Micronutrients Status of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Orchards in Multan Region, Punjab, Pakistan, and Relationship with Soil Properties
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Open Agriculture 2020; 5: 271–279 Research Article Niaz Ahmed*, Ayta Umer, Muhammad Arif Ali, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Mubashir, Abdul Ghaffar Grewal, Beenish Butt, Muhammad Khalid Rasheed, Usman Khalid Chaudhry Micronutrients status of mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in Multan region, Punjab, Pakistan, and relationship with soil properties https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0033 Thus, there is a serious need to improve the chemical received August 3, 2019; accepted May 19, 2020 properties of the soil, and the proper dose of micronu- ffi Abstract: Mango orchards in Pakistan are deficient in soil trients should be applied every season for su cient micronutrients. Multan is one of the prime regions for supply throughout the growing cycle of mango in and mango production in Pakistan; therefore, this study was around the Multan region. conducted to evaluate the micronutrient status of mango Keywords: chemical properties, mango, micronutrients, orchards in the Multan region. Soil samples from four Multan region, orchards different depths (0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) and leaf samples were collected from thirteen different locations of Multan. Depth-wise variations in the micro- nutrient status and the levels of pH, EC, CEC, SOM, and 1 Introduction CaCO3 were determined. All data collected from the field and laboratory work of mango orchards under study were Pakistan is one of the best mango growing countries, - analyzed statistically by applying the RCBD design. It was which exports high quality mango fruits globally. Pakistan ( observed that pH and EC of soil under study were is ranked at fourth position in the mango production The e ) significantly higher in upper depths when compared with Daily Records 2017 . The contribution of Punjab to total lower depths whereas CaCO content was contrary to pH mango production is about 67% and Sindh about 32% 3 ( ) and EC as it was observed to be higher from the lower Khan et al. 2008 . In Punjab, mango orchards mostly depth of the soil. Moreover, mango leaves from the cover the soils of Multan and Bahawalpur districts, which ( ) majority of locations were deficient in total micronutrients contribute 52.4% of the mango production Khan 2005 . ( ) fi due to poorly available micronutrients status of the soil. Multan district Pakistan is facing a severe de ciency of some mineral nutrients, which results in the low yield of mango fruit (Ahmad and Rashid 2003).Mainly,mostofthe farmers are practising intercropping in mango orchards * Corresponding author: Niaz Ahmed, Department of Soil Science, with fodder crops, further exacerbating the nutrient supply Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, ( ) Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, to mango trees Masroor et al. 2016 . For improved quality e-mail: [email protected] and better mango growth, application of macronutrients is Ayta Umer, Muhammad Arif Ali: Department of Soil Science, Faculty not sufficient (Guzman-Estradaetal.1996).Inplants, of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya micronutrients are required for different physiological and University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan metabolic processes, and their deficiency affects a number Javed Iqbal: Horticultural Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, of processes including hindered plant growth, produc- Punjab, Pakistan ( Muhammad Mubashir: Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Mango Research tivity, and quality Berdanier and Berdanier 2015; Gurjar Institute, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. et al. 2015; Souri and Aslani 2018a; Souri and Bakhtiarizade Abdul Ghaffar Grewal: Mango Research Station, Shujaabad, Punjab, 2019). In enzymatic activities, micronutrients act as a Pakistan. cofactor and take part in a number of oxidation–reduction Beenish Butt, Muhammad Khalid Rasheed: Soil and Water Testing reactions (Memon et al. 2012).Thekeyroleofmicro- Laboratory for Research, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan ( Usman Khalid Chaudhry: Department of Agricultural Genetic nutrients is in respiration and photosynthesis Ahmed et al. Engineering, Ayhan Şahenk Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and 2009). Zinc plays a role in enzymatic activities and confers Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey high sugar contents to fruits (Singh and Rajput 1977; Open Access. © 2020 Niaz Ahmed et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License. 272 Niaz Ahmed et al. Phillips 2004).Manganese(Mn) application is crucial for as 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120cmfromtheselected plant yield and relative growth, photosynthesis, and the positions of orchards. After removing impurities, the net assimilation rate of plants (Dutta and Dhua 2002). samples were ground by mortar and passed through Boron deficiency is a serious common problem (Ahmed 2 mm sieve. Finally, the samples were used for the et al. 2011); however, foliar application of boron fertilizers chemical analysis of soils. Soil pH was determined using increased the quality and production of mango (Ahmad pH meter, and electrical conductivity was determined by et al. 2018).Irondeficiency affected the yield, chlorophyll using electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) from contents, fruit quality, and mineral nutrients in a number saturated soil paste extract. The cation exchange capacity of fruit trees (Tagliavini et al. 2000; Souri et al. 2018). (CEC) measurements were done by taking 5 g of the soil Chelates are the best sources for the correction of iron sample in a centrifuge tube. The soil sample was saturated chlorosis (Pestanaetal.2003;SouriandHatamian2019). with sodium acetate (1N). Later, it was washed with Copper is also an important nutrient for the proper ethanol thrice and subsequently extracted with ammo- metabolism and healthy growth of plants (Ilyas et al. nium acetate (1N). After that, reading of replaced sodium 2015).Furthermore,deficiency of micronutrients frequently in the extracted solution was determined on the Flame results in delay in mango maturation (Iqbal et al. 2012). photometer by using the calibration curve. Then, the value About 60% of soils of Pakistan are deficient in zinc (Imtiaz of CEC was calculated by following Richards (1954) and et al. 2010). Soils of Punjab are deficient in micronutrients Rhoades (1982). Organic matter of the soil was determined withthesevalues:57%Zn,50%B,and21%Fe(PHDEB by the titration method (Ryan et al. 2001).Potassiumwas 2005). Soil chemical properties such as pH and calcium extracted with ammonium acetate and then determined by carbonates are antagonistically correlated, and organic a flame photometer (Shi 1976). Calcium carbonates were matter and clay contents are synergistically correlated to determined by following the lime method proposed by micronutrient availability (Niaz et al. 2007).Thesepro- Allison and Moodie (1965). Soil available micronutrients B, blems are being solved by adding artificial fertilizers and Fe, Zn, and Cu were determined by the method of biofertilizers and also by employing contemporary field Ponnamperuma et al. (1981) and Lindsay and Norvell practices. Therefore, the current study was carried out with (1978). The soil samples (10 g) were taken and thoroughly the aim to explore the current status of micronutrients mixed with 20 mL of 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M and their correlation with soil properties in the Multan triethanolamine (TEA; pH 7.0). After mixing, it was shaken region. This study will be helpful for formulating micro- for 2 h at 180 rpm. Finally, the slurry was filtered, and the nutrients application for better quality and production of concentration of micronutrients was examined by the Mango. atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 2.2.1 Leaf sampling and analysis 2 Materials and methods Leaf samples were collected from the selected mango 2.1 Survey trees. During processing, leaves were washed out with distilled water, blotted with tissue paper, and then placed under shade in the room. Impurities such as dried A detailed survey was conducted to collect the soil and leaves, roots, and other plant leaves were removed. After plant samples from mango orchards in the Multan air drying, samples were ground and sieved through a district (Table 1) for the determination of micronutrient 2-mm sieve. Then, these samples were sealed in poly- status and concomitant effect of soil properties on the thene bags and used for further determinations. Boron availability of these micronutrients. determination from plant samples was done by Gaines and Mitchell (1979). Plant leaf samples were collected and oven-dried at 60°C for 48 h. The samples were ground for micronutrient analysis. Briefly, 0.2 g of leaf sample was 2.2 Soil sampling and analysis digested with HNO3 and HClO4 mixture of acids. When the mixture became clear, supernatant was collected and The soil samples were collected from the selected areas for transferred to 50 mL volumetric flasks. The concentrations laboratory analysis. The samples were collected from the of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were measured by the atomic upper surface to the lower surface at different depths such absorption spectrophotometer. Micronutrients status of mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in Multan Region, Punjab, Pakistan 273 Table 1: GPS location regarding sampling date and data of mango orchards selected for study from Multan region Locations GPS location Address of mango orchard Sampling date Location 1 30.34115° N, 071.48867° E & 438 ± 115 ft Lutfabad Mango Farm 26-12-2017 Location 2 30.21270° N, 071.66542° E & 352 ± 85 Tate Pur 26-12-2017 Location 3 30.09707° N, 071.34132°