals, it is no easy task to thank prop- significant number of people. erly everyone who encouraged us from inception. We would like to acknowledge the Centre for Indeed, if anyone should keep within their word- Advanced Religious and Theological Studies of the limit, it should surely be the editors. However, of the Faculty of Divinity of the University of Cambridge, many factors that made this work rewarding the who agreed to support and house the Dictionary; most important was our contact with contribu- the publishers, Cambridge University Press, and tors, who were willing to give their time and energy especially Kevin Taylor, Kate Brett and Gillian Dadd, to a project that must often have seemed to con- each of whom has taken a great deal of care in see- sume more of both than they had anticipated. Their ing the project to completion; the Centre for the patience and willingness to take on board edito- study of Jewish–Christian Relations, and especially rialsuggestions,onnumerousoccasions,aregreatly its staff, who have supported us and sustained our appreciated. We particularly thank Professor John morale throughout the three years during which the Pawlikowski, who read through the manuscript at Dictionary was in preparation; Deborah Patterson a draft stage and offered wise advice, and also Petr Jones for helping to set the project off the ground in Frys,ˇ whose ready and efficient help in the final sta- its early stages; finally, to the British Academy, who ges of the project, not least with preparing the generously made a grant to support the research, as bibliography, was invaluable. To you all, we thank did the Posen Foundation, which has always taken you.

xvi

Abbreviations

Mal. Malachi b. Babylonian Talmud New Testament m. Mishnah Matt. Matthew t. Toseftah Mark Mark y. Jerusalem/Palestinian Talmud Luke Luke Hebrew Bible/Old Testament John John Gen. Genesis Acts Acts Exod. Exodus Rom. Romans Lev. Leviticus 1–2 Cor. 1–2 Corinthians Deut. Deuteronomy Gal. Galatians Josh. Joshua Eph. Ephesians Judg. Judges Phil. Philippians Ruth Ruth Col. Colossians 1–2 Sam. 1–2 Samuel 1–2 Thess. 1–2 Thessalonians 1–2 Kgs 1–2 Kings 1–2 Tim. 1–2 Timothy 1–2 Chr. 1–2 Chronicles Titus Titus Ezra Ezra Phlm. Philemon Neh. Nehemiah Heb. Hebrews Esth. Esther Jas James Job Job 1–2 Pet. 1–2 Peter Ps./Pss Psalm(s) 1–2–3 John 1–2–3 John Prov. Proverbs Jude Jude Eccl. Ecclesiastes Rev. Revelation Song Song of Songs Apocrypha Isa. Isaiah Bar. Baruch Jer. Jeremiah 1–2 Esd. 1–2 Esdras Lam. Lamentations Jdt. Judith Ezek. Ezekiel 1–2 Macc. 1–2 Maccabees Dan. Daniel Sir. Sirach Hos. Hosea Tob. Tobit Joel Joel Wis. Wisdom of Solomon Amos Amos Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Obad. Obadiah 1En. 1 Enoch (Ethiopic Apocalypse) Jon. Jonah 2En. 2 Enoch (Slavonic Apocalypse) Mic. Micah Jub. Jubilees Nah. Nahum L.A.B. Liber antiquitatum biblicarum Hab. Habakkuk (Pseudo-Philo) Zeph. Zephaniah Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon Hag. Haggai T. Dan Testament of Dan (Testaments of the Zech. Zechariah Twelve Patriarchs)

