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Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice & Psychology

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Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice & Psychology 2015, Vol. 9, No. 1 JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND BEST PRACTICES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE & PSYCHOLOGY Prairie View A&M University College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center © 2015 College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology, Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center, Prairie View A&M University. All rights reserved. The College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology at Prairie View A&M University invites papers for publication in the Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice & Psychology. The journal seeks relevant application research for the academic and practitioner communities of juvenile justice, psychology, and criminal justice. The editorial staff is soliciting both qualitative and quantitative articles on juvenile justice policy, delinquency prevention, treatment, and evaluation. The journal is published in hard copy and electronically. All articles submitted for review should be sent electronically to the senior editor [email protected]. The articles should follow the APA style and be typed in 12 point font. All inquiries and submissions should be directed to the senior editor. All submissions must be done electronically and manuscripts will be promptly refereed. Reviewing will be double-blind. In submitting manuscripts, authors acknowledge that no paper will be submitted to another journal during the review period. For publication in Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice & Psychology: Manuscripts must follow the APA style (as outlined in the latest edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.) The title of all papers should be centered and typed in caps on the first page with 12 point font. The title page must include the name, affiliation, title/academic rank, phone number, and the email address of the author(s). Submission of an electronic copy in MS Word as an attachment to co-editor: [email protected] maximum of 25 pages with references and tables. The submission must be entirely original. All papers must be typed, double-spaced, on regular 8.5" x 11" paper, and fully justified with margins set to 1-inch top, bottom, left, and right with 12 point font. Acknowledgment should be placed before references. Manuscripts that meet the above requirements will be published in the forthcoming volume of The Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice & Psychology. Editor-in-Chief Tamara L. Brown, Ph.D. Dean, College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology Executive Director, Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446 Phone: (936) 261-5205 Senior Editor Gbolahan S. Osho, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Justice Studies Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446 Phone: (936) 261-5236 i Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice and Psychology Editor-in-Chief Tamara L. Brown, Ph.D. Dean, College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology Executive Director, Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas Senior Editors Gbolahan S. Osho, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Justice Studies Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas Editorial Advisory Board Erin Espinosa, University of Texas, Austin, Texas Delores James-Brown, John Jay College, New York, New York Ihekwoaba Onwudiwe, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas Susan Ritter, University of Texas, Brownsville, Texas Barbara Scobey, Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services, Austin, Texas Alejandro del Carmen, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas Kathryn Sellers, Kaplan University, Boca Raton, Florida Donna M. Vandiver, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas Scott H. Belshaw, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas LaDonna Brown, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas Published by The College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology, Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center. Prairie View A&M University. ii Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice and Psychology 2015, Vol. 9, No. 1, iii-iv © 2015 College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology at Prairie View A&M University Juveniles Who Commit Sexual Offenses by Arthur ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Bullying of Disabled and Non-Disabled High School Students: A Comparison Using the Maine Integrated Youth Health Survey by Guckenburg, Hayes, Petrosino, Hanson and Stern ................................................................................................. 13 Six Northeast Los Angeles Residents Indicate Reasons Local Youth Join Gangs and Offer Suggestions for Lowering Violence by Parra, Malgesini, Escobedo, Ballesteros ................................................................................................................. 19 Community-wide Awareness of Juvenile Justice Best-Practices and CTC in Texas by Arungwa ................................................................................................................................................................. 23 A Phenomenological Analysis of African American Students, Delinquent Behaviors and Future Academic Achievement by Monell and Spencer ............................................................................................................................................... 34 The Argument for Moving Away From Residential Placement for Most Juvenile Offenders by Dawkins .................................................................................................................................................................. 39 iii Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice and Psychology iv Journal of Knowledge and Best Practices in Juvenile Justice and Psychology 2015, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1-12 © 2015 College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology, Texas Juvenile Crime Prevention Center at Prairie View A&M University Juveniles Who Commit Sexual Offenses Jennifer R. Arthur University of Cincinnati The study of juveniles as sexual offenders is relatively new. The purpose of this project is to evaluate existing data as it relates to juveniles who commit sexual crimes; specifically, why they offend, who they target, and which methods work best to reduce the rate of recidivism. Critical analysis of data demonstrates that juvenile sexual offenders abuse for a myriad of reasons, ranging from social to biological factors. Empirical research demonstrates that juveniles who are subjected to a multidisciplinary approach of treatment in youth-oriented programs are less likely to become repeat offenders than those who are placed in adult prisons. Keywords: juveniles, sexual offenders, youth crime perpetrated by juveniles (Gerardin & Thibaut, 2004). Similar Much research has been devoted to adult sexual increases are reflected at the national level. A recent analysis by offenders within the U.S. and throughout other nations (Knight the Associated Press found that on a national level, "the number & Sims-Knight, 2004). It has not been until the past decade or of children under 18 accused of forcible rape, violent and two, however, that the need to focus upon juvenile sexual nonviolent sex offenses rose from 24,100 in 1985 to 33,800 in offenders has come to the forefront of the criminal justice 2004" (2007). Attempted rape and sexual assault constituted system (Gerardin & Thibaut, 2004). The lack of focus on "violent offenses" in the Associated Press's analysis, and they juvenile sex offenders has been due largely to the fact that used fondling, statutory rape, and prostitution to define many people have viewed juvenile sexual behaviors as nonviolent offenses (2007). exploratory rather than predatory in nature (Gerardin & Despite the rise in reported offenses, it is imperative to Thibaut, 2004). Juvenile sexual offenders' actions have also understand that the number of reported cases represent only a been attributed to drug use or behavioral disorders and have fraction of actual offenses (Gerardin & Thibaut, 2004). Overall, historically been excused as being a symptom of a larger issue sexual crimes are underreported; sexual crimes committed by (Gerardin & Thibaut, 2004). Even in instances where the youth are even less likely to be brought to the attention of the behavior of a juvenile was obviously sexual and criminal, many criminal justice system. For example, sexual crimes committed in society have been reluctant to label an adolescent a sexual by juveniles are typically perpetrated against other juveniles, offender (Ryan, Lane, Davis, & Isaac, 1987). Family, who are less likely to report the incident (Gerardin & Thibaut, clinicians, and communities have long chosen to disregard early 2004). Assault by a juvenile offender is also more likely to be warning signs, have downplayed abusive behaviors, and have treated as a youthful indiscretion as opposed to a crime, which denied the deviant nature of sexually aggressive teenagers may make adults involved less likely to report the assault to the (Ryan et al., 1987). Only recently has the term "juvenile sexual police. However, recent estimates suggest that juvenile sexual offender" been defined as "a youth who commits any sexual act offenders may account for as many as one-fifth of rapes in the with a person of any age, against the victim's will, or in an U.S., as well as one-half of the cases involving child molestation aggressive, exploitive, or threatening manner" (Gerardin & (Gerardin & Thibaut,
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