Geotechnical Statistical Evaluation of Lahore Site Data and Deep Excavation Design
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Portland State University PDXScholar Civil and Environmental Engineering Master's Project Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015 Geotechnical Statistical Evaluation of Lahore Site Data and Deep Excavation Design Aiza Malik Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cengin_gradprojects Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Malik, Aiza, "Geotechnical Statistical Evaluation of Lahore Site Data and Deep Excavation Design" (2015). Civil and Environmental Engineering Master's Project Reports. 13. https://doi.org/10.15760/CEEMP.17 This Project is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil and Environmental Engineering Master's Project Reports by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. CE 501 GEOTECHNICAL STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF LAHORE SITE DATA AND DEEP EXCAVATION DESIGN Submitted By: Aiza Malik A research project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Project Advisor: Dr. Trevor Smith DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY USA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Trevor Smith for his continuing support and help throughout the project. I would also like to thank the following companies and institutes for providing site data for Lahore, Pakistan. 1. Geo Associates and Consultants, Lahore 2. Building Standards, Lahore 3. National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK), Lahore 4. University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (UET), Lahore ABSTRACT Geotechnical characterization for foundation design is critical during preliminary planning, designing and feasibility studies of various engineering projects. In this research, an effort has been made to develop a geotechnical database for the city of Lahore, Pakistan. This database would aid geologists and engineers involved in the geotechnical design and planning of engineering projects in Lahore. The project area has been divided into zones geographically. Soil profiles have been developed for all zones, which provide ranges of soil properties and SPT-N values at regular intervals. Furthermore, the research also focuses on deep excavations in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan and the design of support systems. These systems have been designed using two different methods and a comparison has been drawn. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1: General ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2: Purpose and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3: Work Plan and Methodology ............................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER#2 PROJECT AREA.......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1: Location................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2: History of Lahore ................................................................................................................. 5 2.3: Topography .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.4: Climate ................................................................................................................................. 6 2.5: Geology ................................................................................................................................ 6 2.6: Seismicity ............................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER#3 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 10 3.1: Geotechnical Investigations ............................................................................................... 10 3.2: Field Exploration Methods ................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1: Test Pits and Exploratory Boreholes ........................................................................... 11 3.2.2: Field Sampling............................................................................................................. 12 3.3: In-situ Testing Methods ..................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1: Standard Penetration Test ............................................................................................ 14 3.4: SPT Correlations ................................................................................................................ 19 3.4.1: Determination of Unit Weight and Shear Strength Parameters................................... 19 3.4.2 Determination of Modulus of Elasticity ....................................................................... 20 3.5: Laboratory Testing ............................................................................................................. 21 3.6: Statistical Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 23 i 3.6.1: Determination of COV ................................................................................................ 23 3.7: Deep Excavations ............................................................................................................... 24 3.8: Deep Excavation Retaining Systems and Their Types ...................................................... 24 3.8.1: Soldier Piles and Lagging ............................................................................................ 25 3.9: Deep Excavation Support Systems .................................................................................... 27 3.9.1: Tie Back Anchors ........................................................................................................ 27 3.10: Estimation of Pile Capacity using ASD Method.............................................................. 30 3.10.1: Estimation of Pile Capacity in Sand using ASD Method .......................................... 31 3.10.2: Estimation of Pile Capacity in Clay using ASD Method .......................................... 31 3.10.3: Factor of Safety ......................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER#4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ZONES ....................................................... 33 4.1: General ............................................................................................................................... 33 4.2: Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................................. 34 4.3: Division of Lahore into Zones ........................................................................................... 35 4.4: Data Compilation ............................................................................................................... 36 4.4.1: Soil Log Profile ........................................................................................................... 36 4.4.2: Generalized Soil Properties Profile ............................................................................. 37 4.4.3: Soil Properties in Generalized Soil Properties Profile ................................................ 38 4.5: Statistical Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER#5 DESIGN OF DEEP EXCAVATIONS SUPPORT SYSTEMS ............................................... 40 5.1: General ............................................................................................................................... 40 5.2: Federal Highway Administrations (FHWA), US Department of Transportation Approach ................................................................................................................................................... 41 5.2.1: Main Features .............................................................................................................. 41 5.3: Step-Wise Design Procedure for FHWA Method .............................................................. 42 5.3.1: Evaluation of Earth Pressures for Wall Design ........................................................... 42 5.3.2: Water Pressures ........................................................................................................... 45 ii 5.3.3: Earth Pressures due to Surface Loads ......................................................................... 46 5.3.4: Seismic Load Calculations .......................................................................................... 46 5.3.5: Ground Anchor Design ...................................................................................................... 48 5.3.5.2: Calculation of Ground Anchor Loads from Apparent Earth Pressure Diagrams [18] ..... 49 5.3.5.3: