00-Program-And-Abstracs-EACEF5

CONTENT

Welcome Message Conference Chairman ·····················································4 Welcome Message Founding Chairman of EACEF ··········································5 COMMITTEES ································································································6 GENERAL INFORMATION ···············································································8 VENUE INFORMATIONS ··············································································· 10 PROGRAM AT A GLANCE ············································································· 13 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS····················································································· 15 INVITED SPEAKERS ······················································································ 19 KEYNOTE AND INVITED SPEECHES ······························································· 21 PARALLEL SESSIONS····················································································· 23 INSTRUCTION FOR SPEAKERS ······································································ 39 SOCIAL PROGRAM ······················································································· 40 INFORMATION ABOUT SURABAYA ······························································ 49 ABSTRACTS ·································································································· 51 Construction Project and Safety Management ····································· 51 Environmental Engineering ·································································· 58 Geotechnical Engineering ···································································· 65 Green Civil Engineering Materials ························································ 70 Infrastructure Engineering ··································································· 81 Structural and Construction Engineering ·············································· 89

WELCOME MESSAGE

Dear all EACEF5 participants, welcome to Surabaya, Indonesia! Welcome also to Petra Christian University. We are very glad to have you all, coming from many parts of the world, to participate in this conference. Praise the LORD, after preparing this conference since two years ago, finally the big day has come. The theme for EACEF5 is ‘Civil Engineering Innovation for a Sustainable Future’. Civil engineers, researchers, educators, students and related industries from all over the world are expected to work hand-in-hand to build a sustainable future for our next generation. We hope that this conference will be a meaningful event, for sharing ideas and experties, and also to strengthen our network. We are very honored to have Prof. Worsak Kanok-nukulchai (AIT, Thailand), Prof. Manfred Grohmann (Universität Kassel, Germany), Prof. Jongsung Sim (Hanyang University, Korea), Prof. Lee Kwang-Yeol (DongSeo University, Korea), Prof. J.G. de Gijt (TU Delft, Netherland), Prof. Chan Weng Tat (National University of Singapore) as keynote speakers. We are also enthusiastic to have Dr. Prabir K. Sarker (Curtin University, Australia), Dr. Robby Soetanto (Loughborough University, UK), Dr.Benny Suryanto (Heriot-Watt University, UK), Dr. Riza Y. Sunindijo (University of New South Wales, Australia), Architect Jimmy Priatman (Petra Christian University, Indonesia) as invited speakers. Our gratitude goes to Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education; Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), TU Delft, DongSeo University, The Asian Civil Engineering Council (ACEC), The Asian Concrete Federation (ACF), Indonesian Society of Civil and Structural Engineers (HAKI), Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering (HATTI), Forum Studi Transportasi Antar Perguruan Tinggi (FSTPT) for their tremendous support. Our appreciation to EACEF Founding Chairman (Prof. Harianto Hardjasaputra) for entrusting us to host this conference, together with Universitas Pelita Harapan and Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. To all our sponsors for this conference, our thanks are also for you. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, Steering Committee and International Scientific Committee, I wish you all a blessed and productive time in our EACEF5 conference! God bless you all. Prof. Djwantoro Hardjito Conference Chair of EACEF-5 2015 Petra Christian University

WELCOME MESSAGE

On behalf of the EACEF, I would like to extend my warmest welcome to all delegates participating in the 5th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF), held in Surabaya, Indonesia from September 15 to 18, 2015, jointly organized by three Indonesian universities. This year's conference is organized by Petra Christian University, in collaboration with University of Pelita Harapan and University of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. Please allow me in this occasion to deliver our highest appreciation to Petra Christian University for their availability and hospitality in hosting and organizing this conference. It is our great pleasure to see that the conferences organized by EACEF are effective tools to link the civil engineers from Europe, Asia and other continents, especially those with a commitment to advance sustainable development and environmental friendly buildings and infrastructure. Since the first conference held in Jakarta in 2007, the EACEF conference has grown in significance among the civil engineers. It has been the meeting place to establish long lasting collaboration among the researchers and the engineers. It has provided an opportunity for the professionals and researchers to learn and share about the latest development and research in civil engineering. Therefore, we are sure that the 5th international conference of EACEF will be the platform for exchanging and sharing ideas, knowledge, and development of the latest research among the engineers and researchers from Europe, Asia and other continents. I sincerely thank all the members of the organizing committee who have worked hard to prepare the conference. Special thanks to the chairman of the conference, Prof. Djwantoro Hardjito, who has dedicated his very valuable time to organize this conference. I should also express my special thanks to DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service, who always stand beside their alumni and acknowledge the 5th EACEF 2015 as DAAD alumni event in Indonesia. Finally, I wish you all a successful and inspiring conference and have nice time in Surabaya. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harianto Hardjasaputra Founding Chairman of EACEF Universitas Pelita Harapan

COMMITTEES

STEERING COMMITTEE Benjamin Lumantarna, Petra Christian University, Indonesia Harianto Hardjasaputra, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia Yoyong Arfiadi, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Indonesia Timoticin Kwanda, Petra Christian University, Indonesia Manlian A. Ronald, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand B.V. Rangan, Curtin University, Australia Koji Sakai, Kagawa University, Japan Takafumi Noguchi, The University of Tokyo, Japan Tamon Ueda, Hokkaido University, Japan DongUk Choi, Hankyong National University, South Korea Tawatchai Tingsanchali, Thailand Piti Sukontasukkul, King Mongkut University of Technology, Thailand Nguyen Van Chanh, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam Chan Weng Tat, National University of Singapore Susanto Teng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Mohd. Warid Hussin, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Prabir K. Sarker, Curtin University, Australia Drajat Hoedajanto, HAKI, Indonesia Robby Soetanto, Loughborough University, United Kingdom Iswandi Imran, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Tavio, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia Sholihin As’ad, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Han Ay Lie, Diponegoro University, Indonesia Gideon Hadi Kusuma, Australia Sugie Prawono, Petra Christian University, Indonesia Wimpy Santosa, Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia Ade Sjafruddin, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Chairman Djwantoro Hardjito, Petra Christian University

Vice-Chairman Rudy Setiawan, Petra Christian University

Members Ima Muljati, Petra Christian University Antoni, Petra Christian University Gogot Setyo Budi, Petra Christian University

Jack Widjajakusuma, Universitas Pelita Harapan Wiryanto Dewobroto, Universitas Pelita Harapan Anastasia Yunika, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta Johanes Januar Sudjati, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta Daniel Tjandra, Petra Christian University Wong Foek Tjong, Petra Christian University Cilcia Kusumastuti, Petra Christian University Sandra Loekita, Petra Christian University Pamuda Pudjisuryadi, Petra Christian University Paravita Sri Wulandari, Petra Christian University Effendy Tanojo, Petra Christian University Ratna S. Alifen, Petra Christian University Indriani Santoso, Petra Christian University Irwan Tanuadji, Petra Christian University Sri Megawati Hermanto, Petra Christian University

EDITORS Djwantoro Hardjito, Petra Christian University Antoni, Petra Christian University Ima Muljati, Petra Christian University

GENERAL INFORMATION

Date 15 – 18 September 2015

Venue The conference venues are Auditorium and several classes at Petra Christian University (PCU). PCU is located at Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia. The venue for post conference seminar is Spazio Surabaya which is located at Jalan Mayjend Yono Soewoyo Kav.3, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Language English is the official language in the conference. Papers are written and presented orally in English.

Presentation Notes Each presentation is allocated 15 minutes, followed by 5 minutes for Q&A. Speakers should arrive 15 minutes before the start of the session, and confirm their names and institution to the session chair.

Internet Access Free wifi access will be available in the conference rooms. ID and password for the service can be obtained from the registration desk.

Pre-registration and Refreshment Coffee, tea, water and snacks are provided to all participants during pre- registration on 15 September 2015 at Auditorium Foyer (2nd floor).

Conference Dinner Free Indonesian traditional drinks and foods are served for participants at PCU central green lawn. Conference dinner is held on 16 September 2015 from 18:00 to 20:00.

Lunch Participants will be provided lunches for 2 days (16-17 September 2015) at Auditorium Foyer as scheduled in the conference time table.

Mini Symposium on Engineering Education Mini Symposium on Engineering Education will be held in conjunction with Parallel Session 4 on Thursday 17 September 2015 from 13:30 to 15:30 at Auditorium.

Post Conference Seminar The seminar topic is “Design of Shallow Foundation on Expansive Soil”. Seminar will be held after the conference, on 18 September 2015, at Spazio Surabaya, Jalan Mayjend Yono Soewoyo Kav. 3, Surabaya. All interested conference participants are welcome to attend the seminar. Additional registration fee is needed.

VENUE INFORMATIONS

Site Map

Floor Map Entrance Hall (EH) - 2nd Floor

TOILET

Entrance Hall (EH) – 3rd Floor

TOILET

Radius Prawiro Building (W Building) – 3rd Floor

Radius Prawiro Building (W Building) – 10th Floor

PROGRAM AT A GLANCE

15 Sep 16 Sep 17 Sep 18 Sep 07:30 Registration, Coffee & Registration, Exhibition Coffee & 08:00 Exhibition 08:30 Opening

Ceremony 09:00 Keynote Lecture 2 09:30

10:00 Keynote Lecture

1 10:30

11:00

Parallel Session 3 11:30

12:00 Lunch &

Exhibition 12:30

Lunch & Exhibition 13:00

Spouse Program Spouse Program Spouse

Surabaya City City Tour Surabaya 13:30

Post Conference Seminar Conference Post Parallel Session 14:00 1 Parallel Mini 14:30 Session 4 Symposium

15:00 Break & Exhibition

Bali Paradise Tour (3D2N) Tour Paradise Bali 15:30 Break & Exhibition 16:00  Pre-registration Closing Ceremony  Welcome  Special Invited Speech Parallel Session 16:30 Refreshment and Best Paper Award 2  Presentation File  Speech from the host of 17:00 Submission EACEF-6  Closing Speech and Doorprize

17:30 Break & (2D1N) Tour Overnight Bromo Sunrise

Exhibition 18:00

18:30

Conference 19:00 Dinner

19:30

CONFERENCE PROGRAM

16 September 2015 Room Time Auditorium RK 1 RK 3 RK 4 W 303 W 304 EH 302 EH 304 EH 305A 07:30 – 08:30 Registration, Coffee & Exhibition Opening 08:30 – 09:00 Ceremony

Keynote 09:00 – 11:30 Lecture 1 11:30 – 13:00 Lunch & Exhibition 13:00 – 15:00 I-1 M-1A M-1B S-1A S-1B E-1 G-1 C-1 15:00 – 15:30 Break & Exhibition 15:30 – 17:30 I-2 M-2A M-2B S-2A S-2B E-2 G-2 C-2 17:30 – 18:00 Exhibition 18:00 – 20:00 Conference Dinner

17 September 2015 Room Time Auditorium RK 1 RK 3 RK 4 W 303 W 304 EH 302 EH 304 EH 305A 07:30 – 08:00 Registration, Coffee & Exhibition Keynote 08:00 – 10:30 Lecture 2 10:30 – 12:30 I-3 E-3 S-3A S-3B S-3C M-3 G-3 C-3 12:30 – 13:30 Lunch & Exhibition 13:30 – 15:30 Symposium I-4 E-4 S-4B S-4C M-4A M-4B C-4 15:30 – 16:00 Break & Exhibition Closing 16:00 – 17:30 Ceremony

Note:

C = Construction Project and Safety Management E = Environmental Engineering G = Geotechnical Engineering I = Infrastructure Engineering M = Green Civil Engineering Material S = Structural and Construction Engineering

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai President, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Prof. Worsak has extensive research experiences in Computational Mechanics for the last 30 years and has published more than 240 papers. In his career, Prof. Worsak has received many national and international awards and recognition. In 1997, Prof. Worsak was inducted into the Royal Institute of Thailand. In 1999, he was honored as the National Researcher of Thailand by the National Research Council. In 2006, the International Association of Computational Mechanics (IACM) awarded him the IACM Fellows Award for his distinguished research accomplishment in computational mechanics. In 2008, being recognized for his international contribution, Prof. Worsak received the First Nishino Medal in the East Asia-Pacific Conference of Structural Engineering and Construction (EASEC) in Taiwan, an award in memorial of the late Professor Fumio Nishino.

Prof. Worsak has been very active in many international professional organizations, notably serving in the Council of the International Association of Computational Mechanics (IACM), the Board of Directors of Japan’s International Construction Technology Information Institute (ICTII), and as Vice President (Asia) of the Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction (GADR). On Community Services, he has served as Adviser to the Minister of Transport in 2002-05, Member of the Board of Directors of Expressway Authority of Thailand in 2002-05, Member of the Board of Directors of Airports of Thailand (Public Company) in 2005-2006, and two-time Vice President of the Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT). http://www.ait.ac.th/news-and-events/2014/news/prof-worsak-kanok- nukulchai-is-ait-president/view#.VRHZUfmUeAU

Pr of. Manfred Grohmann Universität Kassel, Germany

Prof. Manfred Grohmann is a Professor for Structural Design at Kassel University, Germany since 1996. In 1983 he was co-founder of Bollinger+Grohmann Ingenieure. With the focus on structural and façade engineering they work on all kinds of complex architecture. Now they are running offices in Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Paris, Oslo and Melbourne where they work on all fields of complex architecture together with well-known international architects. 15

