Digital Accessibility Toolkit
Back to Contents Contents
Purpose of this toolkit 4 2.2.2 Development frameworks 3.4 Colour: contrast and graphics 28 and accessibility 16 Resources: Colour and graphics Structure of the toolkit 5 Resources: CRPD and inclusive 3.5 Alternative text 29 development CBM Digital Toolkit 6 Resources: Alt text 2.3 International accessibility 3.6 Creating accessible video 30 standards 17 Resources: Captioning, Section ICT accessibility standards transcribing, and editing 2.4 ICT and inclusion 18 3.7 Creating accessible content 31 2.4.1 Practical considerations 18 3.7.1 Microsoft Word 31 1 2.4.2 Benefits for society and business 20 Resources: Microsoft Word 2.4.3 Accessibility and usability 21 3.7.2 Microsoft Excel 32 Glossary and acronyms 7 Resources: Excel 1.1 Glossary 8 3.7.3 Microsoft PowerPoint 33 1.2 Acronyms 12 Section Resources: PowerPoint decks 3.7.4 Adobe InDesign 34 Resources: InDesign: accessibility Section tips and tutorials 3 3.7.5 PDF 34 Tools and guidance for creating Resources: PDFs: accessible publications and tagging documents accessible content 23 2 3.7.6 EPUB and Kindle 35 3.1 Fonts 24 Resources: EPUBs Resources: Accessible fonts Background and considerations 13 3.7.7 Email 35 3.2 Language and Easy Read 25 2.1 Overview 14 Resources: Emails Resources: Plain language and 2.2 International frameworks 15 Easy Read 3.7.8 Alternative formats 36 2.2.1 Human rights framework: CRPD 15 3.3 Structuring content 3.8 Business cards 37 to be accessible 26 Resources: Structuring content to be accessible 27
Contents CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit 2 Contents
Section Section Section 4 5 7
Web accessibility 38 Procurement 44 Need more help? 52 4.1 Building an accessible website 39 5.1 A screening tool: to procure or not Resources: Build an to procure? 45 accessible website 5.2 Process considerations 46 End notes 53 4.2 Tools to check website 5.3 Other considerations 47 accessibility 40 Resources: Procurement resources Resources: Website accessibility and tools 4.3 Conference calls 41 Resources: Conference calls 4.4 Online forms 42 Section Resources: Online forms 4.5 CAPTCHAs 43 Resources: CAPTCHAs 6 Self-learning resources 48 6.1 Digital accessibility initiatives around the world 49 6.2 Online courses available in English 50 6.3 Additional resources and references 51
Contents CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit 3 Purpose of the toolkit
CBM is committed to the principle that persons Who is this toolkit aimed at? The purpose of this toolkit with disabilities should be able to fully participate This toolkit is intended to be used as a guide and in society on an equal basis. Our approach is is to share a selection of practice resource by people working with and for based on the principles of the UN Convention on CBM so that we produce accessible digital content tools and recommendations the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and and communications, and place accessibility at on CBM’s responsibility to promote accessibility pertaining to the accessibility the centre of our ICT procurement processes. of Information and and the principles of universal design in all spheres of its work, including CBM’s digital We hope that the toolkit will be a resource for Communication Technologies content and communications. the wider community of persons with disabilities, (ICT). Based on international Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs), and non- The goals of this toolkit are: standards and a scan of governmental organisations (NGOs). available technologies, these • To outline the key international frameworks around digital accessibility and why it Disclaimer: accessibility of links and tools and recommendations is critical for inclusion of persons with websites are intended to contribute disabilities. As far as possible, CBM uses and links to the social and economic • To link people with tools, practice examples, to accessible external websites – always inclusion of persons with free online training, and other resources so recommending an accessible external resource that their practice is digitally accessible. over one that is not accessible. However, we disabilities by ensuring that • To ensure that digital accessibility is an cannot guarantee that external resources are information is equitably inherent aspect of daily practice. always accessible or that you won’t need to accessible. scroll down or search another website to find the • To align the practices of those working with information we link to. and for CBM.
Purpose of the toolkit CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 4 Structure of the toolkit
Section Section Section Section Section Section 1 2 3 5 6 7 Need more help? Glossary and Background and Section Procurement Self-learning acronyms considerations Outlines relevant resources Invites you to let us Provides basic Addresses the following tools and information Provides additional know if you would definitions of main questions: for accessible ICT information about like to get involved in a discussion/support concepts and a list • Where does this procurement. Includes and links to online 4 group in digital of acronyms used toolkit fit into the tips and resources on resources if you would accessibility, and throughout this guide. international legal how to communicate like to learn more about A scan of provides contact details and policy contexts CBM’s accessibility ICT accessibility. available tools within CBM if you would of the CRPD and requirements for and resources like to contact us. the Sustainable products and services Development Goals Present a selection being purchased; and (SDGs)? of tools for producing how to evaluate what providers promise and • Why is accessible ICT accessible content in deliver. critical for inclusion electronic documents, of persons with videos, and figures disabilities? (Section 3); and tools to ensure web accessibility • What are key (Section 4). considerations in implementing digital accessibility?
Structure of the toolkit CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 5 CBM Digital Toolkit
Make your information accessible from the start
Before you write that report Why is accessibility What’s the international Section 3 important and how does it human rights framework? benefit society? Section 2 What are the international Section 2 standards? What about video Section 2 How do I make my website accessibility? accessible? Section 3 Planning a presentation? Section 4 Section 3 Make accessibility part of I want to learn more your procurement process Working in Microsoft, Adobe Section 6 Section 5 or InDesign? Section 3 Who do I contact in CBM What about email? about digital accessibility? Section 3 What role does alt text play? Section 7 Section 3
CBM Digital Toolkit CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 6 Section 1 Glossary and acronyms
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 7 1.1 Glossary
Accessibility1: Agile software development: Assistive technology: means ensuring that persons with disabilities are describes a set of values and principles for any information and communications technology, able to have access to the physical environment software development as defined in theAgile product, device, equipment, and related service around them, to transportation, to information Manifesto2. The Agile methods goal is to enhance used to maintain, increase, or improve the such as reading material, to communication the value of the delivered product in order to functional capabilities of individuals with specific technology, and systems on an equal basis with satisfy the customer’s requirements. It advocates needs or disabilities. others. Accessibility requires forward thinking for individuals and interactions over processes by those responsible for procurement and and tools, working software over comprehensive Barriers: delivery of private and public services, products, documentation, customer collaboration over when discussed in relation to persons with systems, environments, and facilities to ensure contract negotiation, responding to change over disabilities, barriers can have a number of that persons with disabilities can access and use following a plan. meanings. They can be structural barriers, such services without barriers. as physical barriers (for example, stairs) or digital Alternative (alt) format: (for example, inaccessible websites), or in how a Accessibility features: refers to formats, such as large print or Braille, society organises itself in areas such as welfare include any accessible technology, assistive for people who have difficulty reading or cannot and support services, opportunities to own or technology, and specialty hardware and software read standard print. Alt format can also mean control resources, and decision making. Barriers that are either built-in or added on to products. converting from one type of file format, such as can also be attitudinal, for example prejudice and The purpose of these features is to make PDF, to another format, such as Word or HTML. negative perceptions of persons with disabilities technology easier to use by meeting a user can create barriers hindering their full and equal preference, a user need, or facilitating a user Alternative (or Alt) text: participation in society. interaction with the technology. text for all non-text content, including photos, graphs, tables, so that both their content and Cheat sheets: Accessible formats: function can be accessed by screen readers. quick reference guides, for example to Microsoft information available in formats such as, but not Word or Adobe InDesign. limited to, Braille, tactile graphics, large print, App: text-to-speech, oral presentation, electronic common abbreviation for application. It is files compatible with screen readers, captioned software that is developed to run on a mobile or signed video for persons with hearing phone or a tablet. impairments, or icons and animations, 3D models for persons with cognitive disabilities.
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 8 1.1 Glossary
Civil society: fostering learning. CoP members explore ideas, Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs): civil society is the term used to describe non- discuss situations and needs, and help each other Disabled People’s Organisations are made up and state actors (individuals or groups that are not solve problems, although they do not meet every led by persons with disabilities who lobby and part of the government). It is made up of a wide day. advocate for the rights of their members. Some range of people and groups such as charitable DPOs are impairment focussed. Others are cross or not-for-profit organisations, self-help groups, Convention on the Rights of Persons with disability and include a diverse group of persons unions, indigenous people’s organisations, Disabilities (CRPD): with disabilities. Some DPOs have a focus on faith based groups, and many other activist the CRPD is an international human rights treaty, specific issues – such as women’s DPOs. Others groups advocating for rights. Disabled People’s which protects the rights and dignity of persons may focus on a particular interest such as sports. Organisations (DPOs) have an important role to with disabilities. Parties to the Convention (those Some DPOs also focus on services or providing play as part of civil society. who have ratified it) are required to promote, opportunities for employment and loans. A protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human general definition of a DPO is a representative Communication: rights by persons with disabilities. organisation or group of persons with disability, is defined by the CRPD as including all possible where persons with disability make up the means of communications that may eliminate Digital accessibility or Information and majority of the staff, management, board, and barriers: “Communication includes languages, Communication Technologies (ICT) volunteers – at all levels of the organisation. display of text, Braille, tactile communication, accessibility: large print, accessible multimedia as well as is generally accepted as being the quality of a Functionality: written, audio, plain-language, human-reader mainstream technology such as a computer, in information technology, functionality is what and augmentative and alternative modes, mobile phone, self-service kiosk, piece of software a product, such as a software application or means and formats of communication, including or any device that acts as a digital content holder, computing device, can do for a user, and includes accessible information and communications to be used by the widest range of users possible, any aspect of that product. technologies” (Article 2)3. regardless of their abilities or disabilities. Hardware: Community of practice (CoP): Disability: in information technology, hardware a group of people who come together to share According to the CRPD, Article 1 states that is the physical aspect of computers, common interests and goals, with the aim of “Persons with disabilities include those who telecommunications, and other devices. The term sharing information, developing knowledge, have long-term physical, mental, intellectual arose as a way to distinguish the “box”, electronic and developing themselves both personally and or sensory impairments which in interaction circuitry, and components of a computer from the professionally4. Within such a community, people with various barriers may hinder their full and programme you put in it to make it do things. The share their experience and tacit knowledge in effective participation in society on an equal programme came to be known as the software. free flow, improving their abilities and skills, and basis with others”5.
