DOCSLIB.ORG

The Expansion of Black Business Into the South A^ I“ N Economy with Specific Reference to the Initiatives of Th National African Federated Chamber of Commerce in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Expansion of Black Business Into the South A^ I“ N Economy with Specific Reference to the Initiatives of Th National African Federated Chamber of Commerce in The THE EXPANSION OF BLACK BUSINESS INTO THE SOUTH A^ I“ N ECONOMY WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE INITIATIVES OF TH NATIONAL AFRICAN FEDERATED CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN THE Sheila May Susan Keeble Johannesburg, 1981 ii ABSTRACT Before the mid 1970s African business development was severely limited by Government legislation. This restriction resulted in a dependent African entrepreneurial class unable to compete with White business. The National African Chamber of Commerce (NACOC) formed in 1964 and the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce (NAFCOC), which evolved from this organisation in 1969, were established by Black businessmen who united to fight this restrictive legislation. By the mid 1970s they were in a position, as a strong, united, national commercial body, to press for changes and to initiate business ventures which gained them a place in the South African economy. Nevertheless, despite the co-operation and financial backina of White business, they were unable to bring about any effective changes in Government policy until after the Soweto riots of 1976. The concessions granted to Black businessmen after that time, together with the important role played by the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce, stimulated Black business development in the late 1970s although Black businessmen continued to fight for the removal of all discriminatory legislation affecting Black business. ACKtOflLEDGEMENTS To members of NAFCOC urd in particular Mr S. M. Motsuenyane (President) Mr S. Kutumela Mr S. J. j. Lesolang Mr M. J. Lefoka Mr M. Maubam To Mr J. w. Keeble, founder publisher of African Businas magazine. To Dr. P. L. Bonner for supervising this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE *■ ABSTRACT i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i i i LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY USAGE X PREFACE Xi NOTES XXii 1. THE AFRICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE MOVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA BEFORE 196 5 ......................... 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE MOVEMENT .. 1 1.(1) The Early Black Business Associations ... 4 1.(ii) African Chamber of Commerce formed in 1955 ..................................... 9 1. (iii) Ikaheng (Zakheni) Finance Corporation formed in 1958 ........................... 15 1.(iv) Other Black Business Organisations formed in the 19 50s . ........................... 18 1. (v) Bigvai Masekela leadership .............. 21 1. (vi) Johannesburg African Chamber of Commerce formed in 1963 ................ 22 1. (vii) National African Chamber of Commerce formed in 1964 .... ...................... 27 NOTES .............................................. 32 2. CONSTRAINTS ON AFRICAN BUSINESS BEFORE 1970 .... 37 2.(i) Government legislation .................... 38 2.(ii) Regionalisation Directive ............. 65 2. (iii) Structural economic constraints ......... 70 NOTES .............................................. 81 3. THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL AFRICAN FEDERATED CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN 1969 ...................... 85 3.1. First points of focus .................... 85 3.1.(i) The Implementation of Regionalisation ................. 86 3.1. (ii)Conferences ...................... 103 3.2. NAFCOC'S early attempts at negotiation with the Government ....... 110 3.3. Practical Action ......................... 123 3.3. (i) Buy-At-Home Campaign ........... 123 3.3. (ii) Bulk buying ..................... 132 NOTES .......................... ................... 140 4. NAFCOC' S FIVE YEAR PLAN .......................... 145 4.(1) Permanent Secretariat .......... 148 4. (ii) Membership ................................ 155 4. (iii) Income ................ i......... 167 4. (iii) (a) Small donations and prizes .. 173 4. (iii) (b) Donations for conferences ... 173 V 4. (iii) (c) Donations for particular projects ....................... 17 5 4. (iii) (d) Quid pro uo offers - business initiatives .......... 177 4. (iii) (e) S.A. Permanent Life Assurance Company ........................ 209 4 . (iv) Training .................................... 224 4. (iv) (a) Masekela-Mavi nbela Scholarship Fund ..... ........ 23 4 4. (iv) (b) NAFCOC Training Scheme ........ 239 4. (iv) (c) Banks business counsellors scheme ......................... 244 4. (iv) (d) Other train' g schemes ....... 248 4. (v) The Initiation of National Projects ...... 252 4. (v) (a) The African Bank ............... 253 4.(v) (b) African Business Publications.. 268 NOTES 282 5. SOWETO 1976 .......................................... 300 NOTES ................................................ 318 6 . SOWETO 1976-NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT ..... 321 6 . (i) New Deal Legislation 1977/79 - meetings with the Government ......................... 324 6 . (ii) Community Councils ......................... 339 6 . (iii)The Riekert Commission 1979 ................ 353 NOTES ................................................ 362 7. SOWETO 1976 - NEW WHITE PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES. 366 7. (i) The Urban Foundation ........................ 366 7. (ii) Die Transvaler Dinkskrum.. ................... 772 NOTES ................................................ 380 8 . NAFCOC PROJECTS FROM 19 76 ........................... 382 8 . (i) The Blackchain Company ...................... 383 8.(11) African Development and Construction Company ..................................... 4Ci 8 . (iii)NAFCOC National Trust Limited .............. 410 8 .(iv) NAFCOC Industrial Development Corporation .. 412 NOTES ................................................ 419 9. PATH TO PROGRESS - ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE HOMELANDS ................. 424 9. (i) Tripartites .................................. 424 9 . (ii) Southern African Economic Community ........ 440 NOTES ................................................ 451 10. NAFCOC PLANS FOR THE 80s ............................ 455 NOTES ............... 466 11. MODELS FOR ACTION ................................. 467 11.(1) Afrikaner example ..................... 467 11.(ii) American Black example ..................... 478 NOTES ................................................ 488 vi CONCLUSION ............................................. 491 APPENDIX 1 - PORTRAIT OF A BLACK BUSINESS LEADER - SAM MOTSUENYANE ............................... 503 NOTES .................................................. 536 APPENDIX 2 - Figures 1 - 25 .......................... 538 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 558 vii LIST OF TABLES PAGE 1. Estimated number of Households in South 71 Africa 1972 2. Remuneration of all employees 72 3. Claimed Average Household Income 72 4. Grossing up of claimed Household Income 1970 73 5. Estimated Budgets of White and Black Households in the main Metropolitan areas 74,7o 6 . Customers All Commodities Value spending by race by store type 76 7. Store type by region and area 77 8 . Preliminary Marketing Feasibility Study for Development of a Business Centre - Pimville Zone 7, Soweto - Black Households by Income 181 9. NAFCOC Accounts - Year ending 1979 222 10. Black businessman's opinion on the most pertinent limiting factors on the success of his business 226 226 11. Qualifications of Black businessmen 12. Business experience of Black businessmen 227 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AGOG African Chamber of Commerce A.C.V. All commodities value AD & CC African Development and Construction Company ANC African National Congress AN SC A African National Soil Conservation Association ASSOCOM Association of Chambers of Commerce of South Africa ATASA African Teachers Association of South Africa BIG Bantu Investment Corporation BMR Bureau of Market Research BOCOC Bophuthatswana Chamber of Commerce BOFCOC Bophuthatswana Federated Chamber of Commerce CED Corporation for Economic Development COL Cost of Living E.C.O.W.A.S, Economic Community of West African States EDESA Economic Development for Equatorial and Southern Africa F.A.K. Federasie van Afriz.aanse Kultuurverenigings (Federation of Afrikaner Cultural Organisations) F.V.B. Federale Volksbeleggingn GAZACOC Gazankulu Chamber of Commerce GST General Sales Tax G.T.C. Grocery, toiletry, confectionery ICC International Chamber of Commerce IDAMASA Independent African Ministers of Religion 1 Trade Union 1 Association Inkatha Inkatha Yenkululeko Yesizwe (National Cultural Liberation Movement XX Inqaba Ciskei Chamber of Commerce INSCA Indian National Soil Conservation Association Inyanda Natal and Zululand Chamber of Commerce JACOC Johannesburg African Chamber of Commerce MEL Minimum Effective Level METACOC Masihambisane - Eastern Transvaal Chamber of Commerce NACOC National African Chamber of Commerce NAFCOC National African Federated Chamber of Commerce NIOC NAFCOC Industrial Development Corporation NPI National Productivity Institute NRT Die Nasionale Raad van Trustees (National Council of Trustees) RDB Reddingsdaadbond SCCI Soweto Chamber of Commerce and Industry SOUTACOC Southern Transvaal Chamber of Commerce SSRC Soweto Students' Representative Council TAA Tanganyika African Association TACOC Transvaal Chamber of Commerce TANU Tanganyika African National Union T/0 Turnover TRACOC Transkei Chamber of Commerce TUATA Transvaal United African Teachers Association UCT University of Cape Town UNISA University of South Africa USSALEP United States - South Africa Leader Exchange Programme NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY USAGE Various Government Acts, such as the Bantu Land Act and the Native Trust and Land Act, have been given their original terminology although the words 1 Bantu1 and 'Native' have recently been replaced by the words 'Black' or 'Blacks'. xi PREFACE Black entrepreneurial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Presses, Christian Rhetoric, and White Minority Rule in South Africa, 1899-1924
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2017 For the Good That We Can Do: African Presses, Christian Rhetoric, and White Minority Rule in South Africa, 1899-1924 Ian Marsh University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Marsh, Ian, "For the Good That We Can Do: African Presses, Christian Rhetoric, and White Minority Rule in South Africa, 1899-1924" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5539. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5539 FOR THE GOOD THAT WE CAN DO: AFRICAN PRESSES, CHRISTIAN RHETORIC, AND WHITE MINORITY RULE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1899-1924 by IAN MARSH B.A. University of Central Florida, 2013 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2017 Major Professor: Ezekiel Walker © 2017 Ian Marsh ii ABSTRACT This research examines Christian rhetoric as a source of resistance to white minority rule in South Africa within African newspapers in the first two decades of the twentieth-century. Many of the African editors and writers for these papers were educated by evangelical protestant missionaries that arrived in South Africa during the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Lecture
    THE JAMES BACKHOUSE LECTURE 2001 RECONCILING OPPOSITES: REFLECTIONS ON PEACEMAKING IN SOUTH AFRICA Hendrik W van der Merwe The James Backhouse Lectures The lectures were instituted by Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) on the its establishment of that Yearly Meeting in 1964. James Backhouse and his companion, George Washington Walker were English Friends who visited Australia from 1832 to 1838. They travelled widely, but spent most of their time in Tasmania. It was through their visit that Quaker Meetings were first established in Australia. Coming to Australia under a concern for the conditions of convicts, the two men had access to people with authority in the young colonies, and with influence in Britain, both in Parliament and in the social reform movement. In meticulous reports and personal letters, they made practical suggestions and urged legislative action on penal reform, on the rum trade, and on land rights and the treatment of Aborigines. James Backhouse was a general naturalist and a botanist. He made careful observations and published full accounts of what he saw, in addition to encouraging Friends in the colonies and following the deep concern that had brought him to Australia. Australian Friends hope that this series of Lectures will bring fresh insights into the Truth, and speak to the needs and aspirations of Australian Quakerism. This particular lecture was delivered in Melbourne on 8 January 2001, during the annual meeting of the Society. Colin Wendell-Smith Presiding Clerk Australia Yearly Meeting © Copyright 2001 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Incorporated.
    [Show full text]
  • BAPTIST PRESS (515) 244·2355 Wilmer C
    .~. NATIONAL OFFICE SBC Executive Committee 901 Commerce #750 Nashville, Tennessee 37203 • - BAPTIST PRESS (515) 244·2355 Wilmer C. Fields, Director (BP) News Service of the Southern Baptist Convention Dan Martin, News Editor Craig Bird, Feature Editor BUREAUS ATLANTA Jim Newton, Chief. 1350 Spring St., NW. Atlanta, Ga. 30367, Telephone (404) 873·4041 DALLAS Thomas J. Brannon, Chiel, 511 N. Akard, Dallas, Texas 75201-3355, Telephone (214) 720-0550 NASHVILLE (Baptist Sunday School Board) Lloyd T. Householder, Chief, 127 Ninth Ave., N., Nashville, Tenn. 37234, Telephone (615) 251·2300 RICHMOND (Foreign) Robert L. Stanley, Chief, 3806 Monument Ave" Richmond, Va. 23230, Teiephone (804) 353·0151 WASHINGTON Stan L. Hastey, Chief, 200 Marylend Ave.. N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002. Telephone (202) 544.4226 September 4, 1985 85-107 Atlanta Housing Forms Available ATI.ANl'A (BP) -Housing request forms for the 1986 annual maeting of the Southern Baptist Convention in the Georgia WOrld Congress Center should be available in state convention offices Sept. 16, according to convention manager Tim A. Hedquist. Hedquist said the forms, similar to those used for the past six years, were being printed in early September and will be sent to executive secretaries of the 37 state Baptist conventions by Sept. 16, and will be printed in the Septanber issue of Baptist Program. "The forms are for those who wish to request roon reservations for the Southern Baptist Convention through the Atlanta Housing Bureau," Hedquist said, adding rates for the 10 hotels range from $44 to $128 per night, double occupancy. The Housing Bureau has 5,000 roams in the downtown area, he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Speech.Pdf