xvii

List of abbreviations

New Testament Pseudepigrapha Irenaeus Ps.-Clem. Pseudo-Clementines Haer. Adversus haereses Philo Jerome Conf. De confusione linguarum Comm. Gal. Commentariorium in Epistulam Contempl. De vita contemplativa ad Galatas libri III Fug. De fuga et inventione Comm. Habac. Commentariorium in Habacuc Leg. Legum allegoriae libri II Legat. Legatio ad Gaium Comm. Isa. Commentariorium in Isaiam libri Migr. De migratione Abrahami XVIII Mos. De vita Mosis Epist. Epistulae Opif. De opiﬁcio mundi Ruf. Adversus Ruﬁnum Josephus Vir. ill. De viris illustribus Ag. Ap. Against Apion John Chrysostom Ant. Jewish Antiquities Adv. Jud. Adversus Judaeos J. W. Jewish War Justin Life The Life 1 Apol. Apologia 1 Apostolic Fathers Dial. Dialogus cum Tryphone Barn. Barnabas Origen Did. Didache Cels. Contra Celsum Diogn. Diognetus Comm. Jo. Commentarii in evangelium Herm. Mand. Shepherd of Hermas, Mandate Joannis Ign. Magn. Ignatius, To the Magnesians Comm. Rom. Commentarii in Romanos Ign. Phld. Ignatius, To the Ep. Afr. Epistula ad Africanum Philadelphians Fr. 1 Cor. Fragmenta ex commentariis in Ign. Smyrn. Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans epistulam 1 ad Corinthios Ign. Trall. Ignatius, To the Trallians Fr. Luc. Fragmenta in Lucam Mart. Pol. Martyrdom of Polycarp Hom. Gen. Homiliae in Genesim Greek and Latin Works Hom. Jos. Homiliae in Josuam Ambrose Hom. Num. Homiliae in Numeros Abr. De Abraham Princ. De principiis Enarrat. Ps. Ennarationes in XII Psalmos Pliny the Elder davidicos Nat. Naturalis historia Aquinas Pliny the Younger Summa Summa Theologica Ep. Epistulae Augustine Ep. Tra. Epistulae ad Trajanum Adv. Jud. Tractatus adversus Judaeos Pseudo-Tertullian Civ. De civitate Dei Adv. omn. Adversus omnes haereses Enarrat. Ps. Enarrationes in Psalmos haer. Clement of Alexandria Quintilian Paed. Paedagogus Decl. Declamationes Cyprian Suetonius Dom. or. De dominica oratione Claud. Divus Claudius Test. Ad Quirinium testimonia adversus Tertullian Judaeos Adv. Jud. Adversus Judaeos Eusebius Apol. Apologeticus Hist. eccl. Historia Ecclesiastica Cor. De corona militis Vit. Const. Vita Constantini Marc. Adversus Marcionem Gregory of Nazianzus Paen. De paenitentia Ep. Epistulae Pud. De pudicitia

xviii

Maps

N Golgotha? I

A S Baalbeck T T Pool of M Bethesda N N ha O zet A Be U N r A o a y O E B it Gethsemane A k E C L w M e - e I N Mount of Church of the Olives B R T N Holy Sepulchre b 2 Zion N Tomb of I A Golgotha? ur 3 e b 4 Jehoshaphat O h U 1 Su and Absalom 5 T Tomb of Zacharias N T SYRIA Asmonaean A Palace C Herod’s Akra n Sidon B I Xystus ro N Palace or d Damascus e E Tomb of Upper Lower C O L Herod City f City o

6 I M e

Dormition l i R a DAMASCENE Serpent 8 n

7 V Pool a t E Tomb of i David L Mount of N H 9 s V n Offense a e l d le r Tyre y a o G f Hinnom l ya Aceldama Ro E

(Field of Blood) a

Hill of Evil Council I h L Waters Plan of Jerusalem A c T of O a Jerusalem under the Kings H Meram S a P I

N Wall of Hezekiah on Mts A M T TRACHONITIS am I s N A A Wall of Herod Agrippa H N Akko Capernaeum A 1. Pool of Amygdolon (Hezekiah?) L GESHUR L 2. Temple F BASHAN

n U o O Sea f Zebul O 3. Holy Rock (site of the altar of burnt offerings) in o B Pla Tiberias of A 4. Solomon’s Palace P G G BATANAEA GALILEE Galilee O