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 9 1.1 Glossary
Inclusion: content. Such a definition encompasses a wide Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk is when all people participate in all aspects of civil, range of access technologies, such as radio, Reduction: political, social, and economic life. At state level it television, satellite, mobile phones, fixed lines, was adopted in March 2015 and is a voluntary, is the process by which traditionally marginalised computers, network hardware, and software7. non-binding agreement which recognises that groups are consulted and considered in all policy the State has the primary role to reduce disaster and budgetary decisions. The disabled people’s Language8: risk, but that responsibility should be shared movement advocates strongly for inclusion includes spoken and signed languages and other with local government, the private sector, of persons with disabilities at all levels, and forms of non-spoken languages. and other stakeholders. Through its seven especially in compliance with CRPD that States targets and four priorities for action, it aims meet their obligations for all government public New Urban Agenda: for the substantial reduction of disaster risk policy at national and district levels. was adopted in October 2016 at the UN and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and Conference on Housing and Sustainable in the economic, physical, social, cultural and Inclusive development: Development, also known as “Habitat III”. It is an environmental assets of persons, businesses, ensures that marginalised groups actively action-oriented document which sets out global communities, and countries. participate and benefit from the development standards of achievement in sustainable urban processes and outcomes, regardless of their development for the next 20 years, guiding the Software9: age, gender, disability, state of health, ethnic efforts around urbanisation of a wide range of programmes that run on a computer or electronic origin, sexual orientation, religion, or any other actors: nation states, city and regional leaders, device and perform certain functions. characteristics. It seeks to address the deepening international development funders, United inequality and consequent lack of access to Nations programmes as well as civil society, Standard10: opportunities for those who are excluded from including the private sector. a document that provides requirements, development gains and processes6. specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that Non-discrimination: can be used consistently to ensure that materials, Information and Communication requires that people are entitled to equal products, processes, and services are fit for their Technologies (ICT): treatment irrespective of their particular purpose. while different people and organisations characteristics. It is used to assess apparently understand differently what information and neutral criteria that may produce effects, which communications technology (ICT) means, systematically disadvantage persons possessing it is generally acknowledged that ICT is an those characteristics. Non-discrimination is umbrella term that includes any information fundamental to the human rights based approach and communication device or application and its and one of the underlying principles of the CRPD.
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 10 1.1 Glossary
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): User-centred design: were established by the United Nations is a collection of processes which focus on in September 2015. It is a joint plan that putting users at the centre of product design has 17 goals highlighting three dimensions and development. The development of a digital of development: economic, social, and product is made taking into account user’s environmental. Governments, UN agencies, non- requirements, objectives, and feedback. governmental organisations, and the business sector have agreed to work in partnership to try Web accessibility13: to end poverty, promote peace, share wealth, web-based content that persons with disabilities and protect the planet by 2030. This plan is also can perceive, understand, navigate, interact with, known as “Agenda 2030”. and contribute to.
Universal design11: means the design of products, environments, programmes, and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design. “Universal design” shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed. Similar terms are used depending on the context including: design for all, inclusive design, and universal accessibility.
Usability12: the extent to which a system, product, or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use.
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 11 1.2 Acronyms
ADD Accessible Digital Documents GDP Gross Domestic Product PEAT Partnership on Employment & AMAC Alternative Media Access Center GTM GoToMeeting Accessible Technology. Note: PEAT is also used to refer to Photosensitive AT Assistive Technology HTML Hypertext Markup Language Epilepsy Analysis Tool (TRACE ATAP Association of Assistive Technology IAAP International Association of Center) but not in this toolkit. Act Programs Accessibility Professionals PIN Personal identification number ATM Automated Teller Machine ICT Information and Communication SDGs Sustainable Development Goals Technologies CAPTCHAs Completely Automated Public Turing SOAP Stanford Online Accessibility Program test to tell Computers and Humans iOS Internetwork Operating System (the Apart Apple mobile operating system) SUNY State University New York CEN European Committee for IoT Internet of Things UA Universal Accessibility Standardization ISO International Organization for VPAT Voluntary Product Accessibility CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons Standardization Template with Disabilities IT Information Technology W3C World Wide Web Consortium DAISY Digital Accessible Information ITIC Information Technology Industry WAI Web Accessibility Initiative SYstem Council WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool DCMP Described and Captioned Media ITU International Telecommunications WBU World Blind Union Program Union WCAG Web Content Accessibility Guidelines DESA Department of Economic and Social MOOC Massive Open Online Course Affairs (UN) WebAIM Web Accessibility in Mind NCDAE National Center on Disability and WHO World Health Organization DPO Disabled People’s Organisation Access to Education WTO World Trade Organization DRR Disaster Risk Reduction NDA National Disability Authority EPUB Electronic Publication NGO Non-governmental organisation G3ict Global Initiative for Inclusive OS Operating System Information and Communication Technologies PAC PDF Accessibility Checker GARI Global Accessibility Reporting PC Personal Computer Initiative PDF Portable Document Format
Section 1 Glossary and acronyms CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 12 Section 2 Background and considerations
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 13 2.1 Overview
Addressing ICT accessibility is key to and established principles and best According to the World achieve full and active participation of practice in this area. This section Health Organization (WHO), every member of society in all aspects of provides the context within which this 1 billion people, or 15% life, including civic, social, economic, and toolkit has been developed to highlight of the world’s population, political activities, as well as participation just how critical it is for those who in decision-making processes. work for and with CBM to adhere to the experience some form of principles of ICT accessibility as well as disability and encounter CBM is committed to producing accessibility in general. severe disadvantages accessible content and communications. because of the few or It has developed this toolkit to support non-existent conditions the use of accessible ICT across all its work and to ensure that information of physical and digital and processes are consistent with the accessibility14. international human rights framework,
1 billion = 15% of the world’s population experience some form of disability and encounter severe disadvantages because of the few or non-existent conditions of physical and digital accessibility
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 14 2.2 International frameworks
2.2.1 Human rights framework: ICT accessibility underpins much of the • Respect for home and the family (article CRPD convention. The articles listed below are not 23)22 including access to comprehensive intended to be an exhaustive list and are listed information for family planning. In the CRPD, accessibility is recognised as a in numerical order. 23 vital precondition for persons with disabilities • Access to education (article 24) , including education, internships, and skills to participate fully and equally in society, • Situations of emergency preparedness training. effectively enjoying all their human rights and response (article 11)18 including and fundamental freedoms. Governments, situations of armed conflict, humanitarian • Access to health (article 25)24 to be able to civil society organisations, and the private emergencies, and the occurrence of natural make informed decisions and give consent. sector have a key role to play in ensuring that disasters. ICT accessibility plays a vital role • Work and employment (article 27)25 accessibility is not an afterthought but a central in communicating emergency information to including access to innovation and component of their work including core systems citizens. e-commerce opportunities. and programmes (article 9)15. Information and communications, including information • Living independently and being • Participation in political and public life 19 and communications technologies and included in the community (article 19) . (article 29)26. systems, have been defined as an integral 20 • Personal mobility (article 20) including • Participation in cultural life, recreation, part of accessibility rights and fundamental access to quality mobility aids, devices, leisure and sport (article 30)27. to ensuring that persons with disabilities can assistive technologies, and entities that exercise their right to freedom of expression produce mobility aids and assistive and opinion. This includes the freedom to seek, technologies. receive, and impart information and ideas on an • Freedom of expression and opinion, equal basis with others and through all forms and access to information (article 21)21. of communication of their choice (article 21)16. The CRPD also recognises the importance of promoting the concept of universal design (article 2)17.
