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Coleóptera: Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae) Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24: 23-40, 1998 Curculiónidos exóticos susceptibles de ser introducidos en España y otros países de la Unión Europea a través de vegetales importados (Coleóptera: Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae) J. ESTEBAN-DURÁN, J. L. YELA, F. BEITIA-CRESPO y A. JIMÉNEZ-ÁLVAREZ En función de observaciones de laboratorio y de campo, de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica y de la comparación subsiguiente de sus características biológicas y bio- geográficas, se mencionan diferentes especies de escarabajos curculiónidos, integrables en la subfamilia Rhynchophorinae (Coleóptera), que potencialmente podrían constituir- se en fenómeno plaga en España y algunos otros países de la Comunidad Europea, sobre todo en los más meridionales. Se exponen una serie de datos básicos sobre el grupo, incluyéndose algunos comentarios sobre la preparación de adultos para su ade- cuada conservación en colección. De cada especie se proporciona una breve descrip- ción de adulto, huevo, larva y pupa, una relación de las plantas hospedantes conocidas, su área de distribución original y aquellas áreas donde se ha introducido. Del examen comparado de estos datos se concluye que las dos especies potencialmente más peli- grosas son Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) y R. palmarum (L.). Por contra, Dyna- mis borassi (F.), R. quadrangulus (Qued.) y Metamasius cinnamominus (L.) parecen, en principio, poco importantes como potenciales productores de plaga. El resto de las especies estudiadas tiene un riesgo intermedio, si bien es importante señalar que R. phoenicis (F.), R. vulneratus (Panz.) y R. bilineatus (Mont.) causan daños muy se- rios en sus palmeras hospedantes en Africa subsahariana, Asia y Papua-Nueva Guinea, respectivamente. Se añade una descripción más detallada del ciclo biológico de Rhyn- chophorus palmarum, estudiado en la Guayana Francesa, como representativo del ciclo de los rincoforinos. J. ESTEBAN-DURÁN, J. L. YELA, F. BEITIA-CRESPO y A. JIMÉNEZ-ÁLVAREZ: Laboratorio de Entomología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, SGIT-INIA, Ctra. de La Coru- ña, km 7, 28040 Madrid. Palabras clave: Rhynchophorinae, Rhynchophorus, Dynamis, Metamasius, Cosmo- polites, ciclo biológico, plagas potenciales, Comunidad Europea. INTRODUCCIÓN tintas áreas del globo con climas ecuatoria- les, tropicales y/o subtropicales templados. La aparición en España peninsular del El foco español de R. ferrugineus, locali- curculiónido ferruginoso de las palmeras zado en la costa granadina y malagueña Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (BA- (desde Motril hasta Nerja; ESTEBAN-DURÁN RRANCO et al., 1996a, b), probablemente in- et al., en prensa), ha podido ser inicialmente troducido en el interior de palmeras impor- aislado gracias a las técnicas de captura me- tadas con fines ornamentales, ha obligado a diante mediadores químicos (ESTEBAN- la intensificación de las investigaciones que DURÁN et al., 1998a y en preparación) así desde 1994 se vienen realizando sobre di- como a las urgentes medidas emprendidas versos Rhynchophorinae originarios de dis- por los servicios competentes de la Junta de Andalucía. Ello no obstante las dificultades bles) (ROCHAT et al, 1991b, 1995), y tam- inherentes a la erradicación de una plaga de bién mediante sinérgicos semisintéticos de- nueva introducción, cuya fecha concreta de sarrollados por nosotros (ESTEBAN-DURÁN llegada se desconoce en detalle y cuya bio- etal, 1998a). logía en su nuevo habitat presenta algunas En esta publicación presentamos datos y diferencias notables respecto de la descrita observaciones obtenidos en los menciona- en la bibliografía para su área de origen (Es- dos estudios de laboratorio y campo que TEBAN-DURÁN et al, 1998b y en prepara- hacen referencia a un grupo de especies de ción). Las investigaciones efectuadas han Rincoforinos que, en principio, podrían conducido a plantear una estrategia de de- tener cierta potencialidad de introducirse en fensa básica múltiple que comprende la países de la Comunidad Europea y de pro- lucha química, la erradicación de plantas ducir plagas. Nuestros datos se complemen- manifiestamente atacadas como reservónos tan con otros de tipo morfológico y biológi- poblacionales y el control de vuelos me- co que hemos tomado de un extenso trabajo diante las trampas con mediadores químicos de revisión sobre el grupo (WATTANAPONG- como atrayentes. SIRI, 1966), así como de otras fuentes bi- Este insecto, nocivo para palmeras de di- bliográficas. Los objetivos fundamentales ferentes especies y para otros vegetales, ha de este trabajo son: (1) alertar sobre la even- originado una serie de medidas cuarentena- tual introducción en Europa de otros Curcu- rias obligatorias para los países de la