DOCSLIB.ORG

Is Xenophobia Racism? 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

114 Anthropology Southern Africa, 2011, 34(3&4) Is xenophobia racism? 1 Kenneth Tafira Department of Anthropology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected]/[email protected] The outbreak of anti-immigrant violence in May 2008 in South Africa has prompted a set of theoretical questions and a reappraisal of theoretical suppositions. While the attacks have in the main pervasively been presented as xenophobia, I argue in this paper that what is termed xenophobia is in fact racism – New Racism – practised by people of the same population group, which has characterised post-apartheid South African black social relations. These are implications of decolonisation and difficulties of assimilating and integrating black African immigrants into the new South Africa. On the other hand there is increased culture contact and intermixing as a result of the accelerated presence of people of other identities. There are of course conceptual and definitional limitations of the term xenophobia in describing the complex social realities occurring in South African black communities. I therefore call for the deconstruction of the term xenophobia and propose that we begin to see it as culturally-based racism. The article explains that this kind of racism is heavily entrenched in cultural differences enunciated by dissimilarities in nationality, ethnicity, language, dress, customs, social and territorial origins, speech patterns and accents. These differences are deepened by social and economic inequalities, and frustrations among local people are expressed thorough economic grievances, which however mask the preceding cultural contempt and disdain. In addition, some current black on black practices are reminiscent of apartheid white anti-black racism. Drawing on my fieldwork in Alexandra, I then discuss a wide range of labels which are used to refer to African immigrants. Keywords: Xenophobia, New racism, anti-immigrant violence, labelling, South Africa, Alexandra On 11 May 2008, violence against black African immigrants of the definitive and theoretical limitation of the term xeno- erupted in South Africa, starting in the Johannesburg town- phobia where practices, nuances and logics in Alexandra are ship of Alexandra and spreading to other areas of Gauteng. concerned, which I find more racist than xenophobic . How- When the violence subsided, sixty-two people were dead, ever all this begs the question: what is xenophobia and what hundreds injured and maimed and thousands displaced. The is racism? The definition of the former is more straightfor- attacks were in scope and nature characteristic of pogroms. 2 ward, while the concept of racism poses dilemmas because of The thrust of my argument is that what has been termed xen- its fluidity and the lack of general agreement of what consti- ophobia in many circles, including the media and academia, is tutes racism. The paper begins with some theoretical exposi- actually racism, that is, to be more succinct, the New Racism 3. tions; I present some arguments to show why I am inclined to The New Racism is racism practised by black people on other use the term racism instead of xenophobia. The following blacks, who belong to the community but are seen as socially section of the paper bolsters this argument with ethnographic and culturally inferior. I further argue that racism is not neces- evidence from my fieldwork in Alexandra in 2009, which I sarily based on skin colour (ie. that it is possible for people of have extrapolated for the purpose of this paper. I end with the same skin colour to practise racism against each other 4), some suggestions as to why it is important to treat xenopho- but on differences in culture, nationality, language, dress, hab- bia analytically as racism. its and ethnicity. This kind of racism is more of a cultural In my understanding the use of the term xenophobia is nature; culture takes precedence over anything else. I am inadequate to comprehend the violent attacks against black cognisant of the complexities that arise from this problema- African immigrants in South Africa. I call for the deconstruc- tique, particularly the question: what activity constitutes rac- tion of the term xenophobia and suggest that, rather, we ism, and/or what is xenophobic ? need to consider post-apartheid South African black and As I will show later, I have equated xenophobia with racism black relations as the New Racism . Xenophobia as a universal and have maintained that what is seen as xenophobia is actu- phenomenon has been broadly defined as an intense dislike, ally racism. I have attempted to achieve that by taking a hatred or fear of those perceived to be strangers (Crush semantic route and putting both xenophobia and racism into a 1996; Frederickson 2002; De Master and Leroy 2000). The conceptual and theoretical framework. Indeed I am sceptical term denotes behaviour specifically based on the perception 1. This paper is based on my Masters research conducted in the Johannesburg's Alexandra Township in 2009, culminating in a dissertation entitled Black Racism in Alexandra: Cross border Love Relationships and Negotiation of Difference in a post-Apartheid South African Commu- nity , Department of Anthropology, University of the Witwatersrand. 