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 15 2.2 International frameworks
2.2.2 Development frameworks and Marrakesh Treaty: Resources accessibility pivotal for ICT accessibility The Marrakesh Treaty is a ground-breaking The incorporation of accessibility and universal CRPD and inclusive development treaty in opening up access to digital design in the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster information for blind people. According to Convention on the Rights of Persons with Risk Reduction and the New Urban Agenda the World Blind Union (WBU), this treaty Disabilities29 (CRPD) and its General Comment provide further opportunities to build resilient should go a long way to ending the book number 230 on accessibility. communities and inclusive Smart cities. Universal famine faced by people who are blind, visually and equitable access is also a core foundation impaired, or cannot effectively read print. Disability Inclusive Development Toolkit, of sustainable development and enshrined in Countries that ratify the treaty are obliged CBM31. Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals to allow blind people and their organisations (SDGs) in the core commitment of “leave no one to make accessible copies of books without The inclusion imperative: towards disability- behind”. Delivering on these commitments will requiring copyright permission. And the inclusive and accessible urban development: mean true alignment with the CRPD. treaty also allows for such accessible versions key recommendations for an inclusive urban to be imported and exported, again without agenda32. recourse to copyright permission. As WBU states, however, to make the treaty a reality, Smart Cities for All Toolkit33. countries must sign, ratify, and implement its provisions.28
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 16 2.3 International accessibility standards
A recognised accessibility standard is usually referenced in legislation, public policy, or The following three standards are the most Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act organisational policies that require ICT products important existing standards that define what This is a standard from the United States and services to be accessible. Being “accessible” accessibility means for ICT and the web. that is used to guide procurement, and it then means complying with that standard. groups items into six product categories. This Accessibility standards for specific product Web Content Accessibility Guidelines standard provides full technical standards to types often attempt to quantify accessibility in (WCAG 2.0) understand what is expected for each of these measurable ways by listing required attributes, This is an international standard for website six categories, as well as how to comply with objective tests, and pass/fail criteria. accessibility that specifies testable “success them. More information regarding the Section criteria” for three compliance levels (A, AA, 508 standards can be found on the US Access or AAA). This means it is possible to state Board’s website37. objectively whether a given web page is Resources accessible to a recognised level (A is for basic CBM concurs with the use of these standards level accessibility and AAA is for the highest). to guide practice. It is important to note that, ICT accessibility standards The web content accessibility guidelines can be although the relevant standards try to ensure found on World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) accessible content to the widest group of users, A guide to implementing priority ICT website.34 compliance with these standards may not be accessibility standards is available in the sufficient. Expert review or formal user testing Smart Cities for All Toolkit developed by G3ict Standard EN 301 549 (if possible), will often identify issues that are 38 and World Enabled . This standard is used in Europe to guide not covered by any standard. procurement. The guidelines from this standard outline the functional performance requirement that is expected of ICT equipment, regardless of the physical, cognitive, or sensory abilities of the user.35 The full text on the Accessible IT Procurement Toolkit Standard EN 301 549 can be found on their webpage36.
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 17 2.4 ICT and inclusion
To create fully inclusive societies, public procurement policies and processes for ICT must 2.4.1 Practical considerations The role of technology in have accessibility as a required criterion. ICT Reliance on digital media, digital products, and creating inclusive livelihoods: is central in our lives today and our use of and the Internet to engage in daily activities such mobile phone technology and reliance on digital devices continues to grow. As as banking, communicating, and accessing banking reported by the Smart Cities for All initiative, “50 information, is increasing. Digital accessibility is a billion devices will be connected to the internet crucial levelling mechanism to ensure timely and M-Pesa, a mobile payments app, enables by 2020, up from 10 billion in 2012 and just equitable access to education, jobs, and services customers in Kenya to make simple, secure 200 million in 2000”. However, as data from the to persons with disabilities. Increasing technology financial transactions using SMS technology. USA advises, in comparison with the general also brings the means to remove barriers for For example, electronic money transfer. You population persons with disabilities are less likely a wide range of users around real time texts, don’t need to have a bank account: M-Pesa to own digital devices (20% less likely) or go screen readers, and applications to support (M for mobile and Pesa is Swahili for money) online (23% as opposed to 8%).39 people who need memory aids or support to live holds its users’ money in a bank account more independently. Applying universal design run by the company. M-Pesa has opened up If we do not prioritise ICT accessibility we risk principles in current and future technology open banking for persons with disabilities as well widening the existing inequalities and the digital up far more opportunities, as the case studies as entrepreneurship, enabling “entrepreneurs divide for persons with disabilities. Society about electronic money transfer and wayfinding of all abilities to succeed”. It also facilitates requires everyone’s contribution. Without their navigation solutions through mobile devices remote rural communities to participate in the full and equal participation and contribution, show. local economy, where before they had been persons with disabilities and other marginalised excluded. 40 groups will experience greater disadvantage and discrimination. This section looks at some of the In December 2017, M-Pesa IVR (Interactive key considerations and benefits in implementing Voice Response) Solution was launched. While ICT accessibility. currently only available for checking your M-Pesa balance, it aims to solve the problem of fraud experienced by people with visual impairments where they need to share their PINs when they use M-Pesa.41
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 18 2.4 ICT and inclusion
Users of this toolkit should keep in mind the The role of technology interaction between the user, hardware, and Consider the context: an example in supporting wayfinding software, including: A CBM partner has been funded to create a navigation solutions for persons video on hand-washing. This video is primarily with disabilities: two examples of • What is required of the user to be able to intended for deaf people who use their good practice access and use, including to understand, respective national sign languages in English the information technologies that create speaking countries. What factors would need and convey messages? For example, is your to be considered? What accessibility features Wheelmap.org42 is an interactive digital information about this in plain language? could be leveraged to ensure that the video is map for finding wheelchair accessible accessible and usable for the primary target places. Anyone can identify places that are • Who are the users you are communicating audience? wheelchair accessible, or not, by using a with? Users can include: users of screen simple ‘traffic light’ code: green means fully readers (or other text-to-speech software), wheelchair accessible, yellow means partly screen magnifiers, literacy software solutions, Awareness of assistive technologies and digital accessible, and red indicates somewhere speech recognition software, software for accessibility standards is a central responsibility that is not accessible. There is a wide choice colour-blindness, and keyboard only or head- for people producing digital resources. Equally of languages available and it will set to the control users. as important is training in the use of assistive user’s location. • What is the best format for you to convey technologies: both for people to appropriately use your message? In deciding what to use, these tools when producing accessible content 43 The Click and Go wayfinding app is a free have you considered the different strengths and for users. app that provides navigation information between formats? For example, Microsoft about places like bus or train stations, college Office documents (Word, Excel, and campuses, airports, hotels, hospitals – as PowerPoint) versus PDFs, videos, and EPUBs; well as getting to them. It uses VoiceOver cloud or web-based operating systems versus and other accessibility tools that are built-in local or on-site storage and access. to your mobile device, and you can also mark your favourite venues which makes finding • Should you use multiple formats to them at a later stage easier. communicate your message so that you can leverage the strengths of each to reach as wide an audience as possible?
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 19 2.4 ICT and inclusion
2.4.2 Benefits for society and The importance of accessible business technology in humanitarian action Accessible ICT means that everyday technology, including digital content, is usable for a wide From early warning systems to resilient When responding to emergencies, technology audience. Digital inclusion benefits everyone infrastructure, technology is playing an is again invaluable across all types of warning to participate on a more equal basis and to increasingly important role at all stages of systems and to facilitate fast and efficient contribute to the economic, social, cultural, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and emergency responses, with social media being used as a and political lives of their societies. As this case response. Recognising this, CBM has developed way to exchange information and as a tool to study on the importance of accessible technology an accessible smartphone app – “Humanitarian mobilise and coordinate people. in humanitarian action shows, it can facilitate Hands-on Tool” – which provides step-by-step persons with disabilities and other groups in guidance on how to design and implement In the aftermath of a disaster, technology 44 society, for example older populations, to access an inclusive emergency response . Ensuring enables us to build more resilient homes and and share information, and to both provide and that technology used in humanitarian action is community infrastructures, to transfer cash receive support in a crisis situation. developed in an accessible way will mean that to where it is needed, and although the use of persons with disabilities can fully participate in drones is in its infancy, its potential is clear.45 DRR measures and emergency responses.
Before a disaster occurs, technology enables us to plan responses appropriate to the area. It allows us to map the most at-risk families, and enhances the planning of evacuation routes and emergency shelters.
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 20 2.4 ICT and inclusion
From a business perspective, ICT accessibility features also improve the comfort of the work 2.4.3 Accessibility and usability Accessibility versus usability: environment and increase productivity for Resources like this toolkit help ensure that an example employees. For employers, having accessible persons with disabilities can use and understand Returning to the hand-washing video, the products and services available in their digital content and communications on an accessibility of the hand-washing video will workplaces can increase their pool of potential equitable basis as those without a disability. improve by including captions in English employees and invite a more diverse workforce. Given this, users of this toolkit should distinguish and if appropriate, an embedded video with A 2010 report by the OneVoice Coalition for and consider accessibility and usability when international sign, as more people, overall, Accessible ICT states that organisations can creating digital items. will be able to understand this video. By doing attain six key business goals by investing in so, the usability of the video for people who 46 accessible and usable ICT : Accessibility can be measured by comparing are deaf or hard of hearing will also improve. how well a product or service can be used by Additionally, captions can be very useful for • Reach new markets. someone with a disability and by someone people for whom English is not their primary • Maximise employee engagement and without a disability. In technology, accessibility language. It is always good practice to supply productivity. features are intended to reduce that gap. The a link to the transcript of the captioning with effectiveness of an accessibility feature can be the video so that the content can also be • Provide high quality products and services. measured by asking: does this feature increase accessible to people with vision impairment • Improve supply chain management. the number of people who can independently use that use English. However, the usability of this this product or service? If the answer is yes, then • Build partner and community relations. hand-washing video would be very low if the the accessibility of the product or service has video is supposed to target a group of people • Minimise risk of legal action. improved. who only speak French or Spanish.
Usability examines how easily something can be used by a specific group of people. While an accessibility feature may have good usability for one group of people, it may differ significantly for another group of people.