Prof. Jong-Sung Sim Hanyang University, Korea

Jongsung Sim is a Professor of Department of Civil Engineering as well as a Director of Fiber Research Center (FRC) at Hanyang University in Korea. He received his PhD degree in Civil Engineering from Michigan State University in United State in 1987. He was President of Korean Concrete Institute (KCI), President of Korean Society of Civil Engineers (KSCE) and President of Asian Concrete Federation (ACF). He is Fellow Member of American Concrete Institute(ACI), Fellow Member of International Institute for FRP in Construction(IIFC), and Fellow Member of International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering(IABSE). He is a Member of National Academy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) and serving as a Chairman of several Governmental Committees regarding Korean Standards (KS) and ISO standards. His current research interests are Use of FRP Rebar for Sustainable Concrete Structures, FRP reinforcement for strengthening of existing concrete structures, Recycling of Waste Concrete. He has more than 240 domestic publications and 120 international publications in these research fields.

Prof. Lee Kwang-Yeol DongSeo University, Korea

Prof. Lee, Kwang Yeol is currently a professor in Civil engineering department at Dongseo University and Asian Technical Committee (ATC7; Thick Deltaic Deposits) of International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). He was granted his Ph.D. in 1992, from Stevens Institute of Technology in US, and his research and engineering practice career prior to DSU was at SK Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd.(SKEC), Woodward & Clyde where he rose through the ranks of profession in Geotechnical Engineering.

Prof. Lee’s academic and technical career over the last twenty years has been highly interdisciplinary; authored/co-authored six textbooks on the interdisciplinary themes of geo-environmental engineering, geosynthetics design and soil testing and applications, over 127 technical papers and presentations.

Assoc. Prof. J.G. (Jarit) de Gijt Delft University of Technology, Netherland

De Gijt studied Civil Engineering at the Delft University of Technology (TUDelft) and graduated in 1976 (Hydrology and Soil Mechanics). He joined Fugro in 1975 and worked there up to 1987. He was in this period involved both in onshore and offshore geotechnical consultancy work as well as environmental and hydrological aspects. During 1985-1987 he has been assigned to EEG –ASEAN cooperation program to assist ASEAN countries: Indonesia ,Malaysia and Thailand, to improve safety in the tin mining industry especially slope stability problems. This program included fact finding, field reconnaissance and training of local people. Since 1987 de Gijt works for Rotterdam Public Works with the Engineering Section and has been involved since that time with all types of port infrastructure design, consultancy and construction: quay walls, jetties, dolphins, pipelines, reclamation work, dredging, slope stability, liquefaction, both in Rotterdam and the Netherlands and abroad, like Australia, Korea, Gabon, South Africa, Indonesia, Belgium, France, Germany, Sweden, England, Norway. De Gijt acted as account manager for the Port of Rotterdam and was a member of the management team of the Harbor and Transport Group of the Engineering Section of Public Works Rotterdam until 2006 and worked since then as port consultant with Rotterdam Public Works Rotterdam. Since 2000 de Gijt is also working part time at TU Delft with the Hydraulic Engineering and Probabilistic Design Section as Ass. Prof. and is lecturing on Port Infrastructures and coaching MSc students. De Gijt finished his PhD ” The history of quay walls “ in 2010. De Gijt is a member and participates in several organizations, like SBRCURnet, EAU, HTG , KIVINIRIA, PIANC. De Gijt published about 100 articles and made contributions to several books and is since 2011 Honorary Member of EACEF (European Asian Civil Engineering Forum).

Assoc. Prof. Chan Weng Tat National University of Singapore

Dr. Chan is an Associate Professor at the National University of Singapore where he specializes in infrastructure systems and systems engineering. His research focuses on using AI/IT for engineering projects in the built environment. He is also co•Director of the NUS•JTC i3Centre, which promotes interdisciplinary collaboration in developing innovative industrial infrastructure solutions.