5. House of Lebanon M S

T Sepphoris uk ASALMANUS T m 6. Solomon’s Pool ar G

C Y OR 7. David’s House M A Nazareth R ZALMON MTS 8. House of the Mighty Men R A M 9. Pool of the Aqueduct (Siloam) Plain of Jair E 0 500 1000 km L Jezreel Jezreel HAURAN Mt G 0 500 1000 yards ilbo Caesarea a AURANITIS n GILEAD o

a h

e SAMARIA y

f e A

o n S

l a

n Mt Ebal d l

i Shechem r

o a a n l Mt Gerizim J

P V M E a I A GALAADITIS

R h e AD H ILE Jaffa P Shiloh a G n E F N b O T S A a Lod N a T U r r M

O A r a M O l Jericho

e A e R t h

i E p Jerusalem ASIA MINOR ASSYRIA M Mt.Nebo Ashdod Mt of Olives M d e I A Hittites h R e H Bethlehem h E Ashkelon S a A T A d D fJUDAEA u B U J M M J S o A f F a o I O n e P

s F i S Hebron s S Cyprus L a N e O A Gaza I l n d Damascus I P A r T Tyre e a

S N d H l e

U i N

P O W M Masada A Jerusalem

T Ishmaelites IDUMAEA N MOAB

Beersheva U O

NEGEB M Amalekites Midianites (SOUTHERN COUNTRY) Dominions of David S 0 10 20 30 km GEBAL ar and Solomon m ed b i GEBALENE 0 100 200 300 km 0 10 20 miles A k r a b EDOM 0 100 200 miles

Ancient Palestine

xix

Maps

Caledonia

Antonine Wall

Hadrian's Wall

(Late Celtic 'La Tène' culture) Hibernia Eburacum (York) Deva (Chester) Britannia Glevum (Gloucester) Verulamium (St.Albans) Aquae Sulis (Bath) Londinium Noviomagus Colonia Ulpia Traiana Vetera (Xanten) Venta Belgarum Calleva Germania (Winchester) Atrebatum Colonia Agrippina (Silchester) Belgica (Cologne) Durocortorum (Saalburg) (Reims) (Igelsäule) Augusta Lutetia Treverorum Augusta (Paris) (Trier) Vindelicorum (Châtillon-sur-Seine) (Augsburg) Gallia Carnuntum Alesia (Alise-Ste-Reine) Raetia (La Tène) Iuvavum Aquincum Augustodunum Aventicum (Salzburg) (Budapest) (Autun) (Avenches) Noricum Savaria Mediolanum Augusta Teurnia Pannonia (Saintes) Lugdunum Praetoria Brixia Virunum (Lyons) (Aosta) (Brescia) Aquileja Vienna Verona Tergeste Burdigala Segusio Mediolanum (Trieste) Lucus Augusti (Bordeaux) (Suso) (Milan) Vasio (Vaison) (Lugo) (Pont du Gard) Bononia Pola Arausio (Orange) Illyricum Nemausus Faesulae (Nimes) Glanum (Saint Remy) Ariminum Bracara (Braga) Arelate Conimbriga Narbo (Arles) Salona (Condeixa-a-Velha) Arretium (Arezzo) Palatium Salmantica Caesaraugusta Clusium Diocletiani Pons Segovia (Saragossa) Emporiae Italia (Split) (Alcántara Abula (Ampurias) Tibur Roma (Ávila) Toletum Corsica Praeneste Tarraco Ostia Aletrium (Tarragona) Cora Beneventum Ebora Hispania Norba Venosae Emerita (Boscoreale) Brundisium Pax Iulia (Mérida) Herculaneum (Beja) Pompeii Tarentum Italica Córdoba Sardinia Paestum Baleares Hispalis (Seville) Carales (Cagliari) (Piazza Segesta Armerina)

Hippo Regius Selinus Tauromenium (Bône) Carthago Agrigentum Syracusae Sitifis Cirta Sicilia Volubilis (Sétif) Thugga AfricaCuicul Madaurus Lambaesis Melita Ammaedera (Malta) Thamugadi Theveste Thysdrus (Timgad) (Tébessa)

Oea (Tripoli) Sabratha Leptis Magna

The Roman Empire at the time of greatest expansion, 138 CE

0 150 300 450 600 km 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 miles

The Roman Empire

Maps

ais

Ty ra es s en h t s y r Napoca Bo (Cluj) Panticapaeum (Kertch) Potaissa Phanagoria Dacia Chersonesus Taurica Sarmizegetusa Troesmis Chersonesus Sirmium (Mitrovica) ube) Iberia an Tropaeum Albania Ister (D Trajani Pontus Euxinus Phasis Odessus Naïssus Sinope (Nis) Sardica Mesembria (Sinop) Trapezus (Sofia) (Trabzon) s Anchialus Araxe Artaxata Hadrianopolis Stobi (Edirne) Pontus Armenia Philippi Byzantium Lychnidus Nicomedia (Izmit) Amasia Thessaloniki (Istanbul) Nicaea Ancyra Brusa (Ankara) Caesarea Buthrotum Assus (Kayseri) Tigranocerta Dodona Pergamum (Bergarna) Cappadocia Amida T Regnum Nicopolis (Diyarbakir) ig Delphi Asia Archelais ri Chaeronea Nisibis s Arbela Calydon Smyrna Hierapolis Tyana Edessa Athenae (Izmir) Iconium Anazarbus Corinthus Ephesus (Konia) Perge Tarsus Antiochia (Efes) Termessus Aspendus Euphrate Hatra Olympia Miletus Side (Antakia) s Delus Oenoanda Seleucia Resapha Persarum Pieria Daphne Lindus Attalea Dura-Europos (Antalya) Ctesiphon Rhodus Cyprus Creta Palmyra Seleucia Heliopolis (Baalbek) Gortyn Damascus Mare Internum Tyrus Saccaea (Shaqqa) Caesarea Bostra Gerasa (Djerash) Apollonia Scythopolis (Beth Sheân) Philadelphia (Ammân) Ptolemais Hierosolyma Madeba Cyrene Areopolis Berenice (Jerusalem) Hebron Alexandria Petra (Nabataeorum) Memphis

Fayum Oxyrhynchus

Antinoopolis N i lu s

0 150 300 450 600 km 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 miles Syene

xxi

Maps

Åbo Ferapont Vologda Romanovo- (Turku) Borissoglebsk Staraja Tikhvin Belozersk Rybinsk V Ládoga o Kostromá lga Uglitch Yaroslavl Reval Spas (Tallin) Novgorod Nerénitsa Veliki-Rostov Yuryev Polskiy Tartu Suzdal (Dorpat) Pskov Vladimir Murom Dmitrov Tver Troitse-Sergjeva-Lavra Svenigorod Moscow (Zagorsk) Gotland Volokolamsk Kolomna Riga Mozhaysk Rjazan Vyazma Serpuchov Kaluga

Vitebsk O Tula Smolensk k a

Vilnyus Mohilev Orël Bryansk D o

n Gdansk

Kursk

Vist ula Turov Gniezno Chernigov Magdeburg Warsaw Ovrutsch Belgorod Od Vyshegorod e Saxony r Kiev E Pereyaslav lb e Wroclaw Dnie per Lvov Prague Cracow

Regensburg Uzˇhorod Kosˇ ice Putna Sucevit¸a (Kaschau) Suceava Vatra Moldovit¸ei Vienna Homor Voronet¸ Neamt¸u Kertch Salzburg e