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 21 2.4 ICT and inclusion
7 facts about digital accessibility You don’t have to be an IT expert to make digital accessibility happen
1 billion disabled people And when they get online, Most problems are easy to fix Creating accessible globally (15% of the world only 40% of CRPD countries and relatively cheap. documents is easy. population) have limited have accessible government Make use of free online Larger fonts and left aligned access to the internet. websites that facilitate evaluation tools; consult with text are easier to read; busy access to services for persons Barriers include: the cost persons with disabilities; and layouts and dense text are with disabilities. of hardware, software, or conduct usability testing with a difficult to read; clear structure broadband; a lack of skills or The top 10 commercial and news diverse group of participants to in web pages and documents training; the need for assistive media websites are accessible in understand what the makes them easier to navigate; technology; a lack of accessibility only 18% of CRPD countries. problems are. images should include descriptive policies to facilitate access to the alternative text; and language internet. should be simple.
The most common Listen to users. Start with good design. accessibility errors include Users have clear expectations Considering and including missing alternative text for about their needs and accessibility from the beginning images, poor colour contrast, preferences, and what they like is cheap and essential to and making important and what they want to avoid – avoid procurement and design information hard to find. like CAPTCHA verifications. Check mistakes. Good design simply in with users on a makes sense and benefits regular basis to ensure everyone. that accessibility is maintained over time.
Section 2 Background and considerations CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 22 Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content
In this section, we focus on both the content and the tools that are available to produce accessible content. The guidance in this section is recommended for all printed and electronic communication including text documents, emails, websites, and any other kind of digital communication material. Special requirements apply to some formats, which are explained further below.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 23 3.1 Fonts
Key points Testing font accessibility Resources A font is considered more accessible if it is easy to distinguish between similar characters • Current research shows no overall difference Accessible fonts such as: in the readability between fonts with WebAIM: font readability48 flourishes (Serif) and simple fonts (Sans- Z and 2 serif)47, but font choice can improve or worsen the readability of a document for an S and 5 individual.
• Offering a choice of fonts and font size is I, l and 1 (I, L and One) crucial when considering the differing needs and preferences of users. For example, A font is considered accessible if there is someone with dyslexia may require a certain sufficient spacing between letters in a word, font for readability while someone else with such as: low vision may require a certain font size for equitable readability. m and rn • Examples of Serif fonts in 12-point size: Times New Roman, Garamond, Cambria. oa and oo • Examples of Sans-serif fonts in 12-point size: cl and d Verdana, Tahoma, Calibri.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 24 3.2 Language and Easy Read
Key points Resources
• When providing information to the general Plain language and Easy Read public, the message should be relayed in the Organisations like the Plain English Campaign simplest language possible. This concise, provide a paid service to check publications clear communication method is defined as and websites to ensure that the language “Plain Language”. used is understandable49. They also provide • Plain language allows the target audience to free guides on writing in Plain English. Similar quickly identify the message, understand services exist in other countries, for their the message, and use the message. respective languages. Easy Read is a format of creating documents • Change50 is a human rights organisation led by to make a message easily understandable disabled people which provides free resources and makes use of plain language. and paid services to create bespoke accessible information in easy read and video formats. Their guide on How to Make Information Accessible, contains detailed, practical advice on preparing easy read documents, including advice on making the writing accessible and selecting picture51.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 25 3.3 Structuring content to be accessible
Do: Key tips to follow when creating text documents ✔✔ use headings and sub-headings. ✔✔ in all instances, underline and embed hyperlinks using appropriate functions in ✔✔ keep sections short. Word or InDesign or the links may not work if ✔✔ provide summaries for tables. exported to a PDF. Avoid: ✔✔ provide a glossary of terms to aid ✔✔ use concise, but descriptive, hyperlink text. ✖✖ writing large sections of text in “all-caps” (all understanding of technical words and ✔✔ use appropriate alt text for all images and capital letters). acronyms. tables. ✖✖ putting valuable information in headers and ✔✔ explain the full name of an abbreviation or ✔✔ use accessible text and background colour. footers as screen readers will ignore them. acronym when it first occurs. ✖✖ underlining large blocks of text as it reduces ✔✔ use appropriate font size, a font size of 10 readability. point and smaller is not accessible. ✖✖ hyphenating words that are usually not split ✔✔ keep text left-aligned to keep spaces between (for example “continua-tion” should not be words even. hyphenated, but hyphenating “editor-in- ✔✔ use distinct spacing between lines, between chief” is fine). paragraphs, and between sections. ✖ ✖ footnotes. With the exception of the EPUB ✔✔ use bold for strong emphasis. 3 format, footnotes are difficult to make accessible. Minimise their use.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 26 3.3 Structuring content to be accessible
Additional key points when creating Tables should only be used to present Resources tables, spreadsheets, and graphs data; they should not be used to control page layout. Structuring content to be accessible Avoid: Bad examples of tables. Avoid: Web Accessibility Initiative, web accessibility 52 ✖✖ empty rows/columns using blank lines for ✖✖ Use of table to create/control page layout, tutorials . visual formatting purposes. including web page (also, no headings or Section 3.7 of this toolkit has further ✖ alternative text). ✖ using columns of empty table cells. information about creating accessible content in ✖✖ Simple table design but without headings or ✖✖ merging cells. Word, Excel, PowerPoint and PDF documents. alternative text it is not clear. Do: Good example of a simple table ✔✔ give each spreadsheet tab a meaningful name. design with headings and alternative ✔✔ name rows and columns in tables. text. Do: ✔✔ use appropriate description and alt text for all images and tables. Font family – Font family Example in generic – name 12-point size ✔✔ adjust column widths and row heights. Serif Times New Times New ✔✔ use simple table structures. Roman Roman Serif Garamond Garamond Sans-serif Verdana Verdana Sans-serif Calibri Calibri
Alt text: This table comprises three columns setting out two generic font families (serif and sans-serif), two font family names associated with each generic family, and an example of that font in 12-point size.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 27 3.4 Colour: contrast and graphics
Key points Resources
• Ensure that colours for the text, graphics, and Colour and graphics the background have sufficient contrast when Colour contrast analyser by the Paciello viewed by someone with colour-blindness or Group. Versions for Windows and Mac OSX when viewed on a black and white screen. are available for download.53 • Be particularly mindful when choosing colours for graphs and charts. Colour contrast checker by Snook.ca. Colour codes must be manually entered for analysis.54
Color Oracle is an excellent, free, and easy- to-use colour blindness simulator.55
Penn State University provides some guidelines on how to make charts more accessible56. This includes advice on both drafting text alternatives and colour considerations.
Ontario University provides general guidelines for describing graphics57.
PennState website (colour and contrast on web pages)58.
W3C Working group note: understanding WCAG 2.0, contrast.59
WebAIM, including a contrast checker60.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 28 3.5 Alternative text
Key points Even where an image has a caption, using alt Resources text is best practice. Alt text • Alternative text, or alt text, should be Alt text: example provided for all non-text elements, such as Jim Thatcher: alt text61. graphs, pictures, tables, images, logos, links, and any other form of graphic information. WebAIM: alternative text62. • Alt text concisely describes what is shown in Altformat.org: accessible text for learning63. the graphic. • Alt text will not automatically show in a The Diagram Center Image Description document but will show when mousing over Guidelines64. the image or if using screen readers. Making images accessible for people on • Alt text should avoid beginning with “picture Twitter65. of” or “image of”. • Alt text can be added in HTML using a description tag. • Twitter: alt text of up to 420 characters can A group of people with and without disabilities sat be added to images embedded in Tweets. at the entrance to a building laughing while they pose.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 29 3.6 Creating accessible video
Key points Resources
• Captions (also referred to as subtitles) for Captioning, transcribing, videos improve access to content for people and editing who have hearing impairments. Captioning YouTube Videos is a tutorial from • Captioning converts the audio dialogue of a The National Center on Disability and Access video into text and displays the text in time to Education (NCDAE) on the different ways with the audio. to caption YouTube videos66. Please note that the tutorial itself is not fully accessible. • Non-dialogue captions, such as speaker identifications, sound effects, and music Facebook also now gives users an option to descriptions are written in square brackets to automatically add closed captions to their differentiate them from the dialogue. videos67 or to upload an .srt file. • Captioning can be created manually or be auto-generated. In addition to captioning videos, it may be helpful to provide a non-synchronised text • Captions can be downloaded from one transcript in a separate file.This tutorial platform (like YouTube) as an .srt file and describes how to create free automated reused in another platform that accepts .srt transcripts for both Mac and Windows68. files (like Facebook). • A sign language translation/interpretation The DCMP (Described and Captioned Media track is useful for people who are deaf and Program) Captioning Key provides tips and use sign as their primary language. advice on editing captions69.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 30 3.7 Creating accessible content
3.7.1 Microsoft Word Resources
Key points Microsoft Word
The Microsoft accessibility website70 provides • Include alternative text with all visuals and help pages and tips for creating accessible tables. documents using accessibility features, including the Microsoft guide on how to use • Add meaningful hyperlink text and the accessibility checker tool71. ScreenTips. • Ensure that colour is not the only means of Be aware of the limitations of accessibility 72 conveying information. checkers .
