Verma et al. Cancer Drug Resist 2020;3:742-61 Cancer DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.45 Drug Resistance Review Open Access Resistance to second generation antiandrogens in prostate cancer: pathways and mechanisms Shiv Verma1,2, Kumari Sunita Prajapati3, Prem Prakash Kushwaha3, Mohd Shuaib3, Atul Kumar Singh3, Shashank Kumar3, Sanjay Gupta1,2,4,5,6 1Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 2The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 3School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India. 4Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 5Divison of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 6Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Correspondence to: Prof. Sanjay Gupta, The James and Eilleen Dicke Laboratory, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Wood Research Tower-RTG01, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. E-mail:
[email protected] How to cite this article: Verma S, Prajapati KS, Kushwaha PP, Shuaib M, Singh AK, Kumar S, Gupta S. Resistance to second generation antiandrogens in prostate cancer: pathways and mechanisms. Cancer Drug Resist 2020;3:742-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cdr.2020.45 Received: 24 Jun 2020 First Decision: 31 Jul 2020 Revised: 3 Aug 2020 Accepted: 6 Aug 2020 Available online: 17 Sep 2020 Academic Editor: Vincent C. O. Njar Copy Editor: Cai-Hong Wang Production Editor: Jing Yu Abstract Androgen deprivation therapy targeting the androgens/androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to be the mainstay treatment of advanced-stage prostate cancer.