n Moldavia Crimea a Transylvania D Cluj (Klausenburg) Feodosiya Cherson Sibiu Bras¸ov (Hermannstadt) (Kronstaadt) Torcello Grado Murano Cozia Vallachia Trieste Hurezu Curt¸ea Venice Bistrit¸a Govora de Arges¸ Porecˇ Oltenia Ababa Manassija Pliska Ravenna Kalenic´ Madara Zara Traù Ravanicˇa Trnovo (Trogir) Zicˇa Ljubostinja Bojana Preslav Sebenico Studenica Caricˇin Grad Pirdop Mesemvrija Split (Spalato) Sopoc´ani Serbia Sofia Hissar Bulgaria Pec´ Gracˇanica Constantinople Decˇani Rila Plovdiv (Istanbul) Matejicˇ Nagoricˇino Bacˇkovo Kotor Nerezi Perusticˇa Rome (Cattaro) Melnik Markov Stobi Philippi Nicaea Prilep Serres Thessaloniki Pons Ohrid Athos Sangarii Apulia Hagi Werria Göreme Saranta Meteora

Calabria Vutrinton Binbirkalesi Rossano Arta Nea Ephesus (Barata) Cosenza Nikopolis Hosios Moni Loukas Skripou Daphni Chios Latmos Mons Korykos Stilo Meriemlik Palermo Megaspileon Athens Miletus Messina Kalavryta Merbaka Patmos Monreale Cefalù Paros Myra Sicily Mistra Geraki Cyprus Rhodes Nicosia

0 150 300 450 600 km Kriti (Crete) Byzantine Empire, 550–1600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 miles

The Byzantine Empire

xxii

Maps

Azov A T E O F C KINGDOM OF HUNGARY A N R I M D H E a K SEA OF A

Mohacs n u MOLDAVIA AZOV b e Temesvar Sav t a r s e emun) Crimea r (Z A lin K m l a Se rade u Braila ir Taman

lg t Tergovist c a T Jaice Be Orsova a h Mitrovitza A j Bakchiserai? Kaffa Severin I (Sirmium) Smederevo H u BOSNIA A C Bucharest r (Semendria) W A L L b be anu o Spalato Vidin Giurgevo D Silistria D Mostar Nish Herzegovina Nicopolis Sistova SERVIA Sofia (Nikopol) Tirnovo Varna BLACK SEA Montenegro Prishtina (Sredetz) (Trnova) Rep. of Cattaro Bulgaria Ragusa Kossovopotie RE A PI (Amselfeld) Philippopolis EM Scutari I O (Plovdiv) E Sinope Uskub Adrianople TIN le N Marit N op Kroia (Skopia) T za (Edirne) A tin Z an Amasra ) A Y t s Durazza T Chirmen B s (Amastris) ly Okhrida n Ha B m e l o ( D u Seres O i a Bodasto C Samsun ON L a Scutari EMP BIZ ni ak IRE OF TRE R o M Ismid (Nicomedia) m A d Saloniki Thasos Ir Amasia e (Nicaea) il Karahissar Kastoria c (Thessalonica) A Isnik iz Otranto a G N S K a E Butrinto Kanina M al Brusa k E M P I R Larissa lipo ar Terjan li ia (Sanga Corfu Lemnos r i Angora Sivas r Parga Eskishehr u Thessaly s k (Dorylaeum) ) Prevesa Arta e Santa Maria Lesbos Manissa b D.o (Magnesia) Kaisariéh r DESP. OF (Leukas) Lepanto f A Negropont t Alashehr Akshehr Akserai (Caesarea) a ROMANIA (EPIRUS) he (Euboea) ns (Philadelphia) (Philomelium) (Archelais) i Cephalonia Patras D Corinth Chios Smyrna C D e re I e s A Athens de ) KARAMAN R D s p E Ephesus Men r p R de Zante . . Argos ean C O o o (Ma Konia D f f A M P N Nauplia Milassa (Miletus) O a i K Adalia S s DUCHY Tarsus t t Adana M r n S a r (Attalia) Modon a Karaman s i g I I A Monem- OF h N Coron t vasia N s I NAXOS o Selefke Antioch O Eup M h Cerigo f N S ra te t Rhodes A s . J O o R

h F

Candia n M

KINGDOM OF Famagusta T E CYPRUS H

Nicosia L E

Crete Tripoli U

E 0 100 200 300 400 500 km S The Ottoman Empire 1451–81 0100 200 300

The Ottoman Empire

xxiii

Maps

ARCTIC OCEAN

Norwegian Y Kola Sea A Pustozersk W

R A O N N E r D Ob I a E Archangel d l W o R r S Dv FINLAND o in a M g E

v o Solvychegodsk Tobolsk B o Colony ofu Khanate of Dagö N Stroganov n I E s t o n i a St Petersburg Perm Siberia Ösel t