    LECTURE BY THE PATRON OF THE TMF, THABO MBEKI, ON THE OCCASION OF THE CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE BIRTH OF OLIVER REGINALD TAMBO: JOHANNESBURG, 27 OCTOBER, 2017. Members and representatives of the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation, our hosts this evening; Dear Members of the Tambo family; Fellow South Africans; Comrades, friends, ladies and gentlemen: Had OR Tambo been alive, today we would have gathered in happy gatherings throughout our country to wish him a very happy centenary birthday! However as we meet today, to mark this centenary, we still wish to convey a heartfelt happy birthday message to Oliver Tambo, our beloved OR and esteemed leader, certain that he will hear our message wherever he is. Accordingly, today, October 27, 2017 our people, joined by the peoples of the rest of Africa and the world, stand up and say in unison – happy birthday our dear and respected Oliver Tambo, our beloved OR! However, at the same time as we celebrate a hundredth birthday, we have gathered here today at a time of great stress for OR’s movement, the ANC, and his country, South Africa. The comments we will make about Oliver Tambo as we celebrate the centenary of his birth will emphasise two matters. One of these is that periodically the ANC has had to confront and respond to threats which challenged its very existence. Another is that these threats and the ANC responses have also been related to the development of our country. PRIVATE BAG X444, HO UGHTON, 2041 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AF RICA Tel +27 11 486 1560 Fax +27 11 486 0723 [email protected] WWW.MBEKI.ORG This describes what has been somewhat of an umbilical cord between the development of the ANC and the evolution of South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • History Workshop
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG HISTORY WORKSHOP STRUCTURE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE MAKING OFAPARTHEID 6-10 February 1990 AUTHOR: Iain Edwards and Tim Nuttall TITLE: Seizing the moment : the January 1949 riots, proletarian populism and the structures of African urban life in Durban during the late 1940's 1 INTRODUCTION In January 1949 Durban experienced a weekend of public violence in which 142 people died and at least 1 087 were injured. Mobs of Africans rampaged through areas within the city attacking Indians and looting and destroying Indian-owned property. During the conflict 87 Africans, SO Indians, one white and four 'unidentified' people died. One factory, 58 stores and 247 dwellings were destroyed; two factories, 652 stores and 1 285 dwellings were damaged.1 What caused the violence? Why did it take an apparently racial form? What was the role of the state? There were those who made political mileage from the riots. Others grappled with the tragedy. The government commission of enquiry appointed to examine the causes of the violence concluded that there had been 'race riots'. A contradictory argument was made. The riots arose from primordial antagonism between Africans and Indians. Yet the state could not bear responsibility as the outbreak of the riots was 'unforeseen.' It was believed that a neutral state had intervened to restore control and keep the combatants apart.2 The apartheid state drew ideological ammunition from the riots. The 1950 Group Areas Act, in particular, was justified as necessary to prevent future endemic conflict between 'races'. For municipal officials the riots justified the future destruction of African shantytowns and the rezoning of Indian residential and trading property for use by whites.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis of African Languages in the Context of the Formation of Modernity in South Africa
    CULTURE © iStockphoto.com The Crisis of African Languages in the context of the Formation of Modernity in South Africa With the hegemony of the Sophiatown Renaissance intellectual constellation whose mode of creative practice was only in the English language, and whose cultural gaze and historical outlook was focused on Harlem and Hollywood rather than on their own literary landscape and cultural history, much was irretrievably lost. By Ntongela Masilela ne incontestable tragic fact of writers and artists. Many of the critical endorse and practically celebrate the African cultural history across texts and philosophical discourses hegemony of the European languages Othe twentieth century has on the nature of the African literary over the African languages. For all been the progressive diminishment project, including those written intents and purposes this cultural in the utilisation of African languages and articulated by Africans (the tragedy is practically confined to the as linguistic instruments of literary ideological position of the majority African continent. A comparison and expression by African intellectuals, of Europeans is obvious) confirm, delimitation in relation to the situation 32 THE THINKER CULTURE in India indicates the enormity and historically understood by tracing, African literature in the European glaring nature of the African tragedy. however schematically given its languages over African literature in The choice of India is appropriate complexity, the historical form that the African languages. The question because of the indisputable consensus enabled Europe to dominate Africa, of modernity imposes a fundamental that India is a postcolonial society like or for that matter, the Universal question to us Africans today: could many African countries which were the ‘Other’, from the first moment our predecessors in the eighteenth, former colonies of England and France, of the encounter: modernity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century of the Notorius 1913 Land Act