INVITED SPEAKERS

Dr. Robby Soetanto Loughborough University, United Kingdom

Dr. Robby Soetanto teaches Construction Management at Loughborough University, UK. His current research focuses on two key areas; managing the integration of design and construction teams and disaster resilience. His research has been funded by government bodies (EPSRC, EU, HEA, British Council) and private companies (Lloyds TSB and Hewlett Packard). He has published over 90 works, including 3 books and 31 referred journal papers. He received his undergraduate degree in Civil Engineering from Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. Benny Suryanto, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom

Dr. Benny Suryanto is an Assistant Professor in the Institute for Infrastructure and Environment at Heriot- Watt University in Edinburgh. His research interest are primarily concerned with the development, characterisation and numerical simulation of cement- based materials, with particular focus on advanced cementitious materials such as Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), popularly known as ‘bendable’ concrete and invented by Prof VC Li about two decades ago at the University of Michigan. Dr. Suryanto has received numerous awards, including the prestigious Japan Concrete Institute Awards in 2011 and 2013, and the best paper awards from the Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology (2010 and 2012). He got his bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. Prabir Sarker Curtin University, Australia

Dr Prabir Sarker is a Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering at Curtin University, Western Australia. His research interests include utilization of by-product materials in concrete, geopolymer concrete and design of concrete structures. He has authored over 70 peer- reviewed technical articles in these areas. He is a member of Engineers Australia, American Concrete Institute and Concrete Institute of Australia.

Dr. Riza Yosia Sunindijo, The University of New South Wales, Australia

Dr Riza Yosia Sunindijo is a Lecturer in the Construction Management discipline. He worked as a project engineer, project manager, and sustainability champion for multi-national construction and project management organisations. He joined UNSW in 2009 as a sessional staff before becoming a full-time academic in 2013.He is drawn to construction due to the dynamic nature of the discipline where various stakeholders collaborate to achieve common project objectives. He also appreciates the contributions of the discipline to develop a nation and provide critical infrastructure that enhances the wellbeing of people. He is particularly passionate in the areas of health and safety, and human resource management within the discipline, where he has focussed his research efforts for a number of years. His papers are published in international journals and conferences. He has also received recognition and awards because of his teaching and research performance. Dr. Sunindijo received his bachelor and masters degree from the Civil Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Ir. Jimmy Priatman, M.Arch, IAI Petra Christian University, Indonesia

Architect Jimmy Priatman currently serves as the Director of Design and Planning as well as the Principal Architect of Archimetric Consulting Firm. He is involved in most of the firm's projects and responsible for the firm's commissions. Three of his works, Graha Pangeran, Grha Wonokoyo, and Holy Stadium received the ASEAN Energy Awards in 2002, 2006, and 2009, respectively, for being the best performing buildings in terms of energy efficiency in Indonesia and ASEAN. Mr. Priatman is also a recipient of the prestigious Kalyanakretya Utama Award in 2002 from the President of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Research and Technology for his dedication in applied architectural technology.

As a practicing architect, Mr. Priatman is a professional member of the Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI), an associate member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), and a member of American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Mr. Priatman is also a LEED Green Associate. His work is widely published in architectural magazines and publications.

Mr. Priatman received his bachelor degree in Architecture from Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia; while his masters degree was from the Illinois Institute of Technology, USA.

KEYNOTE AND INVITED

SPEECHES

 Wednesday, 16 September 2015

08.30-09.00 Opening Ceremony

OPENING SPEECH Djwantoro Hardjito, Conference Chair of EACEF5/Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Petra Christian University, Indonesia

WELCOMING SPEECH 1 Harianto Hardjasaputra, Founding Chairman of EACEF/Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

WELCOMING SPEECH 2 Rolly Intan, Rector/Professor, Petra Christian University, Indonesia

09.00-11.30 Keynote Lecture 1

GENERALIZATION OF FEM USING NODE-BASED SHAPE FUNCTIONS Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai, President/Professor, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE – JUST A SIMPLE LOVE AFFAIR Manfred Grohmann, Professor, Universität Kassel, Germany

SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Sim Jong-Sung, Professor, Hanyang University, Korea

SPECIAL PRESENTATION: “INDOOR CLIMATE SOLUTION: IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY & INDDOR CLIMATE WITH CONCRETE THERMAL ACTIVATION” Sasha Media, PT HOLCIM INDONESIA, Tbk., Indonesia

Invited Speech (Detailed information is indicated with blue font on the paralel session)

BIM-Hub: Facilitating successful collaboration in BIM Robby Soetanto, Loughborough University, United Kingdom

PERFOMANCE AND DESIGN OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Prabir Sarker, Curtin University, Australia

DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CONCRETE Benny Suryanto, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom

IMPROVING SAFETY AMONG SMALL ORGANISATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: KEY BARRIERS AND IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES Riza Yosia Sunindijo, The University of New South Wales, Australia

 Thursday, 17 September 2015

08.00-10.30 Keynote Lecture 2

THE ROLE OF SYSTEMS THINKING IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT Chan Weng Tat, Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, Singapore