Livonia Novgorod S a C a o Pskov Yaroslavl e u S r Riga la c n Nizhni- i l t i d Tver Khanate of B a Novgorod Kazan Vladimir n Polotsk Volga Ufa Danzig Königsberg Vilna Wh Moscow it s West Prussia PRUSSIA e Kazan Lithuania Smolensk R Simbirsk G East Prussia Minsk u r Posen Tula S e s at s i l Poland e Bl i ack a s Warsaw R i d u a n Pinsk ss Orsk la i POLANDo a Severia P Novgorod- le Chernigov itt Lublin Sieversk Voronezh Uralsk L R East Prussia AUSTRIA Lod e G om d Little Russia a er l a i ia R c u Kiev Tarnopol e i s a s g a l ia e m P a i n i o U k r V o r do Buda Pest l C ia Zarev B f e o HUNGARY s M s e a t T o RA r a NS l Yedisan YL a VA d Nikolaev n N b a IA a a v i Odessa h a d K Astrakhan i a i Belgrade r u Khanate of Astrakhan Wallachia a

T Servia Bucharest a Crimea g u r C Ust-Urt b Sevastopol o Yalta Kuban Bulgaria D a K Sofia A C a b s Transcaspian Varna Black Sea bk a a r d O ha u i a s c D p ia a s a u g District Rumelia Mingrelia s h i T ntinople M e sta ia t s a on Sinope rit s t C Ime Tiflis a

T Georgia n n G O Shirvan r Trebizond Baku S

e i Erivan g M a e b Kara e c Athens A Armenia

a e N Azerbaijan Astrabad E G h M i l n P a n r a I R E M a z a n d e Crete P Rhodes E Teheran R Cyprus S I A Mediterranean Sea Extent of Russia under Catherine II Towns within the Pale barred to Jews without special residence The Pale of Settlement, Russian permits 0 250 500 750 1000 km Jews were confined to this area Other cities and towns by laws of 1795 and 1835. 0 200 400 600 miles

The Russian Empire

xxiv

Maps

34 36 LEBANON 38 UNDOF 0 20 40 60 km Zone 0 20 40 miles Golan Nahariyya Heights SYRIA (Israeli Acre occupied) Lake Mediterranean Haifa Tiberias Sea Nazareth

H. adera Netanya

Nablus n

o Petah Tiqwa J Tel Aviv-Jafo . 1949 Bat Yam Holon WEST Treaty 32 BANK Line 32 Rishon LeZ. iyyon Ramallah * Ashdod Jericho Jerusalem

Ashqelon Bethlehem GAZA Hebron Dead * Sea STRIP Gaza City 1949 Armistice 1950 Line Armistice Line Beersheba

Dimona

NEGEV JORDAN

EGYPT

30 30

Israeli-occupied with *current status subject to the Israeli-Palestine Elat Interim Agreement Gulf of 34Aqaba 36 38