    A CENTURY OF THE NOTORIUS 1913 LAND ACT. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. THE HISTORICAL ROOTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LAND ACT. 3. CONSEQUENCES OF THE LAND ACT. 4. THE LAND ACT AND 2013. 5. CONCLUSION. 6. REFERENCES. By: Rudolph Alfred Kgolane Phala. 1. INTRODUCTION. The year 2013 represent a century since the passing of the diabolical Natives Land Act by the Union Parliament in 1913. Objects of the Act are stated as, “to make further provision as to the purchase and leasing of land by natives and other persons in the several parts of the Union and for other purposes in connection with the ownership and occupation of land by natives and other persons.” The Act was intended to legalise and legitimise into statute the massive land-robbery starting with settler colonialism itself and the wars of resistance and dispossession. For a period of 250 years the indigenous African people have been fighting spear in hand against mounted gunmen over land, cattle and freedom. The notorious Act was intended to make state law what had already been done by blood, death and sweat. The Act ensured that Africans lost ownership and control of their ancestral land to white settlers. It was intended to confirm what has been achieved with the defeat of the wars of resistance and dispossession. The Act was the cornerstone of separate development. The ruling ANC articulates this point even better in its submission to the TRC that, “it is necessary to emphasise that formal apartheid was preceded by a sustained period of dispossession, denial and subordination. The process of colonial conquest in South Africa lasted for over two centuries; from the destruction of Khoisan communities in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, through the bloody century of warfare in the present day Eastern Cape Province, to the military defeats further north in the late nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Indicator Vol 6.3.Pdf
    Barclays National Bank Limited • Registered Bank INSTITUTE OF - 2 AUG 1989 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LIBRARY For David Paulsen,, the line between life and death is as wide as the sky. Whatever medical treatment he needs, he will get. In the intensive care unit of a specially equipped helicopter. Tended by the skilful hands of a highly qualified Red Cross sister, fully instructed in emergency care. On to the nearest hospital and, if medically possible, the road to complete recovery. There's a thin line between life and death. Some dedicated people at First National Bank were quick to see a way of helping to widen this delicate margin. With their colleagues at Capital Radio, they saw a way to help save human lives, beyond monitoring their movements on the roads. In the outlying valleys and hills of Natal and Kwazulu. Where the lack of proper attention, or a thwarted race against time, could have tragic consequences. Nurtured by the generous assistance of The Red Cross and the Natal Provincial Ambulance Services, the 'life line in the sky' has grown from an embryo to full fruition. To accident victims or the critically ill, it has become a symbol of mercy and hope, embodying those qualities we believe are essential in a changing nation's values. Strength. Warmth. Shelter. Life. We care. Because we all belong. BARKER McCORMAC 5852/4 £~3he INDICATOR SOUTH AFRICA Quarterly Report and the INDICATOR SOUTH AFRICA Issue Focus | series are published by the Centre for Social and Development Studies, based at the University of Natal, Durban. •J Opinions expressed in these publications are not necessarily those of the Editorial Committee and should not be taken to represent the policies of companies or organisations which are donor members of the Indicator Project South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of 1949
    In Search of 1949 Vivek Narayanan Program In Historical Studies, UND Department of Anthropology, Stanford University **DRAFT COPY-- PLEASE DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION** "Dis poem will not change things: dis poem needs to be changed." --Mutabaruka. The Power and Danger of Looking (From the Natal Daily News, January 14, 1949) Chronicle of Deaths Not Foretold (quotations taken from the testimony of Major George Bestford, District Commandant of Durban, to the Riot Commission) Thursday, January 13 approx. 5:15 p.m.: Harilal Basanth, a 40 year old Indian shop-owner, smashes 14 year old George Madondo's head into a shop window. A "minor disturbance" breaks out. The Police send a van to investigate. 5:25 p.m.: In the busy Victoria Street bus rank, the fight has begun to seriously escalate; Africans want to "hit the Indians whom they alleged had either seriously assaulted or killed a Native youth." A large crowd of Indians gathers in Victoria Street and are prevented from marching to the market by the police. The police send re-inforcements. 6:00 p.m.: Indian men and women throw bricks and other missiles at Africans below. 6:30 p.m.: Some shop windows have been smashed; there are "large numbers of both Europeans and non-Europeans about." The rioters on the street are mainly African, but include some Indians and Europeans. Still, there is not much damage to property at this point. 7 p.m.: Accounts of the event have been carried home to barracks and residential areas; in Cato Manor, buses are stoned. 8:30 p.m.: In Clairwood and the southern part of central Durban, Indian buses are stoned.
