Phosyntax of Laboya a Field Study

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Phosyntax of Laboya a Field Study Selected topics in the phonology and mor- phosyntax of Laboya A field study Allahverdi Verdizade Department of Linguistics Independent Project for the Degree of Master 30 HEC Autumn 2019 Supervisor: Ljuba Veselinova Faculty reviewer: Henrik Liljegren Selected topics in the phonology and morphosyntax of Laboya A field study Sammanfattning Denna studie presenterar utvalda ämnen inom Labojas ljudlära och morfosyntax. Laboja är ett hittills obeskrivet austronesiskt språk som talas på ön Sumba i östra Indonesien. Studien utfördes under ett nio veckor långt fältarbete genom insamling av frågeformulär och fria narrativ. Resultaten av studien visar att Laboja är ett huvudmarkerande språk där grammatiska relationer uttrycks med klitikor somfogas till verbet. Det finns två uppsättningar av frekventa pronominella klitikor som markerar verbets sub- jekt, objekt och nominalfrasens ägarskap. Substantivets bestämdhet är en viktig faktor för valet av kli- tikor som refererar till verbets argument. Därutöver finns det flera högfrekventa klitiska element med varierande funktioner. En redogörelse för mönstren av dessa klitikors samspel och samförekomst ges. Negation i Laboja följer skiftande mönster i huvudsatser, bisatser och imperativa satser. Relativa satser inleds med hjälp av två olika proklitikor beroende på om relativsatsens semantiska subjekt finns att finna i själva relativsatsen eller dess huvudsats. Nominalfraser av samtliga argumenttyper är tillgäng- liga för relativisering. Labojas ljudlära är tämligen typisk för sumbanesiska språk med femvokalsystem samt kontrastiv längdskillnad. Det finns runt tjugo konsonanter, av vilka tre är implosiva. Ljudläran skiljer sig dock från grannspråken genom att de pre-nasaliserade konsonantljuden har övergått till att vara tonande klusiler, samt genom ett ofta förekommande bortfall av slutvokalerna /i/ och /u/. Nyckelord Austronesiska språk, Indonesien, Sumba, Laboja, Lamboja, klitikor Abstract The present study investigates selected topics in the phonology and morpho-syntax of Laboya, alargely undescribed Austronesian language of Sumba island in eastern Indonesia. The study was carried out during nine weeks of field work. The language data is comprised by collected questionnaires andfree narratives. The results of the study show that Laboya is a head-marking language, in which grammati- cal relations are encoded by clitics hosted by the verb. There are two sets of pronominal clitics indexing the subject and object arguments of verbs, as well as the possessors of noun phrases. Definiteness is important for the choice of clitics indexing the verb arguments. In addition, there are several highly fre- quent clitical elements with various functions. The patterns of their co-occurrence and interaction are accounted for. Negation demonstrates different patterns for main, subordinate and imperative clauses. Relative clauses are post-nominal and introduced by two distinct proclitics for subjective and objec- tive relative clauses respectively. Noun phrases of all argument types are accessible for relativization. The phonology of Laboya is rather typical for Sumbanese languages, having a five vowel systemand a contrastive vowel length. There are around twenty consonants, three of which are implosives. The phonology of Laboya differs somewhat from neighbouring languages by the de-prenasalization offor- merly pre-nasalized voiced plosives, and by the frequent deletion of word-final vowels /i/ and /u/. Nyckelord Austronesian languages, Indonesia, Sumba, Laboya, Lamboya, clitics Abstrak Penelitian sekarang menyelidiki bahasan tertentu dalam fonologi dan morfosintaksis di dalam Bahasa Laboya, sebuah bahasa Austronesia yang dituturkan di Pulau Sumba, Indonesia timur, yang jarang diteliti. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam jangka waktu sembilan minggu yang dilaksanakan langsung di tempatnya. Data yang diperoleh terdiri atas angket dan cerita. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Laboya merupakan bahasa yang cenderung menggunakan penandaan di kepala (awal) kata, di mana hubungan dalam tata bahasa ditunjukkan dengan klitik yang dimiliki oleh kata kerja. Ada dua jenis dari klitik pronomia yang menunjukkan subyek dan argumen obyek sebuah kata kerja, dan juga pemilik dari frasa kata benda. Kepastian obyek sangat penting ketika memilih klitik yang menunjukkan argumen kata kerja. Ada juga beberapa klitik yang paling sering muncul dengan fungsi yang beragam. Pola dari interaksi mereka telah diperhitungkan. Klausa relatif diletakkan setelah kata benda dan dim- ulai dengan dua proklitik yang khas untuk klausa relatif subyektif dan obyektif. Frasa kata benda dari semua tipe argumen dapat direlativisasi. Fonologi Bahasa Laboya termasuk lazim ketika dibandingkan dengan bahasa-bahasa lain yang ada di Sumba. Bahasa Laboya memiliki lima huruf vokal, di mana pan- jang pendeknya suatu huruf vokal berpengaruh pada artinya. Terdapat pula dua puluh konsonan, tiga diantaranya merupakan konsonan implosif. Fonologi Bahasa Laboya dapat dibedakan dengan bahasa yang ada di sekitarnya dengan ada de-prenasalisasi dari konsonan letup yang bersuara, dan dengan penghilangan huruf vokal /i/ dan /u/ pada akhir kata. Kata kunci Bahasa Austronesia, Indonesia, Sumba, Lamboya, Laboya, klitik 3 Contents 1 Introduction ........................................... 