2. The Coalition Against Xenophobia, formed in the wake of the violence, has, in its Declaration, termed the violence pogroms similar to those in nineteenth century Europe. 3. I have departed from my earlier work where I termed this ‘black racism’ (Tafira 2010). I have realised the complications that arise from using this term. It is possible that black racism might be confusing to some, implying that it may be seen as racism by black people on whites. In this sense I mean racism by black people on other black people 4. One might think of the German/Jewish; British/Irish relations. Members of these groups are of the same skin colour but their relations are marked by virulent racism. Anthropology Southern Africa, 2011, 34(3&4) 115 that the Other is foreign, or originates from outside the com- heid racism to what is called xenophobia, and to what I call munity or nation (International Labour Organisation et al. the New Racism, are all forms of racism, which are trans- 2001:2). In the wake of the 2008 violence, some authors have formed over time, subjected to contingencies of history and proposed the analysis of the events as Negrophobia or Afro- the ever changing socio-cultural and material landscapes. phobia (Gqola 2009; Mngxitama 2009). Negrophobia is seen How and when does one kind of racism change into another, as the fear and dislike of black people and their culture which may be different in form, content and manifestation, (Fanon 1967; Chinweizu 1994; Gqola 2009); Afrophobia then yet still remains racism? According to Goldberg (1993: 92), would denote the fear and/or dislike of Africans and their cul- this is subject to existing social conditions: ture. Phobia as defined by Hesnard (cited in Fanon 1967) is a The methodological predisposition one brings to neurosis characterised by an anxious fear of an object or any- the analysis of racism will influence, if not fully thing outside the individual; it must arouse both fear and determine, its definition. The conception of the revulsion. These definitions I think are incompatible with the phenomena analysts take themselves to be salient, implicit, explicit or hidden racist practices that black addressing is circumscribed by the constraints of people exercise towards each other. Although both Gqola method. Studies of racism have tended to divide (2009) and Mngxitama (2009) have noted that the attacks methodologically between those assuming an were racialised and characteristic of Negrophobia, I argue individually oriented and those accepting a that what happens in South Africa is neither xenophobia, structural approach. Negrophobia nor any other kind of phobia, but must be Goldberg further states that: understood in the context of racism, practised by black peo- Nevertheless, the meaning of racism is significantly ple against other black people. My supposition is that this narrowed to omit a range of expressions – namely, New Racism, which is cultural, may indeed take on an eco- practices, effects and implications – that I want to nomic outlet. However, it is not economic in origin but the insist are properly constitutive of racialised economic logic serves to deepen the differences, which are discourse, in general, and (subject to proper mobilised to effect prejudices, discriminations, notions of definitional constraints) to racism in particular inferiority and superiority and, subsequently, violent attacks (Goldberg 1993: 93). and pogroms. Following from these observations, I have come to the con- My renunciation of the term xenophobia and subsequent clusion that in South Africa the discourse of xenophobia adoption of the term New Racism is inspired mainly by the fol- should come to an end. We need now to analyse, treat and lowing propositions: xenophobia has been the term the media see what is called xenophobia as a form of racism, which is has used, juggled around and fed to their audiences; it is pos- practised among population groups of the same skin colour. sible that the media themselves do not understand the racial This may become the new paradigm. nature of anti-immigrant attacks; commentators who have Since the decline of the biological conceptions of superior used the term may have done so unconsciously and inadvert- and inferior races, which were so prevalent in the nineteenth ently or for lack of a better term to describe anti-immigrant century, and their disappearance from public and academic practices in post-apartheid South Africa. I assume that it may discourse (Modood 2001), what has emerged is the cultural be incomprehensible to many people that racism can be a assemblage of racism. What is generally regarded as xenopho- practice between people of the same skin colour.
Recommended publications
  • Race Politics in Britain and France

    Race Politics in Britain and France

    CY166/Bleich-FM 0521811015 March 14, 2003 8:2 Char Count= 0 Race Politics in Britain and France Ideas and Policymaking since the 1960s ERIK BLEICH Middlebury College iii CY166/Bleich-FM 0521811015 March 14, 2003 8:2 Char Count= 0 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, NewYork, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Erik Bleich 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Sabon 10/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bleich, Erik. Race politics in Britain and France : ideas and policymaking since the 1960s / Erik Bleich. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81101-5 – isbn 0-521-00953-7 (pbk.) 1. Great Britain – Race relations – History – 20th century. 2. Great Britain – Race relations – Government policy. 3. France – Race relations – History – 20th century. 4. Blacks – Great Britain – History – 20th century. 5. Blacks – Great Britain – Politics and government. 6. France – Race relations – Government policy. 7. Blacks – France – History – 20th century.
  • Improving the Business Environment for Growth and Job Creation in Public Disclosure Authorized South Africa: the Second Investment Climate Assessment

    Improving the Business Environment for Growth and Job Creation in Public Disclosure Authorized South Africa: the Second Investment Climate Assessment

    Improving the Business Environment for Growth and Job Creation in Public Disclosure Authorized South Africa: the Second Investment Climate Assessment October 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Financial and Private Sector Development Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized ii Improving the Business Environment for Growth and Job Creation in South Africa: the Second Investment Climate Assessment iii Contents Acknowledgement ix Executive Summary x 1. Introduction x 2. The enterprise survey of South Africa 2008 xi 3. Doing Business in South Africa xiii 4. Competition and Productivity xvi 5. Micro, small and medium enterprises xx 6. Skills development xxiii Chapter 1 Macroeconomic Background 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Economic Growth 5 1.3 Investment 9 1.4 Savings 13 1.5 Interest Rates and Inflation 15 1.6 Exchange Rate 16 1.7 Policy Developments 19 1.7.1 Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa 19 1.7.2 Industrial policy 20 1.7.3 Trade Policy and Competition Policy 20 1.8 Conclusion 21 Chapter 2 Barriers to International Integration 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Sources and Data 24 2.3 Manufactured Exports and Inward FDI 26 2.3.1 Scope for Growth in Inward FDI 27 2.3.2 Scope for Growth of Manufactured Exports 30 2.4 Trade, Competition, Allocative Efficiency, and Innovation 39 2.4.1 Aggregate Productivity and Allocative Efficiency 39 2.4.2 Allocative Efficiency, Industry Concentration, and Competition Policy 42 2.4.3 Trade, Allocative Efficiency, and Innovation 45 2.5 Factor Proportions
  • GLOBAL BURDEN of ARMED VIOLENCE 2011 ISBN 978-1-107-60679-1 Takes an Integrated an Takes 2011

    GLOBAL BURDEN of ARMED VIOLENCE 2011 ISBN 978-1-107-60679-1 Takes an Integrated an Takes 2011

    he Global Burden of Armed Violence 2011 takes an integrated approach to the complex and volatile dynamics of armed GENEVA T violence around the world. Drawing on comprehensive country- DECLARATION level data, including both conflict-related and criminal violence, it estimates that at least 526,000 people die violently every year, more than three-quarters of them in non-conflict settings. It highlights that the 58 countries with high rates of lethal violence account for two- thirds of all violent deaths, and shows that one-quarter of all violent GLOBAL deaths occur in just 14 countries, seven of which are in the Americas. New research on femicide also reveals that about 66,000 women GLOBAL BURDEN VIOLENCE and girls are violently killed around the world each year. 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 This volume also assesses the linkages between violent death rates and socio-economic development, demonstrating that homicide rates are higher wherever income disparity, extreme poverty, and hunger are high. It challenges the use of simple analytical classifications and policy responses, and offers researchers and policy-makers new tools for studying and tackling different forms of violence. of ARMED VIOLENCE o f ARMED BURDEN Photos Top left: Rescuers evacuate a wounded person from Utoeya, Norway, July 2011. © Morten Edvarsen/AFP Photo Lethal Centre left: Morgue workers transport a coffin to be buried along with other unidentified bodies found in mass graves, Durango, Mexico, June 2011. © Jorge Valenzuela/Reuters Encounters Bottom right: An armed fighter walks past a burnt-out armed vehicle in the Abobo 2011 district of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, March 2010.
  • Assessing Asymmetry in International Politics: Us-South Africa Relations: 1994-2008

    Assessing Asymmetry in International Politics: Us-South Africa Relations: 1994-2008

    ASSESSING ASYMMETRY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: US-SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONS: 1994-2008 by SCOTT THOMAS FIRSING submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR T HOEANE CO-SUPERVISOR: MS J K VAN WYK NOVEMBER 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables…………………………………………………………………………..9 List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………......10 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THIS THESIS 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..13 2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………………......14 3. Purpose and objectives……………………………………………………………………….....16 4. Approaches and methodology…………………………………………………………………..16 5. Scope and limitations of the thesis……………………………………………………………...18 6. Contribution of study…………………………………………………………………………....20 7. Research questions and structure of study….……………………………………………...........21 CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW OF ASYMMETRY THEORY 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...26 2. Asymmetry theory.........................................................................................................................26 3. Strong versus the weak…………………………………………………………………………..29 4. Inattention and overattention…………………………………………………………………….31 5. Deference, autonomy and misperception……………………………………………………......33 6. Managing the asymmetric relationship…………………………………………………………37 6.1 Routinization…………………………………………………………………………………...37 6.2 Diplomatic ritual……………………………………………………………………………….38 6.3 Neutralization………………………………………………………………………………......39
  • IMMIGRANT STREET TRADERS in SOUTH AFRICA: the Economics, the Struggle and the Tensions

    IMMIGRANT STREET TRADERS in SOUTH AFRICA: the Economics, the Struggle and the Tensions

    IMMIGRANT STREET TRADERS IN SOUTH AFRICA: The economics, the struggle and the tensions. Author: Christal Mudi-Okorodudu Institution: University of Helsinki Address: Tilanhoitajankaari 3c 44, Helsinki, Finland E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 358 44 2197811 ABSTRACT „People say there is a struggle for resources going on between South Africans and foreigners‟, actually the struggle is long over. The foreigners have won hands down.‟ (interviewee in Johannesburg, as quoted in Steinberg J. 2008, pg6) Street trading has been successfully entrenched in urban cities in developing countries in Africa due to the attractiveness of „convenience, affordability and personalized services from known vendors. Thus the proliferation of street trading in big urban cities cannot all be attributed to „push factors‟ like ease of entry and unemployment but also to „pull factors‟ like availability of buyers and personal relationships building. Thus, I conceptualize immigrant street trade as the meeting point of the immigrants‟ struggle for social and economic emancipation and the locals struggle for economic realization. From this meeting point, could develop social conflict, negotiations and adaptations that possibly will lead to communal cooperation or disintegration. In the case of South Africa, this has recently resulted in violent disintegration in form of xenophobic violence in 2008. Presently, the community of immigrant street traders and their host, have presumably returned to „normal life‟ with veiled tensions. Using lifestory methodology and supported with participant observation, I will seek to explore the nodal points of contacts between the immigrants and their host community based on their economic activity (street trade). My study will focus on the immigrants stories, roles and conceptions.
  • HSRC Annual Report 2007 2008 Full Document.Pdf

    HSRC Annual Report 2007 2008 Full Document.Pdf

    HUMAN TOUCH ANNUAL REPORT 2007-2008 The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) is mandated to undertake, promote and co-ordinate policy-relevant, problem- oriented research in the human and social sciences. Our aim is to touch the lives of all South Africans and through our efforts, enrich and improve the quality of life across the continent. The human sciences are our strength. They are our competitive advantage. They fuel the growth of our country and people. Governance and society Youth and children Education and science HIV and AIDS Poverty Page 22 Page 28 Page 34 Page 46 Page 52 ANNUAL REPORT 2007-2008 Contents Contact information Mission and vision 01 Pretoria Striving towards innovation and renewal 02 POST. Private Bag X41 Pretoria Informing policies critical to social upliftment 04 South Africa 0001 The HSRC Council 08 STREET. 134 Pretorius Street Pretoria Executive Directors 10 South Africa 0002 Specialist Researchers 14 Tel: +27 12 302 2000 Fax: +27 12 302 2001 Making a difference through research – A synopsis of the HSRC’s 2007/08 activities 21 C a p e To w n Governance and society 22 POST. Private Bag X9182 Cape Town Youth and children 28 South Africa 8000 Education and science 34 STREET. 14th Floor Plein Park Building HIV and AIDS 46 69-83 Plein Street Poverty 52 Cape Town South Africa 8001 Collaboration in Africa 60 Tel: +27 21 466 8000 Fax: +27 21 466 8001 Networks and projects 62 Our users and funders 70 Durban HSRC internal seminars 71 POST. Private Bag X07 Dalbridge Research outputs 2007/08 73 South Africa 4014 Annual Financial Statements 89 STREET.
  • Discrimination Towards Algerian-French Citizens in Post-Colonial French Cinema Jessica Bou-Anak John Carroll University, Jbouanak16@Jcu.Edu