SETTLEMENT BEHAVIORS OF THICK DELTAIC CLAY DEPOSITS UNDER FLOATING TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS SYSTEM AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION Lee Kwang-Yeol, Professor, Dong Seo University, Korea

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES FOR SOCIETY – QUAY WALLS AND DIKES IN THE NETHERLANDS J.G. (Jarit) de Gijt, Associate Professor, Delft University of Technology, Netherland

SPECIAL PRESENTATION: “NEW SOLUTIONS FOR SUSPENDED INDUSTRIAL SLAB-ON-PILES WITH ADVANCED HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE (HPSFRC)” Lok Tat Seng, Associate Professor, Nanyang University, Singapore PT BEKAERT INDONESIA, Indonesia

16.00-17.30 Special Invited Speech

GREEN STRATEGIES FOR DESIGN PRACTICE OF A NEW CAMPUS BUILDING: A CASE STUDY AT PETRA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY, SURABAYA, INDONESIA Jimmy Priatman, Petra Christian University, Indonesia

SPECIAL PRESENTATION: “DESIGN CONCEPT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING” Gambiro, PT WIKA GEDUNG, Tbk., Indonesia

PARALLEL SESSIONS

 Wednesday, 16 September 2015

13.00-15.00 Parallel Sessions 1

RK 1 (Radius Prawiro I-1 Infrastructure Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Harianto hardjasaputra

(I047) The Effect of Pavement Condition on Vehicle Speeds and Motor Vehicles Emissions Ary Setyawan (Indonesia), Irvan Kusdiantoro (Indonesia), Syafi'i (Indonesia)

(I085) Using Advanced Materials of Granular BRA Modifier Binder to Improve the Flexural Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Muhammad Karami (Australia), Hamid Nikraz (Australia)

(I169) Development of Asphalt Pavement Temperature Model in West Bali Region, Indonesia I Made Agus Ariawan (Indonesia), Bambang Sugeng Subagio (Indonesia), Bagus Hario Setiadji (Indonesia)

(I212) Optimization of River Transport to Strengthen Multimodal Passenger Transport System In Inland Region Said (Indonesia)

(I250) Simultaneous In-situ Stiffness and Anomalies Measurement on Pavement Subgrade Using Tomography Surface Waves Technique Sri Atmaja Rosyidi (Indonesia)

(I269) Railway Track Subgrade Failure Mechanisms Using a Fault Chart Approach Kristianto Usman (United Kingdom), M.P.N. Burrow (United Kingdom), G.S. Ghataora (United Kingdom)

EH 302 E-1 Environmental Engineering (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Anastasia Yunika

(E007) Analysis of Rainfall-Runoff Neuron Input Model With Artificial Neural Network for Simulation for Availability of Discharge at Bah Bolon Watershed Setiono (Indonesia), Rintis Hadiani (Indonesia)

(E053) The Application of Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) Model for Inundation Case in Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java-Indonesia Kania Dewi Nastiti (Republic of Korea), Yeonsu Kim (Republic of Korea), Kwansue Jung (Republic of Korea), Hyunuk An (Republic of Korea)

(E069) Rainfall Erositivity Estimation for Northern and Southern Peninsular Malaysia Using Fourneir Indexes Zul Azmi Mohtar (Malaysia), Ahmad Shukri Yahaya (Malaysia), Fauziah Ahmad (Malaysia)

(E087) Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow in the Tropical Lowland of Kapuas River, West Borneo, Indonesia Henny Herawati (Indonesia), Suripin (Indonesia), Suharyanto (Indonesia)

(E253) The Change of Hydrological Regime in Upper Cikapundung Watershed, West Java Indonesia Hary Pradiko (Indonesia), Arwin (Indonesia), P. Soewondo (Indonesia), Y. Suryadi (Indonesia)

(E359) Identification of Extreme Events in Climate Data from Multiple Sites Heri Kuswanto (Indonesia), Shofi Andari (Indonesia), Erma Oktania Permatasari (Indonesia)

RK 3 (Radius Prawiro M-1A Green Civil Engineering Materials Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Januarti Jaya Ekaputri

(M120) Building a Green Swimming Pool by Using Concrete with Aggregates from Demolition Waste Gerard H.P. Hol (Netherlands)

(M238) Authenticity Princile in Conservation of De Javasche Bank of Surabaya: Materials, Substance and Form Timoticin Kwanda (Indonesia)

(M283) Thermal Comfort of Wooden House in Coastal and Mountainous Regions in Tropical Areas (A Case Study in Wonosobo and Demak Regency) Hermawan (Indonesia), Eddy Prianto (Indonesia), Erni Setyowati (Indonesia)