Comu- lionidae de similares características morfo- nidad Europea. Gracias a los estudios bioló- lógicas y ecológicas a Rhynchophorus ferru- gicos efectuados por el Laboratorio de Ento- gineus, procedentes de diversas partes del mología de la SGIT-INIA de Madrid (véase mundo, y (2) tratar de identificar aquellas ESTEBAN-DURAN et al, 1998b) y por el De- especies potencialmente más peligrosas partamento de Entomología de la E.T.S.I. como fenómeno plaga. Los criterios segui- Agrónomos de Almería, se ha podido esta- dos para la consideración de las especies blecer que la posibilidad de introducción de mencionadas como potencialmente peligro- ésta y otras especies en partidas de importa- sas son tres: (1) que su área de distribución ción de ciertos vegetales, principalmente incluya zonas de condiciones climáticas y palmeras, es relativamente alta si no existen ecológicas semejantes a aquellas zonas eu- todas las garantías fitosantarias precisas. So- ropeas susceptibles de ser colonizadas, lamente las condiciones climáticas del área (2) que su biología, con características de receptora pueden operar negativamente en tipo oportunista, las permita, al menos po- su aclimatación y posterior colonización del tencialmente, utilizar como hospedantes nuevo biotopo (ESTEBAN-DURAN et al, en plantas de importancia agronómica, forestal preparación). u ornamental (en general, palmeras), y Por otra parte, desde septiembre a diciem- (3) que hayan sido citadas al menos alguna bre de 1995, una misión científica española vez como causantes de daños en los mencio- bajo nuestra responsabilidad, con apoyo e in- nados tipos de plantas. fraestructura francesa (véase ESTEBAN- DURÁN et al, 1998a), se dedicó en la selva húmeda amazónica de la Guayana francesa a ESPECIES DE RHYNCHPHORINAE desarrollar los métodos de captura de Rhyn- SUSCEPTIBLES DE INTRODUCCIÓN chophorus palmarum (L.), Dynamis borassi ACCIDENTAL (F.) y Metamasius spp. (Rhynchophorinae) mediante mediadores químicos desarrollados Generalidades biológicas y morfológicas por el INRA (feromonas sintéticas de agre- gación y cairomonas sintéticas sinérgicas ob- Puesto que son coleópteros, todos los re- tenidas a partir de los hospedantes suscepti- presentantes del grupo, pertenecientes a la familia Curculionidae (según la mayoría de maduración por un periodo variable, que los autores), presentan un desarrollo de tipo puede prolongarse más de diez días, endu- holometábolo. Los huevos, depositados ais- reciendo los tegumentos y en espera del ladamente en los tejidos vegetales previa- momento adecuado para emerger. Los adul- mente perforados por la hembra, son elip- tos de ambos sexos, excepto los del género soidales y generalmente bastante alargados; Cosmopolites, pueden diferenciarse gene- su corion es liso o casi liso. Las larvas ápo- ralmente mediante diversos caracteres ex- das blanquecinas o marfileñas presentan ternos, variables en cada especie, sin nece- una cápsula cefálica bien diferenciada, con sidad de observar el extremo inferior del mandíbulas muy desarrolladas; completan abdomen. En el género Metamasius, la di- su desarrollo tras cuatro o cinco mudas. La ferenciación sexual puede resultar difícil a larva de último estadio, presta para crisali- simple vista (VAURIE, 1966), aunque gene- dar, teje un capullo muy característico con ralmente existen caracteres morfológicos a las fibras de la planta hospedante, revestido nivel del rostro. interiormente por una capa impermeable En la mayoría de las especies se han detec- originada por la solidificación de una mu- tado fenómenos de producción, emisión o cosidad segregada por la prepupa. Una vez recepción de mediadores químicos diversos, formado el imago (insecto adulto) en el in- ya sean producidos por los mismos indivi- terior del capullo, y sin desprender el exu- duos de una especie dada (feromonas, gene- vio pupal, permanece inmóvil en fase de ralmente de agregación) o producidos por las Fig. 1.-Detalle del rostro de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: a) Macho, b) Hembra. Fig. 2.-Detalle del rostro de Rhynchophorus palmarum; a) Macho, b) Hembra. Fig. 3.-Detalle del rostro de Rhynchophorus bilineatus: a) Macho, b) Hembra. Fig. 4.-Detalle del rostro de Rhynchophorus vulnéralas: a) Macho, b) Hembra. plantas hospedadoras (cairomonas) (ROCHAT dantes en la parte inferior de los fémures y ti- etaL, 1991a, 1991b, 1993a, 1993b; HA- bias del primer par de patas, que en las hembras LLETT et a/., 1993; JAFFÉ et a/., 1993; Gl- no existen o son menos evidentes (fig. 5). BLIN-DAVIS etaL, 1996; LEMAIRE, 1996). Las especies cuyos adultos presentan co- En el género Rhynchophorus (con la ex- loración rojiza o pardo tostada básica o que cepción de R. cruentatus y R. quadrangu- tienen zonas, bandas o trazos con estas tona- lus), la diferenciación sexual externa más ca- lidades, pierden las mismas una vez muer- racterística es la presencia en
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