    Discrimination Towards Algerian-French Citizens in Post-Colonial French Cinema Jessica Bou-Anak John Carroll University, [email protected]

    John Carroll University Carroll Collected Senior Honors Projects Theses, Essays, and Senior Honors Projects Winter 2015 Discrimination Towards Algerian-French Citizens in Post-Colonial French Cinema Jessica Bou-Anak John Carroll University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://collected.jcu.edu/honorspapers Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons, and the French Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Bou-Anak, Jessica, "Discrimination Towards Algerian-French Citizens in Post-Colonial French Cinema" (2015). Senior Honors Projects. 87. http://collected.jcu.edu/honorspapers/87 This Honors Paper/Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Essays, and Senior Honors Projects at Carroll Collected. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Carroll Collected. For more information, please contact [email protected]. John Carroll University Discrimination Towards Algerian-French Citizens in Post-Colonial French Cinema Jessica Bou-Anak French 499 Independent Study Dr. Pereszlenyi-Pinter Professor Rolland December 2015 Bou-Anak1 Abstract Three French films, Elise ou la vraie vie by Michel Drach, La Haine by Matthiew Kassovitz, and The French Democracy by Alex Chan, were analyzed in order to view the discrimination by Caucasian-French citizens towards Algerian-French citizens. The films were released in the aftermath of a significant event in France dealing with racism. Two main themes were prevalent throughout this analysis: discrimination by Caucasian-French citizens towards Algerian-French citizens in public spaces, and Caucasian-French police brutality against Algerian-French youths. The findings from this analysis suggest that discrimination and racism in France still persist today, although in different forms.
  • Report on the Fight Against Racism, Anti-Semitism And

    Report on the Fight Against Racism, Anti-Semitism And

    2018 REPORT LES ESSENTIELS REPORT ON THE FIGHT AGAINST RACISM, ANTI-SEMITISM AND XENOPHOBIA Shifts in tolerance reflect the way in which our society collectively forges its relationship to otherness. Whatever their social and political characteristics, citizens are ambivalent about such issues. Tendencies to be open or closed to others co-exist in each of us. The domination of one group over another depends on context, education and above all the stance taken by the political, media and social elite in terms of immigration and diversity and how they frame them. Excerpt from the 2018 Report on the fight against racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia CNCDH - Report 2018 on the fight against racism, anti - semitism and xenophobia - Les Essentiels Appointed independent national rapporteur on the fight against racism in all its forms in 1990, the National Consultative Commission on Human Rights (CNCDH) submits an annual report to Government which provides an overview of racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia in France, as well as the countermeasures implemented by the Republic’s institutions and civil society. Based on a critical analysis of these policies and the observations of international bodies, the CNCDH issues a series of recommendations aimed at improving knowledge, understanding and prevention of all forms of racism and discrimination. The CNCDH endeavours to underpin its analyses and recommendations with a range of complementary tools. Surveys on current public opinion, Ministry of the Interior statistics on racist, anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim offences, Ministry of Justice statistics and the tolerance index as regards diversity, established by CNCDH partner researchers, are all examples of sources that are analysed in light of the myriad contributions from institutional, community and international stakeholders.
  • Introduction Hypothesis and Research Question