2 1.1 The Island of Sumba ..................................... 2 1.2 Laboyan speaking areas ................................... 4 1.3 The Laboyan society ..................................... 5 1.4 Sociolinguistics ........................................ 7 1.5 The name Laboya ...................................... 8 1.6 Aims and research questions ................................ 8 1.7 Outline of this thesis ..................................... 8 2 Background ........................................... 10 2.1 Previous research ...................................... 10 2.1.1 Classification ........................................ 10 3 Methods and data ........................................ 14 3.1 Elicitation ........................................... 14 3.2 Free Narratives ........................................ 15 3.3 Procedures and equipment ................................. 15 3.4 Data .............................................. 17 3.5 Orthography ......................................... 17 4 Phonology ............................................ 18 4.1 Vowels ............................................ 18 4.2 Diphthongs .......................................... 18 4.3 Consonants .......................................... 20 4.3.1 Nasals ........................................... 20 4.3.2 Plain plosives ....................................... 21 4.3.3 Implosives ......................................... 21 4.3.4 Laterals ........................................... 22 4.3.5 The glottal stop ...................................... 23 4.3.6 Fricatives .......................................... 23 4.4 Phonotactics ......................................... 24 4.5 Phonological processes ................................... 26 4.5.1 Morpheme-final vowel deletion ............................. 26 4.5.2 Assimilation ........................................ 27 4.5.3 Fricativization of /p/ to /h/ ................................ 27 4.5.4 Lowering of a pretonic /e/ to /a/ ............................. 28 4.5.5 Approximatization .................................... 28 5 Morpho-syntax ......................................... 28 5.1 Independent pronouns .................................... 28 5.1.1 The first set of independent pronouns .......................... 29 5.1.2 The second set of independent pronouns ........................ 30 5.2 Overview of Laboyan clitics ................................. 31 5.2.1 Pronominal clitics ..................................... 32 5.2.2 Non-pronominal enclitics ................................. 34 5.3 Pronominal subject and possessive clitics ......................... 35 5.3.1 Possessive use ....................................... 36 5.3.2 Encliticized subject use .................................. 36 5.3.3 Procliticized subject use .................................. 38 5.4 Pronominal object clitics .................................. 40 5.4.1 Patient arguments ..................................... 41 5.4.2 Recipient arguments ................................... 42 5.4.3 Possessed arguments ................................... 43 5.4.4 Copular use in possessive constructions ......................... 44 5.5 -wa set of pronominal clitics ................................ 45 5.5.1 Copular use ........................................ 45 5.5.2 Subject use ......................................... 46 5.5.3 Pronominal object use ................................... 46 5.5.4 Use in modal constructions ................................ 47 5.6 Abstract referent object enclitic -we ............................ 49 5.7 The enclitic -yi ........................................ 50 5.7.1 Object use in imperative clauses ............................. 50 5.7.2 Object use in complement and subordinate clauses ................... 51 5.7.3 Copular use ........................................ 52 5.7.4 Focal copular use ..................................... 52 5.7.5 Existential use ....................................... 53 5.7.6 Aspectual implications .................................. 54 5.7.7 Is -yi a part of the -wa-series? .............................. 55 5.8 Predicative enclitic -ge .................................... 55 5.8.1 Aspectual implications of -ge ..............................
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