Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies
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Freedom of Expression
! BRIEFING NOTE SERIES Freedom of Expression Centre for Law and Democracy International Media Support (IMS) ! FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BRIEFING NOTE SERIES July 2014 ! This publication was produced with the generous support of the governments of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. ! Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) International Media Support (IMS) 39 Chartwell Lane Nørregade 18 Halifax, N.S. 1165 Copenhagen K B3M 3S7 Denmark Canada Tel: +1 902 431-3688 Tel: +45 8832 7000 Fax: +1 902 431-3689 Fax: +45 3312 0099 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.law-democracy.org www.mediasupport.org © CLD, Halifax and IMS, Copenhagen ISBN 978-87-92209-62-7 This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you give credit to Centre for Law and Democracy and International Media Support; do not use this work for commercial purposes; and distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. ! Abbreviations ACHR American Convention on Human Rights COE Council of Europe ECHR European Court of Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and communications technology IPC Indonesia Press Council OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PSB Public service -
The Politics of Polling
The Politics of Polling everyday practices of political opinion polling Robin Hughes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Politics Faculty of Social Sciences The University of Sheffield March 2020 2 3 Abstract Public opinion has long been held as an important concept in politics. Consequently, its measurement, particularly through public opinion polls, is valuable both as a point of democratic principle and of political practicality. Whilst a rich literature exists on opinion polls and opinion data is regularly used for a variety of analyses, there is little available information on the everyday, human activities which drive the production of polling. In this thesis, I present a different view of political polling by engaging with polls at the site of their production and asking the question: what are the everyday practices of political public opinion polling, and what is their significance in understanding political polls? In answering this question, I use an ethnographic approach to provide a narrative account of qualitative data on political polling. This thesis is an exploratory study. It produces empirical data on the practices of polling, and theoretical analyses of how this data can further inform our understandings of political polls. Throughout the thesis, I put forward the argument that the human agency of pollsters is an important, but often overlooked facet of understanding political polls. Significant individual decisions are found to be commonplace in everyday practice, and affect the wording, the type, and the nature of available polls. By providing an account of everyday practices, I am able to demonstrate the ways in which this influence on polling output manifests. -
Unclassified Unclassified
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Evidence Number Name E23 Pagoda PR E24 Paul Flynn MP E25 PCRC (Political and Constitutional Reform Committee) E26 PLMR (Political Lobbying and Media Relations Ltd) E27 Political Intelligence E28 PRCA (Public Relations Consultants Association) E29 Ranelagh International Ltd E30 Rowan Public Affairs E31 (SPA) Society of Parliamentary Agents E32 (TPA) TaxPayers’ Alliance E33 Transparency International UK E34 UKPAC E35 Unlock Democracy E36 William Dinan and David Miller UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED E23: Pagoda PR 1. Is there any reason to think that lobbying per se is a problem; and is there any evidence that abuse of lobbying is widespread or systemic, as opposed to exceptional behaviour by a few? Not in itself, although recent evidence would indicate that some parliamentarians may be susceptible to influence on the basis of inappropriate inducements. This does, as the paper suggests, damage the reputation of lobbying and parliamentary engagement more widely. In this respect, there is a risk that efforts to encourage more lobbying/campaigning from wider sections of society – especially young people – are undermined. We need to proactively promote the positive achievements of lobbying if we are to secure the confidence and participation of the next generation, who will otherwise view Parliament with cynicism. Politicians could do more to say when they have been persuaded by well run, well evidenced and transparent lobbying campaigns. 2. How wide should the definition of lobbying be? What activities should be excluded from the definition? This is extremely difficult because the current definitions rely on determining an attempt to ‘influence’. In many cases such intent is very difficult to determine. -
Right of Privacy and Rights of the Personality