• Use sufficient contrast for text and Microsoft has a step-by-step tutorial for background colours. Word73 that includes guidance for Windows • Use built-in headings and styles. versions 2013 and 2016; Mac version 2016; and Word for iOS, Android, Word online, and • The core accessibility features of Microsoft the Windows 10 app. Word are present in all Windows versions as far back as Word 2003. The NCDAE Microsoft Word one-page cheat 74 • Test documents with the built-in accessibility sheets . checker. The Word accessibility checker tool can automatically check the accessibility of The PDF Accessible website (pertains to PDFs 75 your document, but it is available only in generated from Word documents) . Word 2013 onwards. Adobe Acrobat X Best Practices for PDF • Word for Mac lags behind the Windows Accessibility (PDF 6.42MB)76 (pages 79 to DOC version in terms of accessibility support. To 87; pertains to PDFs generated from Word avoid version issues, the .docx format should documents). not be used in Word 2007 and 2010. Instead, use .doc format (Word 1997 – 2003 format).
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 31 3.7 Creating accessible content
3.7.2 Microsoft Excel Resources
Key points Excel
Article: “Make your Excel spreadsheets • Include alternative text with all visuals and accessible”77 applicable to Excel 2010, 2013, tables. Alt text for images and tables are 2016 in Windows; Excel 2016 on Mac; iOS, not available for Excel 2007 and earlier in Android, and Excel online. Windows and not available in iOS/Mac. Excel cheat sheet78 from the NCDAE for • Add meaningful hyperlink text and documents created with Windows Excel ScreenTips. For instance, instead of using 2010/2013 or Mac Excel 2011. ambiguous link text such as ‘click here’ or ‘read more’, include the full title of the destination page. You can also add ScreenTips that appear when your cursor hovers over a cell that includes a hyperlink. • Give all sheet tabs unique names, and remove blank sheets. • Use a simple table structure, and specify column header information. • Test documents with the accessibility checker (Windows/Mac). XLSC
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 32 3.7 Creating accessible content
3.7.3 Microsoft PowerPoint Resources Key points for presenting PowerPoint decks Key points for building PowerPoint decks PowerPoint decks Microsoft: accessibility support guide for • Speak slowly and clearly. 79 PowerPoint 2016 . • Ensure that all important information is read • Use built-in templates. out and that all graphs are explained orally. WebAIM: PowerPoint Accessibility80. • Give each slide a unique title. • Face the audience when speaking. People • Do not fill the slide with text. NCDAE: Microsoft PowerPoint one-page cheat who lip read cannot understand spoken sheets81. information if the speaker is facing away • Use 18-point font or larger. from them. • Ensure correct reading order of slides. • If possible, record presentations on video • Provide captions for videos. and audio and provide captioned versions and transcripts via the web. Alternatively, • Test document with the accessibility checker slide decks can be narrated and recorded (Windows/Mac). in PowerPoint, saved as a video, and then uploaded to YouTube or any other platform where it can be manually or automatically captioned. • Where possible, provide a translator for sign language or tactile signing.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 33 3.7 Creating accessible content
3.7.4 Adobe InDesign 3.7.5 PDF Resources
Key points Key points PDFs: accessible publications and tagging documents
• InDesign is Adobe’s page layout programme. • Reduce or eliminate the need for additional An alternative free downloadable checker is It is typically used by graphic designers to work in the final PDF by creating accessible PAC85. PAC is particularly useful if you are create things like brochures. source documents (in Word or InDesign) working to the PDF/UA PDF accessibility before exporting to PDF. The accessibility 86 • The accessibility features are very good but standard . It is important to note that until features are very good but not widely known. not widely known. a sufficient number of assistive technologies • Adobe Acrobat versions 11 and later have a are compliant with this standard, PDF/UA- • There is a steep learning curve with InDesign built-in accessibility checker. compliant PDFs may not be fully accessible. compared to Word and training will likely be required. The Adobe Acrobat XI Best Practices for PDF Accessibility87 is a useful resource to resolve issues in checking PDF accessibility.
Resources WebAIM techniques for accessible PDFs88.
InDesign: accessibility tips and The PDF Accessible website89. tutorials The Accessible Digital Documents Company Microsoft: PDF Accessible website82. blog90.
The Accessible Digital Documents Company “How To Make Information Accessible”, a (ADD) blog83. guide to producing easy read documents by Change91 The NCDAE Adobe InDesign CS5.5 one-page cheat sheet84.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 34 3.7 Creating accessible content
3.7.6 EPUB and Kindle Resources 3.7.7 Email
Key points EPUBs Key points
The Daisy Consortium provides a guide to the • The EPUB format is frequently used to store essentials of Using Adobe InDesign to create • Internet connections in some places may not and transport ebooks for eReader technology accessible EPUB 3 files92. be good enough to receive large emails and (such as Kindle and Kobo) but can also be the cost of internet may be high. read by applications built for tablets and EPUB 3 accessibility guidelines93. • Downsize attachments by compressing them smartphones. Matt Garrish, Accessible EPUB 3 (free using compressed (zipped) folders feature. • Applications usually also read PDFs and other 94 ebook) . • Use short sentences with a clear question or ebook formats. message. • Devices may also have built-in or add-on The Diagram Center Top Tips for Creating 95 • Use appropriate punctuation. applications that can be activated or installed Accessible EPUB 3 Files . to provide text-to-speech functions. • Insert alt text for graphics. • The EPUB format allows for more text customisation than a PDF, allowing the user Resources to easily select and change fonts and font size for readability. Email • EPUB works for almost all content types except for tables. Making email accessible96.
• Adobe InDesign is most commonly used to Make your Outlook email accessible97. create EPUB documents.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 35 3.7 Creating accessible content
• DAISY (Digital Accessible Information 3.7.8 Alternative formats SYstems) talking books: To play DAISY books, you will need to install a DAISY- Alternative formats for people who compatible player. Examples include: AMIS have difficulty reading or cannot for Windows, Android Daisy EPUB Reader, read standard print include: Daisy Delight for Mac, DaisyWorm for iOS, and Victor Reader Stream. The viability of this • Large print: Documents using a font size of format may be in danger due to the growing 14-points or larger. popularity of sites like Audible. • Braille: Braille is a tactile writing system • Less common alt formats: Include “Moon” using patterns of raised dots to represent (raised, embossed shapes on paper) and letters. A refreshable Braille display can “Giant Print” which refers to print sizes be used by Braille users to read computer larger than 18-point font. screens. There are three grades of Braille (1, 2, and 3). The term alternative format (or alt format) • Tactile diagrams: These are graphs, can also mean converting from one type of file diagrams, or other pictorial information format, such as PDF, to another format, such that are reproduced using raised patterns. as Word or HTML. Diagrams may need to be simplified or altered before being produced and the diagram is often accompanied by explanations in Braille. • Audio versions: These include cassette tape recordings, digital audio in MP3 format, audio streams, or a screen reader. Audio recordings of large events, such as speeches at conferences and classroom lectures, may need accompanying transcripts to filter irrelevant audio.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 36 3.8 Business cards
Key points
• Use the ISO standards most used in the • Ensure the basics are included (listed here in national or international context (for priority): name, company, phone number(s), example, 85mm x 55mm is most common email, title, address, website. in Europe). • Think of using your digital business cards. • Use 12- to 14-point font size. It is becoming more popular as they can • Avoid using too many different colours and be generated and sent through Microsoft ensure sufficient colour contrast. Ensure that Outlook, and applications such as SnapDat, the colours are appropriate for the cultural OneCard, and Haystack. context. • Emboss the logo in Braille on the printed card or on a blank flap. Grade 2 Braille is preferred. As Braille text is larger than printed text, the Braille text may need to be shortened, but do not just emboss a name. Include the company and contact information.
Section 3 Tools and guidance for creating accessible content CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 37 Section 4 Web accessibility
Keeping in mind that CBM recognises and promotes adherence to what is currently (as of November 2017) the most commonly accepted standard (WCAG 2.0), this section highlights resources to build an accessible website and to assess the accessibility of a website.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 38 4.1 Building an accessible website
Key points Resources
• All navigation should be fully accessible Build an accessible website through the keyboard. Web Accessibility Initiative, Tips for Getting • Be consistent with navigation layout. Started with Web Accessibility98. Navigation bars should be easy to identify • Google has developed an online course, and distinguish. “Introduction to Web Accessibility”99. This • Navigation bars should provide feedback. course introduces tools and techniques for web developers to ensure that websites are • Make webpages appear and operate in more accessible to users who are blind or predictable ways. have low vision. • Avoid the use of pop-ups. WordPress is a free online blogging and website platform that provides templates and guidance. The WordPress Accessibility team has developed a quick start guide100 on making an accessible website.
Use consistent structure and layout By presenting recurring features, such as the navigation bar, headings and logos consistently, it helps make the website easier to navigate.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 39 4.2 Tools to check website accessibility
Key points Resources
• Website accessibility checkers are useful but Website accessibility have their limitations. AChecker101 checks whether a single HTML page WCAG 2.0108. • The checkers will sometime identify a logo conforms with accessibility standards or not. without alt text as a problem when it is not The United State Access Board, Section 508 (i.e. a false positive) or fail to pick up on WAVE102 also evaluates the accessibility of Rehabilitation Act109. a heading that was marked as a normal websites in relation to accessibility standards. paragraph (i.e. a false negative). W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)110. SortSite103 checks websites against multiple accessibility standards. Web style guide111.
The W3C website104 has a more comprehensive Nielsen Norman Group112. list of web accessibility evaluation tools.