(M330) Application of Coconut Fibres as Outer Eco-Insulation to Control Solar Heat Radiation on Horizontal Concrete Slab Rooftop Danny Santoso Mintorogo (Indonesia), Wanda K. Widigdo (Indonesia), Anik Juniwati (Indonesia)

(M342) Evaluating the Performance of Calcium Carbide Kiln Dust in Mortar– Initial Study Masimawati Abdul Latif (Malaysia), Sivakumar Naganathan (Malaysia), Hasim Abdul Razak (Malaysia), Kamal Nasharuddin Mustapha (Malaysia)

RK 4 (Radius Prawiro M-1B Green Civil Engineering Materials Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Ade Lisantono

Invited Paper DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CONCRETE Benny Suryanto, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom

(M193) The Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Mortar Blends at Ambient Temperature Arie Wardhono (Indonesia), David D. Law (Australia), Anthony Strano (Australia)

(M278) Effect of High Volume Fly Ash on Shrinkage of Self-Compacting Concrete Stefanus Kristiawan (Indonesia), M Taib M Aditya (Indonesia)

(M316) Improving the Durability of Pozzolan Concrete Using Alkaline Solution and Geopolymer Coating David Wiyono (Indonesia), Antoni (Indonesia), Djwantoro Hardjito (Indonesia)

(M332) The Impact of Using Fly Ash, Silica Fume and Calcium Carbonate on the Workability and Compressive Strength of Mortar Lucky Chandra (Indonesia), Antoni (Indonesia), Djwantoro Hardjito (Indonesia)

W 303 (Radius Prawiro S-1A Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Wiryanto Dewobroto

(S015) Testing of Kriging-based Finite Element to Shell Structures with Varying Thickness Wong Foek Tjong (Indonesia), Yosua Christabel (Indonesia), Pamuda Pudjisuryadi (Indonesia), Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai (Thailand)

(S048) Designing Optimum Locations and Properties of MTMD Systems Richard Frans (Indonesia), Yoyong Arfiadi (Indonesia)

(S189) Evolutionary Structural Optimization as Tool in Finding Strut-And-Tie Models (STM) for Designing Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Harianto Hardjasaputra (Indonesia)

(S371) Finite Element Analysis for Torsion Behavior of Flat Web Profile Beam Steel Section With Opening Fatimah De'nan (Malaysia), Hazwani Hasan (Malaysia), Duaa Khaled Nassir (Malaysia), Mohd Hanim Osman (Malaysia), Sariffuddin Saad (Malaysia)

(S383) Effect of Geometries on the Natural Frequencies of Pratt Truss Bridges Jack Widjajakusuma (Indonesia), Helen Wijaya (Indonesia)

W 304 (Radius Prawiro S-1B Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Jimmy Chandra

Invited Paper PERFOMANCE AND DESIGN OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Prabir Sarker (Australia)

(S058) Innovative Use of Reinforced Concrete for Sustainability of Purse Seine Boat Building in Aceh Nusa Setiani Triastuti (Indonesia), Noraya Soewarno (Indonesia)

(S109) Flexural Strength and Ductility of Concrete Brick Masonry Wall Strengthened Using Steel Reinforcement Andreas Triwiyono (Indonesia), A.S.B.N Nugroho (Indonesia), A.D. Firstyadi (Indonesia), F. Ottama (Indonesia)

(S240) Performance of Force Based Design vs Direct Displacement Based Design in Predicting Seismic Demands of Regular Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frames Ima Muljati (Indonesia), Fransiscus Asisi (Indonesia), Kevin Willyanto (Indonesia)

(S242) Identification of Aerodynamic Derivatives of Two Box Girder of Cable Stayed Bridge Sukamta (Indonesia), Ireng Guntorojati (Indonesia)

EH 304 G-1 Geotechnical Engineering (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Gogot Setyo Budi

(G105) Effect of Area Development on the Stability of Cut Slope Yulinda Sari Sutejo (Indonesia), Nurly Gofar (Indonesia)

(G138) Determination of Shear Wave Velocity Using Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave Method and Shear Modulus Estimation of Peat Soil at Western Johor Adnan Zainorabidin (Malaysia), Mohd Jazlan Mad Said (Malaysia)

(G229) Analysis of Geotextile Reinforced Road Embankment Using PLAXIS 2D Paravita Sri Wulandari (Indonesia), Daniel Tjandra (Indonesia)

(G233) A Combined Flume-Imaging Technique for Measuring Fluvial Erosion of Cohesive Stream Bank Soils Tommy Ekamitra Sutarto (Indonesia)