AGTA Instituti Upsaliensis Iurisprudentiae Gomparativae VIII RIGHT OF PRIVACY AND RIGHTS OF THE PERSONALITY A COMPARATIVE SURVEY Working paper prepared for the Nordic Conferen.ee on privacy organized by the International Commission of Jurists, Stockholm M ay 1967 BY STIG STRÜMHOLM STOCKHOLM P. A. NORSTEDT & SÜNERS FÜRLAG ACTA Institut! Upsaliensis Iurisprudentiae Oomparativae AGTA Instituti Upsaliensis Iurisprudentiae Comjmrativae Edidit ÂKE MALMSTROM VIII RIGHT OF PRIVACY AND RIGHTS OF THE PERSONALITY A COMPARATIVE SURVEY (Working Paper prepared for the Nordic Conférence on Privacy organized by the International Commission of Jurists, Stockholm May 1967) By STIG STRÜMHOLM S T O C K H O L M P. A. N O RSTEDT & S ONE R S FÜRLAG © P. A. Norstedt & Sôners fôrlag 1967 Boktryckeri AB Thule, Stockholm 1967 PREFACE One of the author’s most eminent teachers in private law in the Uppsala Faculty of Law once claimed that an action in tort ought to lie against those légal writers who take up a subject to treat it broadly enough to deter others from writing about it but not deeply enough to give any final answers to the questions discussed. Were the law so severe, the present author would undoubtedly have to face a lawsuit for venturing to publish this short study on a topic which demands lengthy and careful considération on almost every point and which has already given rise to an extensive body of case law and of légal writing. This préfacé can be considered as the au thor’s plaidoyer in that action, fortunately imaginary. The present study was prepared at the request, and with the most active personal and material support, of the International Commis sion of Jurists as a working paper for the Nordic Conférence of Jurists, organized by the Commission in Stockholm in May, 1967. -
The Presentation of the Prime Minister's Election Campaign Would
SECRET COPY NO: FROM: Anthony Shrimsley DATE: April 7 1983 PRIME MINISTER'S ELECTION CAMPAIGN STYLE: The presentation of the Prime Minister's election campaign would seem to be dictated by recognition of simple political reality rather than any considerations of "packaging" or "image". The election is about the nation's future and the nation's leadership -- the two are inseparable. In the Prime Minister the Conservative Party has the only outstanding national leader for many years. The other parties lack such an asset. Because of this central fact the Conservatives are able with total credibility to offer continued progress on the path towards a radical restoration of Britain's economic strength, pride and traditional values while our rivals can only revive the failed dogmas of the past. The media will wish to see the campaign as a bitter conflict between the Prime Minister and Michael Foot with the Alliance trying to pick up the pieces. We will have to judge nearer the time how much attention needs to be concentrated on smashing the Alliance threat but the inevitable personalising of the battle by the Press and TV is to our advantage provided we can maintain the contrast between the sides. We do not want to be accused of "presidential" campaigning. Nor is this a question of cold-blooded managerial efficiency. This country is not Great Britain Ltd but 50 million human beings with hopes, fears and ambitions. It is clear that many of them see in the Prime Minister the personification of those concerns. They see in her someone with the courage to defend the country's values against threats fi%om the Left and the Unions at home as well as from Foreign interests, whether in the EEC or the South Atlantic. -
MEMORANDUM on the Draft Council of Europe Recommendation on the Right of Reply in the New Media Environment
MEMORANDUM on the draft Council of Europe Recommendation on the right of reply in the new media environment by ARTICLE 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression London August 2003 I. Introduction On 25 June 2003, the Council of Europe's Media Division released for comment a “draft Declaration on the right of reply in the new media environment.” 1 This is the third public version of the draft Recommendation. 2 The first two drafts, both entitled “on the right of reply in the on-line media”, envisaged the Recommendation as an ‘addendum’ for Internet-based publications to the 1974 Council of Europe Resolution on the right of reply, which was seen as applying only to off-line media. 3 In response to comments received on the first two versions, this third version recommends a set of guidelines for a right of reply with regard to all media, on-line or off-line. As such, it will effectively supersede the 1974 Resolution. This Memorandum analyses the guidelines proposed in the draft Recommendation against international standards and best practice on freedom of expression, setting out our concerns and providing recommendations and suggestions to aid further discussion. Our 1 MM-PUBLIC(2003)004, available at http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/media/ . 2 Although the numbering of the draft indicates that this is actually the fourth draft, only three have been released on the Council’s website. 3 Resolution (74)26 on the right of reply – position of the individual in relation to the press, adopted 2 July 1974. Although this Resolution was no doubt intended to only to cover the print and broadcast media, its wording is ambiguous and it arguably applies to on-line content as well. -
Media Nations 2020 UK Report
Media Nations 2020 UK report Published 5 August 2020 Contents Section Overview 3 1. Covid-19 media trends: consumer behaviour 6 2. Covid-19 media trends: industry impact and response 44 3. Production trends 78 4. Advertising trends 90 2 Media Nations 2020 Overview This is Ofcom’s third annual Media Nations, a research report for industry, policy makers, academics and consumers. It reviews key trends in the TV and online video sectors, as well as radio and other audio sectors. Accompanying this report is an interactive report that includes an extensive range of data. There are also separate reports for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. This year’s publication comes during a particularly eventful and challenging period for the UK media industry. The Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdown period has changed consumer behaviour significantly and caused disruption across broadcasting, production, advertising and other related sectors. Our report focuses in large part on these recent developments and their implications for the future. It sets them against the backdrop of longer-term trends, as laid out in our five-year review of public service broadcasting (PSB) published in February, part of our Small Screen: Big Debate review of public service media. Media Nations provides further evidence to inform this, as well as assessing the broader industry landscape. We have therefore dedicated two chapters of this report to analysis of Covid-19 media trends, and two chapters to wider market dynamics in key areas that are shaping the industry: • The consumer behaviour chapter examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on media consumption trends across television and online video, and radio and online audio. -
Peacock, Timothy Noel (2015) the Changing Strategies of Minority Government and Opposition During the Callaghan Administration, 1976- 1979
Peacock, Timothy Noel (2015) The changing strategies of minority government and opposition during the Callaghan administration, 1976- 1979. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6812/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Changing Strategies of Minority Government and Opposition during the Callaghan Administration, 1976-1979 Timothy Noel Peacock (MA, MLitt) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow April 2015 © Timothy Noel Peacock 2015 Abstract The 2010 General Election and subsequent coalition government brought groundbreaking changes to the conduct of UK politics, challenging recent British political history’s encapsulation within the dominant paradigm of the majoritarian ‘Westminster model’, and raising the prospect of further indecisive elections, not least evident in the uncertainty surrounding the upcoming 2015 General -
EUROPEAN COMMISSION XV/5012/97-EN WP1 Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal D
EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE GENERAL XV Internal Market and Financial Services Free movement of information, company law and financial information Free movement of information and data protection, including international aspects XV/5012/97-EN WP1 Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data RECOMMENDATION 1/97 Data protection law and the media. Adopted by the Working Party on 25 February 1997 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 2. GENERAL ASPECTS............................................................................................ 4 2.1 Freedom of expression and the protection of privacy...................................... 4 2.2 Legislative history of art. 9 of the directive. ................................................... 5 2.3 Summary of the current situation in national law. ........................................... 6 3. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 7 2 THE WORKING PARTY ON THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH REGARD TO THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA set up by Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 19951, having regard to Articles 29 and 30 paragraph 3 of that Directive, having regard to its Rules of Procedure and in particular to articles 12 and 14 thereof has adopted the present recommendation: 1. INTRODUCTION Article 9 of directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data (‘the directive’) reads as follows: Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from the provisions of this Chapter, Chapter IV and Chapter VI for the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression only if they are necessary to reconcile the right to privacy with the rules governing freedom of expression. -
BRIEFING NOTE On