The State of Israel

xxv

Maps

Franz Josef Land Spitzbergen D N A L ARCTIC

R G Novaya Zemlya Kara Sea Barents Sea

Lapland Norwegian Y A N Sea E Obdorsk W Archangel D R ICELAND E Finland O W

S N Stockholm

a St Petersburg Perm e S RUSSIAN North Sea ic BRITISH ISLES lt Ba Moscow Omsk Dublin Orenberg London Berlin RUSSIA GERMANY Warsaw Kiev Paris EUROPE Vienna Budapest Odessa FRANCE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Astrakhan C a s ITALY Black Sea p i Rome Constantinople a TURKESTAN SPAIN n PORTUGAL Baku S Lisbon e Madrid M e d ASIA-MINOR a i t e r r a N Algiers MALTA n CYPRUS Teheran STA e a NI O n S Baghdad A C Tripoli e a H Kabul C PALESTINE IRAQ G O ALGERIA PERSIA F R TRANS- A O M JORDAN KUWAIT Delhi LIBYA EGYPT QATAR

R Karachi INDIA e SAUDI TRUCIAL d ARABIA STATES MUSCAT & S Bombay e OMAN a ADEN Khartum PROTECTORATE Arabian Sea GAMBIA SUDAN Madras Bathurst Aden

T NIGERIA N Zeila O O Addis Ababa GOLD G O SOMALILAND Monrovia O R ABYSSINIA SIERRA LEONE COAST Lagos E Colombo M AFRICA Accra A CEYLON C

UGANDA KENYA CONGO STATE Mombasa Chagos Zanzibar Seychelles Archipelago TANGANYIKA

ANGOLA ATLANTIC NORTHERN NYASALAND RHODESIA R A INDIAN SOUTHERN C S RHODESIA A G SOUTH Bulawayo A Mauritius OCEAN BECHUANA- D WEST A LAND AFRICA M

UNION OF Durban SOUTH AFRICA

Cape Town

0 10002000 3000 4000 5000 km

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 miles

The British Empire, excluding North American possessions

xxvi

Maps

Severnaya Zemlya OCEAN New Siberia

Turukhansk SIBERIA

Yakutsk

Okhotsk Bering Sea EMPIRE Krasnoyarsk Sea of ASIA Okhotsk Irkutsk

MONGOLIA MANCHURIA

Vladivostok

Pekin K Sea of O R Japan CHINESE EMPIRE E JAPAN A Tokyo TIBET CHINA PACIFIC Chungking Shanghai

Canton Calcutta OCEAN BURMA Hong Kong A Bay of N A Bengal M PHILIPPINE SIAM Rangoon ISLANDS Bangkok Manila Andaman Is Saigon Caroline Is Marshall Is South China Nicobar Is Sea EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

Gilbert Is Singapore Borneo

NEW Phoenix Is GUINEA Solomon Is Ellis Is OCEANIA Cocos Is Samoa New Fiji Is OCEAN Hebrides

New Tonga Caledonia AUSTRALIA

Kermadec Is

Sydney

British Empire, 1905 NEW ZEALAND British possessions Wellington British mandated territories Hobart British protected territories