    [Show full text]
  • Marx, the Mahatma, and Multiracialism: South African Indian Political Resistance, 1939-1955
    I . Wesleyan University The Honors College Marx, the Mahatma, and Multiracialism: South African Indian Political Resistance, 1939-1955 by Christopher Sarma Class of 2009 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors from the College of Social Studies Middletown, Connecticut April, 2009 i Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: From Imperial Brothers to South Africans: Early South African Indian Identity ........................................................................................................... 14 “A Call for Labor”: The First Indians Come to South Africa ................................ 14 Breaking Cords: Anti-Indian Legislation ............................................................... 15 “The Conquest of Adversary through Suffering”: 1907 Satyagraha Campaign ..... 17 “Feelings of Sympathy”: The 1913 Campaign ....................................................... 22 An Alien Element in the Population: Malan’s Attack on the Indians .................... 26 Chapter 2: A Call to Fight: The Rise of Yusuf Dadoo and the Start of the Second World War ................................................................................................................. 32 “Leading to Bitterness”:
    [Show full text]
  • National Identity and Sovereignty: Debates Around the South African Nation-State from 1990 to 2010
    Name of Candidate: Abba Omar, Yacoob Student Number: 0501212X Degree: Doctor of Philosophy, University of Witwatersrand September 2017 Title: An examination of the relationship between national identity and sovereignty: debates around the South African nation-state from 1990 to 2010. Supervisor: Prof Ran Greenstein 1 DECLARATION I declare that this Thesis is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. _______________________________________ (Signature of candidate) 13 September 2017 in Johannesburg 2 Abstract: The study attempts to examine the relationship between national identity and political sovereignty and their impact on the emergence of nations, with a special focus on debates around the South African nation-state from 1990 to 2004. Located within the postcolonialism approach, the study looks at national identity through the prism of ethnicity, language, religion and race, while sovereignty is considered through its two component parts, the state and citizenry. By examining two postcolonial contexts, the Arab world and India, the study has developed a framework which is applied to the study of the South African state. This framework identifies nationalism as a glue which holds sovereignty and identity together in the nation-state. The two cases reveal that there is always more than one nationalist narrative, often competing against each other. In the case of the Arab world the study looks at the tensions between pan-Arabism, Arab nationalism and Islamism. In the case of India a secular Indian nationalism has had to compete against a Hindu nationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Indians and Apartheid in South Africa : the Failure of Resistance
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1973 Indians and apartheid in South Africa : the failure of resistance. Robert E. Johnson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Johnson, Robert E., "Indians and apartheid in South Africa : the failure of resistance." (1973). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1902. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1902 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Erratum: Page 19 does not appear in the text. This is an error in numbering sequence. The text is complete. INDIANS AND APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE FAILURE OF RESISTANCE A Dissertation Presented By Robert E. Jolmson Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 1973 Major Subject Political Science ii (c) Robert E. Jolmson 1973 All Rights Reserved iii INDIANS AND APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA: TI-E FAILURE OF RESISTANCE A Dissertation Presented By Robert E. Jolmson August 1973 iv PREFACE Tliis dissertation is the result of a fascination with the ability of South Africa's White population to maintain itself as the dominant political force in that country. White rule throughout southern Africa has demonstrated a remarkable ability for self-preservation that few scholars and pundits of a decade ago believed possible.
    [Show full text]