The WAI Accessibility Evaluation Resources105 page also provides a comprehensive list of resources to assist in the evaluation website accessibility, from Easy Checks106 to Using Combined Expertise to Evaluate Web Accessibility107.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 40 4.3 Conference calls
Key points Resources
• Conference calling technology like Skype, • At the start of the call, request the audience Conference calls GoToMeeting, and WebEx usually have not to speak too fast and to state their name Accessible webinars – making online work for several components: the video interaction, each time before they speak. everyone113. the audio call, and the text chat where items • Speak at a steady pace and close to and messages can be posted. 114 the microphone, and try to reduce any Citrix – GTM User Manual . • People with visual impairments may not be background noises. able to fully access conference call functions Citrix – GTM FAQs115. • Avoid complex language or acronyms. without the use of accessibility features and accommodations. • Describe the key content of all slides, Citrix – GTM customer support116. especially if they contain graphics, and state • In your invitation make sure to ask people if when you are moving on to a new slide. Companies like AI (Access Innovation) they have any accessibility support requests, media provide live captions, transcripts, needs, and preferences. • Monitor the chat room for any input from closed captions, and audio description. participants and repeat it verbally so it is • Consider accessibility features including live More information is available on AI media accessible for all. captioning, sign language interpretation, and website117. general accessibility guidance tips. • Follow up with a presentation or meeting minutes sent by email in accessible format.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 41 4.4 Online forms
Key points Resources
• Forms must be properly structured and Online forms optimised to support the person in completing Customer Communications Toolkit for the form without errors. the Public Service – A universal design • Even if your online form is accessible, be approach118. prepared to have the form available in an accessible Word document in case users A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating More experience difficulties with accessing and Accessible Surveys119. using the Internet.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 42 4.5 CAPTCHAs
Key points Resources
• Where possible, avoid the use of CAPTCHAs. CAPTCHAs • Where anti-spam measures must be adopted The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in forms, use World Wide Web Consortium provides information on the “inaccessibility of (W3C) techniques to allow CAPTCHAs to be CAPTCHA: alternatives to visual Turing tests accessible. This typically requires providing on the web”120. the CAPTCHA test in more than one format (for example, visual and auditory versions) and providing a text alternative that describes these formats.
Section 4 Web accessibility CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 43 Section 5 Procurement
Section 5 Procurement CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 44 5.1 A screening tool: to procure or not to procure?
Key points
• The procurement process can be time- Does it meet intensive, expensive, and confusing. This Yes recognised No screening tool uses four questions to allow standards? you to make a quick assessment of a potential product and vendor.
Does it pass your Will they commit to testing? No compliance?
Yes No Yes
Is there an acceptable interim Yes No position?
Ok to purchase Do not purchase
Section 5 Procurement CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 45 5.2 Process considerations
Key points 5 steps to building accessibility • Become familiar with ICT accessibility into the procurement process standards using the hyperlinks in this toolkit. • Reach out to industry experts and civil society when necessary. Call for offers: When asking Evaluate the deliverable: Use 1. vendors to submit an offer for what 4. independent evaluators and ensure • Build accessibility requirements into each is needed, specify accessibility targets and the evaluation captures usability as well as step of the procurement process. make accessibility an explicit factor in the technical accessibility against standards. award criteria. Don’t just use automated checkers. Formal user testing and human accessibility When assessing vendors, ask: experts will yield the best results. 2. Does previous work include universal design principles? Does previous work Maintain accessibility: demonstrate compliance with relevant 5. Organisational needs, end users, guidelines? What were the results of user needs, product use, and standards accessibility audits and user testing and technology may change so regularly for existing products? Are the required review accessibility. Consider the type of processes to use the product inclusive? support and training needed and include Remember to group all accessibility criteria accessibility in training. together.
User-centred development and 3. implementation: Capture user needs, complete user testing, and make sure the product is sufficiently agile. If an existing accessibility feature will be compromised, ensure the new product can fulfil that need.
Section 5 Procurement CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 46 5.3 Other considerations
Key points Resources
• Consider if an existing product might have Procurement resources and tools positive, unintended functionalities that meet The National Disability Authority (NDA) Processes used by some American universities to a need. An example is video conferencing provides detailed advice on the five stages of IT incorporate accessibility into their procurement software and apps that were intended for procurement.121 processes: NCDAE procurement article125. scheduling and telecommuting (working remotely) but are also useful for people The CEN website122 identifies tools for writing The Washington University’s accessible ICT who communicate through sign language. a call for tenders, evaluating tenders, and procurement statement: Washington University This exemplifies the benefit of ongoing deliverables for accessible ICT purchases. This accessible technology website126. accessibility reviews. website, based on European Standard EN 301 • Informally or formally share lessons learned 549, can automatically generate the accessibility Information about the assessment, access, through a community of practice. This can requirements for the most common technologies and acquisition of assistive technologies can be help identify reliable vendors and establish including websites and applications. found on the AMAC Accessibility Solutions and and share best practices in procurement and Research Center website127. evaluation. The Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates (VPATs): VPATs have a standard format that Manufacturer’s accessibility websites that can serve as a basic reference to evaluate highlight product accessibility features: ICT products and services. More information is available on the Information Technology Microsoft: Accessibility128. Industry Council (ITIC) website123. Google: Accessibility, Products, and IT accessibility expert Jeff Kline’s 10 steps for Features129. determining where and when accessibility can be infused124: PEAT “Accessibility Technology: Google: Android accessibility130. It Starts with Procurement” web page. Apple: Accessibility131.
Apple iOS accessibility support132.
Section 5 Procurement CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 47 Section 6 Self-learning resources
Section 6 Self-learning resources CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 48 6.1 Digital accessibility initiatives around the world
• International Telecommunications • International Association of Accessibility • GARI project: Mobile devices and apps Union (ITU): The ITU is the UN specialist Professionals (IAAP): The mission of the accessibility initiative: “Run by the Mobile agency for information and communications IAAP is to define, promote, and improve & Wireless Forum, the Global Accessibility technologies. It is a worldwide reference for the accessibility profession globally. It Reporting Initiative (GARI) is a project this industry and one of their most important does this through networking, education, designed to help consumers learn more about concerns is ICT accessibility. More information and certification to enable the creation of the accessibility features of mobile devices on the ITU website133. accessible products, content, and services. It and to help them identify devices with the shares information with its members about features that may assist them with their • Global Initiative for Inclusive accessibility standards and laws around particular needs”.138 More information on the Information and Communication the world, and provides them with updated GARI website139. Technologies (G3ict): Launched in accessibility training. More information on the December 2006 by the United Nations IAAP website136. • Smart Cities for All: G3ict and World Global Alliance for ICT and Development, Enabled launched the Smart Cities for in cooperation with the Secretariat for the • E-accessibility toolkit: This is a joint All initiative to define the state of ICT Convention on the Rights of Persons with initiative of ITU and G3ict. It contains online accessibility in Smart Cities worldwide. The Disabilities (CRPD) at UN DESA, G3ict is an resources for policy makers implementing objective is to eliminate the digital divide for advocacy initiative. Its mission is to facilitate the CRPD. Within this toolkit, you will find persons with disabilities and older persons and support the full implementation of ICT information about e-accessibility basics, in Smart Cities around the world. More accessibility and assistive technologies as set e-accessibility initiatives around the world, information on Smart Cities for All website140, out in the CRPD.134 More information on the key areas to promote ICT accessibility, including the Smart Cities for All Toolkit. The G3ict website135. and different tools for policy makers. toolkit comprises four tools addressing ICT This is a comprehensive and practical accessibility and digital inclusion for persons reference website. More information on the with disabilities and older people.141 e-accessibility toolkit website137.
Section 6 Self-learning resources CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 49 6.2 Online courses available in English
• “Disability Awareness and Support”: Developed by the University of Pittsburgh and delivered through www.coursera.org.
• “Accessibility: Designing and Teaching Courses for All Learners”: Developed by SUNY Empire State College and delivered through www.canvas.net. More information on the Open SUNY web page142.
• “Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Accessibility”: Developed by Georgia Tech and delivered through www.edx.org. More information on the edX Georgia Tech web page143.
• 3PlayMedia Webinars provide a list of recorded and upcoming webinars on different aspects of web accessibility. Webinars are free and available on their website144.
Section 6 Self-learning resources CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 50 6.3 Additional resources and references
• Syracuse University – “Accessible • Queen’s University, Canada – social Technology Toolkit”: Syracuse University media accessibility: Queen’s University, offers this toolkit which brings together Canada, has developed a document providing multiple resources to learn about and create tips on delivering accessible content on accessible ICT. More information on the social media platforms such as Facebook, Syracuse University ITS website145. Twitter, and YouTube. More information on the Queen’s University Accessibility Hub • Stanford University – “Stanford Online website148. Accessibility Program” (SOAP): Based on universal design and web standards • Texas Governor – accessibility learning compliance, SOAP provides resources for web modules: The Texas Governor’s Committee designers, developers, and content creators on People with Disabilities hosts learning to produce materials which are accessible modules on making Microsoft Office to the broadest audience possible. More documents accessible to persons with information on the SOAP website146. disabilities and understanding assistive technology. More information on the Office of • Association of Assistive Technology Act the Texas Governor’s website149. Programs (ATAP): ATAP has produced several free videos to foster ICT accessibility training. More information on the ATAP website147.
Section 6 Self-learning resources CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 51 Section 7 Need more help?
If you have a query or would like to get involved in further discussion in digital accessibility, please let us know and feel free to contact CBM’s IT Helpdesk: [email protected]
They will refer you to the right resource or technical support person.