xxvii

The structure of the book

A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations is an A to additional information to inform their understanding Z companion to 2,000 years of encounter between of the subject in hand. We have not, for example, cross- Judaism and Christianity. From Aaron to Zionism, referenced every mention of God or the Bible, even it consists of entries on theological, historical and thoughbotharethesubjectofindividualentries.Again, cultural topics – including events, institutions, move- wherever possible without artificiality we have tried to ments, people, places, publications and theology – ensure that cross-references fall within the body of the contributed by more than a hundred scholars world- text of an entry and that they take the same form as wide. the heading of the entry to which they cross-refer. In As we explain in the Preface (see page xiiixiii), the some cases, however, we have included ‘See alsos’ at selection and treatment of every entry has been rig- the end of an entry for such other entries as the reader orously tested against the criterion of its significance may find it particularly helpful to read in conjunction to the Jewish–Christian encounter. However, while we with that entry. We have also permitted some inexact have tried to ensure that the length of each entry corre- cross-references where it would have been artificial sponds broadly to the importance to the encounter of to do otherwise and where following up the inexact the subject of that entry, the very interconnectedness cross-reference will anyway take the reader to the same of the entries has led us to remain flexible in our judge- point in the book as would an exact cross-reference: mentoftheinternalbalance.Therecanbenodoubting, for example, eschatological to eschatology,orPhar- for example, the epoch-making significance of the Sec- isaism to Pharisees. We have included what seem ond Vatican Council in the history of Jewish–Christian to us a minimum of cross-reference headings (e.g. relations. However, the Vatican II entry is connected Christian Zionists see Zionists, Christian; Election at so many points to the subjects of other individual see Chosen People), and an even smaller minimum entries that we have sought to avoid undue repetition of cross-references to cross-reference headings. Again, by allowing cross-references to do some of its work for the watchword has been the avoidance of artificiality: it. Much the same applies, for example, to the entry the cross-references are there to enhance the reader’s on Germany, where there would have been little point understanding of the subject, not as an exercise in spu- rehearsing the significance to the encounter of Hitler, rious editorial standardisation. The mode we and the Nazism and the Holocaust, all of which form the sub- contributors have tried to achieve in each entry is per- ject of individual entries and are thus cross-referred to haps best characterised as resonant economy, and the from the Germany entry. cross-referencing is intended as an important part of Indeed, it is an index of the interconnectedness of the resonance. the field of Jewish–Christian relations itself that every The Dictionary includes numerous biographical entry in the Dictionary includes cross-references to entries, for people as various as Church Fathers and other entries. Such cross-references are printed in bold musicians, artists and popes, rabbis and medieval in the text. As with any book of this kind, there is a fine kings. In selecting whom to include we have again editorial line to be walked between, on the one hand, been guided by the relationship of the parts to the providing helpful routes of access for the reader from whole. We have not, for example, included entries for a eachentrytothebodyoftheworkasawholeand,onthe wide range of modern scholars whose work has had an other, giving the impression that the truth always lies impactonJewish–Christianrelations,sincethereexists elsewhere. We hope we have trodden that line as sure- anoverarchingentryonmodernscholarshipinJewish– footedly as possible. We have aimed to include cross- Christian relations which deals thematically with the references only where they may provide readers with work of many of these scholars. Similarly, we have not

xxviii

The structure ofthe book

included entries for composers or writers whose rele- naries of this kind sensibly include short bibliogra- vance is already educed in the entry on music or the phies at the end of individual entries. In the present various entries on national literatures, unless the work dictionary, however, we have again taken into account of that composer or writer is of sufficient significance the interconnectedness of the subject and, rather than to the encounter to warrant a dedicated entry: Bach, court a prohibitive degree of repetition between bib- Wagner, Shakespeare and Bialik are examples of indi- liographical entries, we have included a single bibli- viduals who escape the gravitational pull of their ography at the end of the whole work, subdivided by generic entries to secure an individual place in the sun. the broader theological and historical categories into Since it would have been artificial to include cross- which the individual entries fall. No bibliography of reference headings for all those people who are men- this kind can be comprehensive, but we hope that it tioned in other entries but do not have a dedicated will serve both to support references in the entries and entry, we have provided an index of people to enable as a helpful source of further reading. the reader to find all references to individuals wher- A Dictionary of Jewish–Christian Relations embod- ever they may fall in the book; where the individual ies the latest scholarly thinking in the field of Jewish– in question has a dedicated entry the page reference Christian relations and in the many other disciplines for that entry is given in bold in the index. Again, on which it draws. We and the contributors have been within the limits of artificiality, life and/or regnant at pains to ensure, however, that it remains accessible dates are given in the text after the first mention of notonlytoscholars,butalsotoanyoneinterestedinthe any people not themselves the subject of individual historical and continuing encounter between Judaism entries. and Christianity. We hope the decisions we have made It is an important part of the intention of the Dic- about the structure of the book will have gone some tionary to act as a springboard for further explo- way towards achieving that aim, but we would always ration of the field of Jewish–Christian relations, and be interested to hear suggestions from readers as to a detailed bibliography is crucial to that purpose. how its accessibility might be enhanced in future Here too we had a choice to make. Many dictio- editions.

xxix