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ECONOMIC and REGIONAL STUDIES PDF OPEN ACCESS Eissn 2451-182X STUDIA EKONOMICZNE I REGIONALNE ISSN 2083-3725 Volume 12, No ECREG STUDIES Vol. 12, No. 4, 2019 www.ers.edu.pl ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL STUDIES PDF OPEN ACCESS eISSN 2451-182X STUDIA EKONOMICZNE I REGIONALNE ISSN 2083-3725 Volume 12, No. 4, 2019 Authors’ contribution/ THE IMPACT OF THE SURAMADU BRIDGE ON RURAL POVERTY IN KABUPATEN BANGKALAN, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA Wkład autorów: A. Study design/ WPŁYW MOSTU SURAMADU NA UBÓSTWO NA OBSZARACH WIEJSKICH Zaplanowanie badań W KABUPATEN BANGKALAN, JAWA WSCHODNIA, INDONEZJA B. Data collection/ Zebranie danych C. Statistical analysis/ Henry Kusumas Karyadinata , Muhammad Pudjihardjo , Analiza statystyczna Asfi Manzilati 1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G), Wildan Syafitri 1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G) D. Data interpretation/ 1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G) 1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G) Interpretacja danych/ E. Manuscript preparation/ 1 Przygotowanie tekstu Brawijaya University, Economic Science, Indonesia F. Literature search/ Opracowanie piśmiennictwa Karyadinata, H.K., Pudjihardjo, M., Manzilati, A., Syafitri, W. (2019). The impactEconomic of the andSuramadu Regional Bridge Studies, on 12rural poverty in Kabupaten Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia/ Wpływ mostu Suramadu na ubóstwo na G. Funds collection/ obszarach wiejskich w Kabupaten Bangkalan, Jawa Wschodnia, Indonezja. Pozyskanie funduszy ORIGINAL ARTICLE (4), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.2478/ers-2019-0032Summary Subject and purpose of work: This research was conducted to measure the influence of the Suramadu JEL code: R11 Bridge on the reduction of rural poverty and to determine the impact of production factors such as Materialsphysical capital, and methods: natural capital, human capital and financial capital on poverty before and after the Submitted: Suramadu Bridge began operating in Kabupaten Bangkalan. October 2019 This study adapted the model used by Nashwari et al (2017) which was Results:analysed applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The data from Village Potential 2007 and 2017 was Accepted: used in the research. November 2019 Many production factors in the village did not have a significant effect on the poverty reduction before the Suramadu Bridge began operating. After the Suramadu Bridge opened, it has had a significant Tables: 2 negative impact on poverty. The number of farmers, rice fields, non-agricultural activities, superior Figures: 2 Conclusions:products, skills facilities and credit facilities has a significant positive effect on the reduction of the References: 32 poverty level. The existence of the Suramadu Bridge has increased the influence of production factors in Keywords:the villages on the poverty reduction in Kabupaten Bangkalan. NAUKOWY poverty, infrastructure, rural development, East Java ORYGINALNY ARTYKUŁ Streszczenie Przedmiot i cel pracy: Klasyfikacja JEL: R11 Badania zostały przeprowadzone w celu określenia wpływu mostu Suramadu na zmniejszenie ubóstwa na obszarach wiejskich oraz wpływu czynników produkcyjnych takich jak ka- Zgłoszony: Materiałypitał rzeczowy, i metody: naturalny, ludzki i finansowy na poziom ubóśtwa przed i po oddaniu do użytku mostu październik 2019 Suramadu w Kabupaten Bangkalan. W badaniu wykorzystano model zastosowany przez Nashwari i in. (2017), a przy Zaakceptowany: Wyniki:analizie posłużono się metodą zwykłych najmniejszych kwadratów (OLS). Wykorzystano również dane listopad 2019 z badania Village Potential z lat 2007 i 2017. Wiele z czynników produkcyjnych nie miało istotnego wpływu na zmniejszenie poziomu Tabele: 2 ubóstwa przed oddaniem mostu Suramadu do użytkowania. Wraz z otwarciem mostu nastąpił istotny Rysunki: 2 wpływ w zakresie zmniejszania ubóstwa. Istotny pozytywny wpływ na redukcję ubóstwa ma liczba rol- Literatura: 32 Wnioski:ników, pól ryżowych, działań pozarolniczych, lepsze jakościowo produkty, zakłady rzemieślnicze oraz instrumenty kredytowe. Istnienie mostu Suramadu przyczyniło się do wzrostu wpływu czynników produkcyjnych Słowaw wioskach kluczowe: w zakresie ograniczania ubóstwa na terenie Kubapaten Bangkalan. ubóstwo, infrastruktura, rozwój obszarów wiejskich, Jawa Wschodnia Address for correspondence/ Adres korespondencyjny: Dr Henry Kusumas Karyadinata, Prof. Muhammad Pudjihardjo, Dr Asfi Manzilati, Dr Wildan Syafitri, Brawijaya University, Economic Science, Veteran Street, 65145, Malang, Jawa, Indonesia; Phone +62-341-551611 ext: 126; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Journal indexed in/ Czasopismo indeksowane w: AGRO; AgEcon Search; Baidu Scholar; BazEkon; CEON; CNKI Scholar;Copyright: CNPIEC – cnpLINKer; EBSCO; Google Scholar; Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 100,00; J-Gate; KESLI-NDSL; Naviga (Softweco); POL-index; Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 2015-2018: 9 points; Primo Central (ExLibris); QOAM; ReadCube; Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest); TDNet; WanFang Data; WorldCat (OCLC). © 2019 Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska, Henry Kusumas Karyadinata, Muhammad Pudjihardjo, Asfi Manzilati, Wildan Syafitri. All articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly353 cited and states its license. Henry Kusumas Karyadinata, Muhammad Pudjihardjo, Asfi Manzilati, Wildan Syafitri Introduction development, so that the existing resources (human capital, natural capital and financial capital) in rural Poverty can be found in developing countries areas are distributed to urban areas (Ke & Fesser, especially in rural areas, including Kabupaten 2010). Bangkalan, East Java and Indonesia. One of the The development paradigm is changing over reasons is limited mobility and accessibility. To the last few decades. The development which was overcome this problem, the Government built the most prominent in rural areas at first by using the Suramadu Bridge, which connects Kabupaten the macro indicator has changed into specific and Bangkalan on Madura Island with Kota Surabaya regional development. A trickle-down effect which on Java Island, so that mobility and accessibility was expected to stimulate rural development did in both areas could be improved. This study aims not happen. Urban areas are growing and developing at measuring the impact of the Suramadu Bridge faster, while rural areas are unable to recover development on reducing rural poverty in Kabupaten (Rustiadi et al., 2009). Figure 1. East Java Province and Madura Island Source: Wikipedia, 2019. Bangkalan, using Village Potential Data in 2007 Indonesia is the biggest archipelagic country in and 2017 by Badan Pusat Statistik (The Central the world. Around 60% of the Indonesian economy Agency of Statistics). The dependent variable is the is in Java Island, which is only 6% of the Indonesian number of the poor population, and the independent territory. The biggest cities in Indonesia, Jakarta and variables include physical capital, human capital, Surabaya, also lie in Java Island. This condition shows natural capital, and financial capital, which were that Java Island is the economic centre of Indonesia. analysed by using OLS. The Suramadu Bridge has had Madura Island is a part of the East Java Province negative impact on poverty, which means that after separated by Madura strait. Kabupaten Bangkalan the Suramadu Bridge opened, the poverty level in (Bangkalan Regency) is an area of Madura Island rural areas decreased. Before the Suramadu Bridge which is closest (5 km) to Surabaya, a city that lies opened, only the natural capital had any impact on in Java Island. Even though the distance is not too far poverty, while after the Suramadu Bridge began to apart, but the development in Kabupaten Bangkalan operate, all the independent variables had an impact is far behind compared to the city of Surabaya. This on poverty reduction. The existence of the Suramadu is indicated by the amount of Per Capita Income (PCI) Bridge can assist the Government on launching its of Surabaya, which is 6 times more than Kabupaten poverty reduction policy in rural areas. Bangkalan. Poverty is found in rural areas especially in The economics of this archipelagic country is very developing countries, including Indonesia (Heineman dependent on inter-island connectivity through the et al., 2011). In 2017, the number of poor people availability of ports. The development of ports and was around 26.98 million: 10.67 million (39.54%) the availability of ships is the strategy chosen by in urban areas and 16.31 million (60.45%) in rural the Government, also including the development of areas (BPS, 2018). The high number of people living an inter-island bridge. The Suramadu Bridge is built under the poverty line in rural areas indicates that to connect Java Island and Madura Island, with an rural development is not optimal in utilising the expectation to increase the accessibility and mobility existing resources (Hayami, 2001). This condition of goods and services. The Suramadu Bridge was built is exacerbated by the backwash effect of rural in 2004 and began to operate in 2009, which made 354 The impact of the Suramadu Bridge... Wpływ mostu suramadu... it the biggest bridge in South East Asia, and its only superior products brings the comparative advantage inter-island link. Kabupaten Bangkalan located in of rural areas in reducing poverty (Broeck & Maertens, Madura Island’s area near the Suramadu Bridge must 2017). The use of land for buildings
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