Section 7 Need more help? CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit 52 Endnotes
End notes CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 53 Endnotes
1 ISO 6385: 2016, https://www.iso.org/obp/ 10 International Standard Organisation: https:// 18 The full web link for article 11 of the CRPD ui/#iso:std:iso:6385:ed-3:v1:en:term:2.4 www.iso.org/standards.html is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- 2 The full web link for the Agile Manifesto is: 11 National Disability Authority (2012). “Centre for with-disabilities/article-11-situations-of-risk- http://agilemanifesto.org Excellence in Universal Design: What is Universal and-humanitarian-emergencies.html Design”. Retrieved on 16 April 2017 from http:// 3 The full web link for article 2 of the CRPD universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design 19 The full web link for article 19 of the CRPD is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- 12 ISO 6385: 2016 disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- with-disabilities/article-2-definitions.html 13 W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) (2017). with-disabilities/article-19-living-independently- 4 Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: “Introduction to Web Accessibility, Web and-being-included-in-the-community.html Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Accessibility Initiative, W3C”. Retrieved on 19 20 The full web link for article 20 of the CRPD Cambridge University Press. April 2017 from: https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/ is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ accessibility.php 5 The full web link for article 1 of the CRPD disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ 14 WHO and the World Bank. (2011). World report with-disabilities/article-20-personal-mobility. disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- on disability. Available at this web link: http:// html with-disabilities/article-1-purpose.html who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en 21 The full web link for article 21 of the CRPD 6 Adapted from DfID (2000). Disability, poverty 15 The full web link for article 9 of the CRPD is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ and development, poverty and disability – a is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of- vicious cycle disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- persons-with-disabilities/article-21-freedom- with-disabilities/article-9-accessibility.html 7 CRPD General comment number 2: http://www. of-expression-and-opinion-and-access-to- ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/GC.aspx 16 The full web link for article 21 of the CRPD information.html is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ 8 United Nations (2006). Convention on 22 The full web link for article 23 of the CRPD disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of- the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ persons-with-disabilities/article-21-freedom- Retrieved on 19 April 2017 from: http:// disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- of-expression-and-opinion-and-access-to- www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/ with-disabilities/article-23-respect-for-home- information.html ConventionRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx#2 and-the-family.html 17 The full web link for article 2 of the CRPD 9 Learnersdictionary.com, 2017. Retrieved on 18 23 The full web link for article 24 of the CRPD is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ April 2017 from: http://www.learnersdictionary. is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- com/definition/software disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- with-disabilities/article-2-definitions.html with-disabilities/article-24-education.html
End notes CBM Digital Accessibility Toolkit Back to Contents 54 Endnotes
24 The full web link for article 25 of the CRPD 31 The full web link for the CBM “Disability Inclusive 39 The full web link for this Smart Cities for All is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ Development Toolkit” is: http://www.cbm.org/ publication communicating the importance of disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- article/downloads/54741/CBM-DID-TOOLKIT- ICT accessibility is: https://smartcities4all.org/ with-disabilities/article-25-health.html accessible.pdf SC4A_Communicating_the_Case_XT.php
25 The full web link for article 27 of the CRPD 32 The full web link for the CBM document, “The 40 Adapted from David Fazio’s “Harmony at Work” is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ Inclusion Imperative” is: http://www.ohchr. article. The full web link for this article is: http:// disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of- org/Documents/Issues/Housing/Disabilities/ g3ict.org/resource_center/newsletter/news/p/ persons-with-disabilities/article-27-work-and- CivilSociety/CBM-TheInclusionImperative.pdf id_390 employment.html 33 The full web link for the Smart Cities for All 41 The full web link for this article about M-Pesa 26 The full web link for article 29 of the CRPD toolkit is: http://smartcities4all.org/#toolkits IVR Solution is: https://www.safaricom.co.ke/ is: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ about/media-center/publications/press-release/ 34 For a full description of the conditions please disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- release/405 refer to: http://www.w3.org/standards/ with-disabilities/article-29-participation-in- webdesign/accessibility 42 The full web link for the wheelmap.org webpage political-and-public-life.html that provides information on how to use the 35 The full web link for the European Standard EN 27 The full web link for article 30 of the CRPD is: maps, including updating map information, is: 301 549 is: http://mandate376.standards.eu/ https://www.un.org/development/desa/ https://news.wheelmap.org/en/faq/ The full web standard disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons- link for the map is: https://wheelmap.org/en/ with-disabilities/article-30-participation-in- 36 The full web link for the Section 508 standards is: map#/?zoom=14 cultural-life-recreation-leisure-and-sport.html https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and- 43 The full web link for the Click and Go wayfinding standards/communications-and-it/about-the- 28 Adapted from the WBU web page explaining the app is: http://www.clickandgomaps.com/ section-508-standards/section-508-standards Marrakesh Treaty; the full web link is: http:// clickandgo-wayfinding-app/. The full range of www.worldblindunion.org/english/news/Pages/ 37 The full web link for the Smart Cities for All features offered by Click and Go can be accessed The-Treaty-of-Marrakesh.aspx toolkit is: http://smartcities4all.org/#toolkits at this web link: http://www.clickandgomaps.com
29 The full web link for the CRPD is: http:// 38 The full web link for the web content accessibility 44 The full web link for CBM’s “Humanitarian www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/ guidelines is: http://www.w3.org/standards/ Hands-on Tool” app is: http://www.cbm.org/ ConventionRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx# webdesign/accessibility CBM-launches-Humanitarian-Hands-on-Tool- HHoT--530657.php 30 The full web link for the CRPD general comment number 2 on accessibility is: http://www.ohchr. org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/GC.aspx
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45 This is adapted from a blog published on the CBM 54 The full web link for the snook.ca colour contrast 63 The full web link for altformat.org, accessible text website. The full web link is: http://www.cbm. checker is: https://snook.ca/technical/colour_ for learning, is: http://www.altformat.org/ org/CBM-launches-Humanitarian-Hands-on-Tool- contrast/colour.html#fg=33FF33,bg=333333 64 The full web link for Diagram Center’s “Image HHoT--530657.php 55 The full web link for Color Oracle is: http:// Description Guidelines” is: http://diagramcenter. 46 The full web link for this report by One Voice colororacle.org org/making-images-accessible.html#guide Coalition for Accessible ICT is: http://www. 56 The full web link for the Penn State University 65 The full web link for information on making onevoiceict.org/sites/default/files/Accessible%20 guidelines on how to make charts more images accessible on Twitter is: https://support. ICT%20-%20Benefits%20to%20Business%20 accessible is: http://accessibility.psu.edu/ twitter.com/articles/20174660?lang=en# and%20Society.pdf images/charts 66 The full web link for the NCDAE tutorial on 47 The full web link for information on Serifs font 57 The full web link for the Ontario University captioning YouTube videos is: http://ncdae.org/ legibility is: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ guidelines on describing graphics is: https:// resources/cheatsheets/youtube.php articles/PMC4612630 carmenwiki.osu.edu/display/10292/ 67 The full web link for information on automatically 48 The full web link for information on Serifs font Describing+Graphics generating captions on your Facebook videos legibility is: https://webaim.org/techniques/ 58 The full web link for the Penn State University is: http://wersm.com/how-to-automatically- fonts/#readability information on colour and contrast on web generate-captions-on-your-facebook-videos 49 The full web link for the Plain English Campaign page is: http://accessibility.psu.edu/color/ 68 The full web link for this video on automatically is: http://www.plainenglish.co.uk contrasthtml transcribing video/audio to text is: https://www. 50 The full web link for the Change organisation is: 59 The full web link for the W3C note on youtube.com/watch?v=erx9czQsY2Q http://www.changepeople.org understanding WCAG 2.0, contrast, is: http:// 69 The full web link for DCMP tips and advice on www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/ 51 The full web link for the Change guide, “How to editing captions is: http://www.captioningkey. visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html make information accessible” is: http://www. org/text.html changepeople.org/getmedia/923a6399-c13f- 60 The full web link for the WebAIM colour contrast 70 The full web link for the Microsoft accessibility 418c-bb29-051413f7e3a3/How-to-make-info- checker is: https://webaim.org/resources/ website is: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ accessible-guide-2016-Final contrastchecker accessibility 52 The full web link for the Web accessibility 61 The full web link for information on alt text from 71 The full web link for the Microsoft guide on how tutorials on structuring page content is: https:// Jim Thatcher is: http://www.jimthatcher.com/ to use its accessibility checker tool is: https:// www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/page-structure webcourse2.htm support.office.com/en-us/article/Use-the- 53 The full web link for the colour contrast analyser 62 The full web link for information on alt text from Accessibility-Checker-on-your-Windows-desktop- and to download it is: https://developer. WebAIM is: https://webaim.org/techniques/ to-find-accessibility-issues-a16f6de0-2f39-4a2b- paciellogroup.com/resources/contrastanalyser alttext/#overview 8bd8-5ad801426c7f