BRIEFING NOTE On International and Comparative Defamation Standards by ARTICLE 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression London February 2004 This Briefing Note provides an overview of pertinent international freedom of information standards that directly relate to defamation. It draws on international and comparative jurisprudence, as well as authoritative standard-setting statements by international bodies. Frequent references are made to cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights, because of its detailed jurisprudence regarding the balance between defamation, or protecting reputations, and the right to freedom of expression. Reference is also made, however, to the jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (Human Rights Committee) and to prominent national jurisprudence. The set of principles developed and expounded by ARTICLE 19 in its publication, Defining Defamation: Principles on Freedom of Expression and Protection of Reputations1 (Defining Defamation), serve as a frame of reference for the Briefing Note as a whole. Adopted by a renowned set of experts on defamation law from around the world, these principles have, among other things, been endorsed by the three official mandates on freedom of expression, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.2 1 London: ARTICLE 19, 2000. 2 Joint Declaration of 30 November 2000. See also, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/64, 13 February 2001, para. 48. Available at: I. The Fundamental Status of Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is a key human right, in particular because of its fundamental role in underpinning democracy. -
The Right of Reply and Freedom of the Press: an International and Comparative Perspective
The Right of Reply and Freedom of the Press: An International and Comparative Perspective Kyu Ho Youm* In rejecting the right of reply1 as incompatible with the First Amendment, Justice Byron White of the U.S. Supreme Court stated in 1974: “We have learned, and continue to learn, from what we view as the unhappy experiences of other nations where government has been allowed to meddle in the internal editorial affairs of newspa- pers.”2 It is not entirely clear whether his deep concern about the right of reply’s impact on American print media was empirical or intu- itive. In any event, Justice White’s absolutist assumption that U.S. newspapers should be free from what he considered government edit- ing explains his and other Justices’ fears of what might happen when the government intrudes into actual or virtual high-walled newsrooms. However, Justice White’s assertion that the right of reply would give rise to a meddlesome government dictating news editing was overly sweeping. In fact, the news media in most free-press democra- * Professor and Jonathan Marshall First Amendment Chair, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon. The author wishes to thank Professor Pnina Lahav of the Boston University School of Law and Professor Stephen Gardbaum of the UCLA School of Law for their thoughtful comments on the earlier draft of this Article. For facilitating access to various source materials, he also gratefully acknowledges Professor Kirsten Mogensen of Ros- kilde University, Denmark; Professor Rosalinda Kabatay of the University of Asia and the Pa- cific, the Philippines; Professor Susana N ´elida Vittadini Andr ´es of Tamkang University, Taiwan; Professor Christina Holtz-Bacha of the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Professor Rick Peltz of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Professor Martin Halstuk of Pennsylvania State University; attorney Dave Heller of the Media Law Resource Center; Ms. -
The Age of Television Innovative TV and Radio Formats
1950s The age of television In 1950 there were 12 million radio-only licences and only 350,000 combined radio and TV licences.The budget for BBC Television was a fraction of the Radio budget. But a single event transformed the popularity of television. This was the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953 in Westminster Abbey. Permission had never been given before for television cameras in the Abbey. Some even felt it was wrong for people to watch such a solemn occasion while drinking tea in their front rooms. An estimated 20 million TV viewers saw the young Queen crowned, most of them outside their own homes. This was a turning point and the first time that a television audience exceeded the size of a radio audience. So today The Queen will ascend the steps of her throne… in the sight today of a great multitude of people. Richard Dimbleby, Coronation commentary By 1954 there were well over three million combined sound and vision licences. The television age had arrived and in 1955 the Queen broadcast her Christmas Message on television for the first time. The mid-Fifties introduced some major TV names of the future, including David Attenborough (Zoo Quest 1954), Eamonn Andrews (This Is Your Life 1955) and Jack Warner (Dixon of Dock Green 1955). Drama successes such as The Quatermass Experiment and the controversial adaptation of Nineteen Eighty Four became talking points all over the country. In September 1955 the BBC’s broadcasting monopoly came to an end when ITV was launched. The impact of competition had an instant impact on BBC Television and its share of the audience fell as low as 28% in 1957.