    Introduction Hypothesis and Research Question

    Introduction ''The two defensive logics of black victimhood and white denialism collide and collude, often in unexpected ways. Together, they gradually foster a culture of mutual ressentiment, which, in turn, isolates freedom from responsibility and seriously undermines the prospect of a truly nonracial future. Furthermore, the logic of mutual ressentiment frustrates blacks' sense of ownership of this country while foreclosing whites' sense of truly belonging to this place and to this nation'' (Mbembe, 2008: 7; emphasis original). The prospect of race relations being defined by a logic of mutual ressentiment is not a promising indictment for the future of South Africa. Unfortunately, Mbembe's (2008) observation is not without warrant and indeed there are an increasing number of public incidents where these two defensive logics can be noticed. This research study thus takes as its central concern, the emergence, development and character of these two logics of 'black victimhood' and 'white denialism' in post-apartheid South Africa. Through reading them as elements of a discourse of racialisation, the notion of 'black victimhood' appears interconnected with that of 'white denialism' and so this study will explore the coordinates for their emergence in post-apartheid South Africa. This study will also pay attention to how the particular social, political and economic climate since 1994, together with the legacies of apartheid discourses and the transition period contribute to the specific appearance of the above two mentioned notions which are characteristic of specific racialised subjectivities. The notion of identity being determined through difference with an „other‟ will be used to establish the argument of these discourses foundational dependence on each other and therefore further complement the argument for their particularity or specificity.
  • Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

    Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa: Modeling Spatial Relationships between Group Grievances and Opportunities to Measure the Propensity for Xenophobic Violence Eric Holder University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the African Studies Commons, Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Holder, Eric, "Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa: Modeling Spatial Relationships between Group Grievances and Opportunities to Measure the Propensity for Xenophobic Violence" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 622. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/622 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa: Modeling Spatial Relationships between Group Grievances and Opportunities to Measure the Propensity for Xenophobic Violence Mapping Xenophobic Violence in South Africa: Modeling Spatial Relationships between Group Grievances and Opportunities to Measure the Propensity for Xenophobic Violence A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography By Eric Matthew Holder Ouachita Baptist University Bachelor of Arts in Biology, 2005 December 2012 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Xenophobia can be defined as the hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers or of their politics or culture (Ngwane et al., 2008). This sentiment reached its tipping point in urban areas across the Republic of South Africa in May 2008 when mass, widespread and systematic attacks against African non- nationals took place across the country.
  • Towards an Understanding of Whiteness in Republican France

    Towards an Understanding of Whiteness in Republican France

    Identities Global Studies in Culture and Power ISSN: 1070-289X (Print) 1547-3384 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gide20 Are French people white?: Towards an understanding of whiteness in Republican France Jean Beaman To cite this article: Jean Beaman (2019) Are French people white?: Towards an understanding of whiteness in Republican France, Identities, 26:5, 546-562, DOI: 10.1080/1070289X.2018.1543831 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1543831 Published online: 07 Nov 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 361 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gide20 IDENTITIES: GLOBAL STUDIES IN CULTURE AND POWER 2019, VOL. 26, NO. 5, 546–562 https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1543831 Are French people white?: Towards an understanding of whiteness in Republican France Jean Beaman Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ABSTRACT Based on ethnographic research of France’s North African second-generation, I bring together literatures on racial formation, whiteness, and race and racism in Europe to discuss how whiteness operates in French society. I discuss how respondents must navigate a supposedly colorblind society in which white- ness is default. Because these individuals are racialized as non-white, they are not seen as French by others. I discuss how they wrestle with definitions of French identity as white and full belonging in French society as centered on whiteness. I argue that salience of whiteness is part of France’s racial project in which differences among individuals are marked without explicit state- sanctioned racial and ethnic categories.
  • Youth Violence Sources and Solutions in South Africa

    Youth Violence Sources and Solutions in South Africa

    Youth violence Youth violence Africa and Solutions in South Sources Sources and Solutions in South Africa Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa thoroughly and carefully reviews the Youth violence evidence for risk and protective factors that influence the likelihood of young people acting aggressively. Layers of understanding are built by looking at the problem from a multitude of perspectives, including developmental psychology and the influences Sources and Solutions in South Africa of race, class and gender. The book explores effective interventions in the contexts of young people’s lives – their homes, their schools, their leisure activities, with gangs, in the criminal justice system, in cities and neighbourhoods, the media, with sexual Edited by offenders – and the broader socioeconomic context. Thoughtful suggestions are made Catherine L. Ward, Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes for keeping an evidence-based perspective, and interventions from other contexts are (necessarily) adapted for developing world contexts such as South Africa. Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa is a valuable source of information for practitioners, academics and anyone who has ever wondered about youth violence or wanted to do something about it. Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes Andrew Amelia van der Merwe, Edited by Catherine L. Ward, ‘It is … a national book of global relevance.’ Alexander Butchart, Prevention of Violence Coordinator, World Health Organization ‘On the one hand the book is indeed about youth violence