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72 The full web link for information on the 78 The full web link for the NCDAE Excel cheat sheet 85 The full web link for the PAC accessibility checker limitations of accessibility checkers is: https:// is: http://ncdae.org/resources/cheatsheets/ is: http://www.access-for-all.ch/en/pdf-lab/pdf- accessible-digital-documents.com/blog/pdf- excel.php accessibility-checker-pac.html accessibility-checker/#errors 79 The full web link for the Microsoft accessibility 86 The full web link for the PDF/UA PDF accessibility 73 The full web link for the Microsoft step- support guide for PowerPoint 2016 and standard is: https://www.pdfa.org/pdfua-the- by-step tutorial for Word 2013 onwards online accessibility is: https://support.office. iso-standard-for-universal-accessibility is: https://support.office.com/en-us/ com/en-us/article/Accessibility-support- 87 The full web link for the Adobe website and article/Make-your-Word-documents- for-PowerPoint-9d2b646d-0b79-4135- information about accessibility is: http:// accessible-d9bf3683-87ac-47ea-b91a- a570-b8c7ad33ac2f?ui=en-US&rs=en- www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/ 78dcacb3c66d?CorrelationId=dfdf4ff9-7c5e- US&ad=US#PickTab=Windows accessibility/products/acrobat/pdfs/acrobat-xi- 4975-8e06-26356774364c&ui=en-US&rs=en- 80 The full web link for WebAIM’s information on pro-accessibility-best-practice-guide.pdf (PDF US&ad=US PowerPoint accessibility is: https://webaim.org/ 9.76MB) 74 The full web link for the NCDAE one-page techniques/powerpoint/ 88 The full web link for WebAIM’s information Microsoft Word cheat sheets is: http://ncdae. 81 The full web link for the NCDAE cheat sheets on PDF accessibility is: https://webaim.org/ org/resources/cheatsheets/#msword on PowerPoint is: http://ncdae.org/resources/ techniques/acrobat 75 The full web link on how to make a PDF cheatsheets/#msppt 89 The full web link for the PDF Accessible website document accessible from Microsoft Word is: 82 The full web link for the Microsoft accessibility is: http://www.pdf-accessibility.com http://www.pdfaccessible.com/en/tutorials/ support guide for PowerPoint 2016 and training-accessible-word 90 The full web link for ADD’s information on PDF online accessibility is: https://support.office. accessibility checkers is: https://accessible- 76 The full web link for the Adobe website and com/en-us/article/Accessibility-support- digital-documents.com/blog/pdf-accessibility- information about accessibility is: http:// for-PowerPoint-9d2b646d-0b79-4135- checker www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/ a570-b8c7ad33ac2f?ui=en-US&rs=en- accessibility/products/acrobat/pdfs/acrobat-x- US&ad=US#PickTab=Windows 91 The full web link for the Change guide to pdf-accessibility-best-practices.pdf (PDF 6.42MB) making information accessible is: http://www. 83 The full web link for WebAIM’s information on changepeople.org/getmedia/923a6399-c13f- 77 The full web link for the Microsoft “Make your PowerPoint accessibility is: https://webaim.org/ 418c-bb29-051413f7e3a3/How-to-make-info- Excel spreadsheets accessible” article is: https:// techniques/powerpoint/ accessible-guide-2016-Final support.office.com/en-us/article/Make-your- 84 The full web link for the NCDAE cheat sheets Excel-spreadsheets-accessible-6cc05fc5-1314- 92 The full web link for the DAISY Consortium guide on PowerPoint is: http://ncdae.org/resources/ 48b5-8eb3-683e49b3e593 to create accessible EPUB 3 files is:http://www. cheatsheets/#msppt daisy.org/daisypedia/using-adobe-indesign- create-accessible-epub-3-files
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93 The full web link for the EPUB 3 accessibility 101 The full web link for the AChecker website is: 110 The full web link for the Web Accessibility guidelines is: https://idpf.github.io/a11y- https://achecker.ca/checker/index.php Initiative is: http://www.w3.org/WAI/ guidelines 102 The full web link for the WebAIM WAVE web page 111 The full web link for the Lynch and Horton web 94 The full web link for Matt Garrish’s e-book, is: http://wave.webaim.org style guide is: http://www.webstyleguide.com “Accessible EPUB 3”, is: http://shop.oreilly.com/ 103 The full web link for the SortSite web page is: 112 The full web link for the Nielson Norman Group product/0636920025283.do https://www.powermapper.com/products/ is: https://www.nngroup.com/people/jakob- 95 The full web link for the Diagram Center top tips sortsite/checks/accessibility-checks nielsen for creating accessible EPUB 3 files is:http:// 104 The full web link for the W3C list of web 113 The full web link for information on accessible diagramcenter.org/54-9-tips-for-creating- accessibility evaluation tools is: https://www. webinars is: https://accessibility.jiscinvolve.org/ accessible-epub-3-files.html w3.org/WAI/ER/tools wp/2016/09/12/webinars 96 The full web link for this information on making 105 The full web link for the Web Accessibility 114 The full web link for the GTM User Manual is: email accessible is: https://smartech.gatech. Initiative accessibility evaluation resources is: https://support.logmeininc.com/gotomeeting/ edu/handle/1853/7333 https://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/Overview attendee-user-guide 97 The full web link for advice on making your 106 The full web link for the Web Accessibility 115 The full web link for the GTM FAQs is: https:// Outlook email accessible is: https://support. Initiative first review of web accessibility, easy www.gotomeeting.com/en-au/meeting/online- office.com/en-us/article/Make-your-Outlook- checks, is: https://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/ meeting-support email-accessible-71ce71f4-7b15-4b7a-a2e3- preliminary cf91721bbacb#PickTab=Windows 116 The full web link for GTM customer support is: 107 The full web link for the Web Accessibility https://support.logmeininc.com/gotomeeting 98 The full web link for tips from Web Accessibility Initiative information on using combined Initiative on getting started with web accessibility 117 The full web link for the AI website is: http:// expertise to evaluate web accessibility is: is: https://www.w3.org/WAI/gettingstarted/tip www.ai-media.tv https://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/reviewteams.html 99 The full web link for the Google “Introduction 118 The full web link for the NDA “Customer 108 The full web link for the WCAG 2.0 is: http:// to Web Accessibility” online course is: https:// Communications Toolkit for the Public Service www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20 webaccessibility.withgoogle.com/course – A Universal Design Approach” is: http:// 109 The full web link for the US section 508 standards publicservice.universaldesign.ie/index.html 100 The full web link for the WordPress Accessibility is: https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines- team “Quick Start Guide” is: https://make. 119 The full web link for the Survey Gizmo guide to and-standards/communications-and-it/about- wordpress.org/accessibility/handbook/quick- creating more accessible online is: https://www. the-section-508-standards start-guide surveygizmo.com/survey-software-features/ accessibility
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120 The full web link for the W3C alternatives to 130 The full web link for Google “Android Accessibility 142 The full web link for the SUNY “Accessibility: CAPTCHAs is: http://www.w3.org/TR/turingtest overview” is: https://support.google.com/ Designing and Teaching Courses for All Learners” accessibility/android/answer/6006564 online course is: https://www.canvas.net/ 121 The full web link for the NDA tips on the browse/empirestate/empirestate-buffalostate/ five stages of IT procurement is:http:// 131 The full web link for Apple “Accessibility” is: courses/accessibility-designing-teaching universaldesign.ie/Technology-ICT/IT- http://www.apple.com/accessibility Procurement-Toolkit/Stages-of-Procurement/1- 143 The full link for the edX Georgia Tech 132 The full web link for accessibility features Writing-an-RFT “Information and Communication Technology available in iOS is: https://support.apple.com/ (ICT) Accessibility” online course is: 122 The full web link for the CEN website is: http:// accessibility https://www.edx.org/course/information- mandate376.standards.eu 133 The full web link for the ITU website is: communication-technology-ict-gtx-ict100x 123 The full web link for the ITIC website is: http:// http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx 144 The full web link for the 3PlayMedia website is: www.itic.org/policy/accessibility 134 This description was retrieved on 19 April 2017 http://www.3playmedia.com/resources/webinars 124 Kline, J. (2011). “Strategic IT Accessibility: from: http://g3ict.org/about 145 The full web link for the Syracuse University Enabling the Organization”, Live Oak Book 135 The full web link for the G3ict website is: ITS services and applications toolkit is: https:// Company. http://g3ict.org/about answers.syr.edu/display/itsservapp011/ 125 The full web link for the NCDAE procurement 136 The full web link for the IAAP website is: Accessible+Technology+Toolkit article is: http://ncdae.org/resources/articles/ http://www.accessibilityassociation.org 146 The full web link for the Stanford University SOAP procurement.php 137 The full web link for the e-accessibility toolkit programme is: https://soap.stanford.edu/ 126 The full web link for the Washington University website, a joint initiative of ITU and G3ict is: 147 The full web link for the ATAP ICT accessibility accessible IT procurement statement is: http:// http://www.e-accessibilitytoolkit.org training videos is: http://www.ataporg.org/ www.washington.edu/accessibility/procurement/ 138 Mobiles Manufacturer’s Forum. (2016). “Global ICTWebinars/Default 127 The full web link for the AMAC website is: http:// Accessibility Reporting Initiative”. Text was taken 148 The full web link for the Queen’s University, www.amacusg.gatech.edu/amacat.php from: http://gari.info/index.cfm Canada, social media accessibility web page is: 128 The full web link for Microsoft “Accessibility” is: 139 The full web link for the GARI website is: http://www.queensu.ca/accessibility/how-info/ https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/accessibility http://www.gari.info social-media-accessibility 129 The full web link for Google “Accessibility, 140 The full web link for the Smart Cities for All 149 The full web link for the Office of the Texas Products and Features” is: https://www.google. website is: http://smartcities4all.org Governor’s information on accessible and com/accessibility/products-features.html assistive technology training is: http://gov.texas. 141 The full web link for the Smart Cities for All gov/disabilities/resources/assistivetech toolkit is: http://smartcities4all.org/#toolkits
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