(G244) Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties and Slope Deformation Analysis due to the Effect of Varies Rainfall Pramusandi S. (Indonesia), Rifa'i A. (Indonesia), Suryolelono K.B. (Indonesia)

EH 305A (Entrance C-1 Construction Project and Safety Management Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Andi

Invited Paper (C192) IMPROVING SAFETY AMONG SMALL ORGANISATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: KEY BARRIERS AND IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES Riza Yosia Sunindijo, The University of New South Wales, Australia

(C057) Returns to Scale in Buildings Construction Costs: Indonesian Cases Andreas Wibowo (Indonesia)

(C076) The Analysis of Supply Chain Performance Measurement at Construction Project Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), Moh. Nur Sholeh (Indonesia)

(C135) Low-Cost Apartment Program Implementation in Surabaya Metropolitan Area Farida Rahmawati (Indonesia), Ria A.A. Soemitro (Indonesia), Tri Joko W. Adi (Indonesia), Connie Susilawati (Australia)

(C141) Model of Learning/Training of Occupational Safety & Health (OSH) Based on Industry in the Construction Industry Bambang Endroyo (Indonesia), Bambang E.Yuwono (Indonesia), Djemari Mardapi (Indonesia), Soenarto (Indonesia)

15.30-17.30 Parallel Sessions 2

RK 1 (Radius Prawiro I-2 Infrastructure Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Rudy Setiawan

(I074) Needs Analysis of the Bridge Infrastructures Crossing Over the Musi River of Palembang Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia), Adi Taruna (Indonesia), Rhaptyalyani (Indonesia), Astri Yuli Kurnia (Indonesia)

(I091) Traffic Performance Analysis of U-Turn and Fly Over U-Turn Scenario; A Case Study at Soekarno Hatta Road, Palembang, Indonesia Rhaptyalyani H. Della (Indonesia), Hanafiah (Indonesia), Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia), Riga Artiansyah (Indonesia)

(I161) Modelling Road Traffic Noise for Collector Road (Case Study of Denpasar City) Putu Alit Suthanaya (Indonesia)

(I208) Appliying Input-Output Model to Estimate the Broader Economic Benefits of Cipularang Tollroad Investment to Bandung District Ridwan Anas (Indonesia), Ofyar Z. Tamin (Indonesia), Sony S. Wibowo (Indonesia)

(I329) Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Airport Networks in Java Island, Indonesia Based on Cargo Volume and Freight Ratio Gito Sugiyanto (Indonesia), Purwanto Bekti Santosa (Indonesia), Aris Wibowo (Indonesia), Mina Yumei Santi (Indonesia)

EH 302 E-2 Environmental Engineering (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Anastasia Yunika

(E130) Royal Commission Environmental Regulations Ayedh Al Shehai (Arab Saudi)

(E167) Water Turbidity Impact on Discharge Decrease of Groundwater Recharge in Recharge Reservoir Akhmad Azis (Indonesia), Hamzah Yusuf (Indonesia), Zulfiyah Faisal (Indonesia), Muhammad Suradi (Indonesia)

(E199) Mathematical Modeling of Injection Wells for Flooding Prevention in Jakarta Mohajit (Indonesia)

(E265) Extending Public Water Supply in Peri-Urban Area: Technical- Engineering, Economical, and Environmental Consideration Sri Maryati (Indonesia), An Nisaa' Siti Humaira (Indonesia)

(E280) Evaluation of Drainage Channels Capacity in Ambon City: A Case Study on Wai Batu Merah Watershed Flooding Cilcia Kusumastuti (Indonesia), Ruslan Djajadi (Indonesia), Angel Rumihin (Indonesia)

(E311) The Submerged Breakwater as Prototype of Coastal Protection in Gili Trawangan, Lombok, Indonesia Eko Pradjoko (Indonesia), Imam Bachtiar (Indonesia), Anang Matalatta (Indonesia), Gatot Sugihartono (Indonesia)

RK 3 (Radius Prawiro M-2A Green Civil Engineering Materials Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Antoni

(M014) A Case Study of Low Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Fly Ash in East Java Indonesia M Sigit Darmawan (Indonesia), Ridho Bayuaji (Indonesia), Nur Ahmad Husin (Indonesia), Chomaedi (Indonesia), Ismail Saud (Indonesia)

(M045) Drying Shrinkage of Slag Blended Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Room Temperature Partha Sarathi Deb (Australia), Pradip Nath (Australia), Prabir Kumar Sarker (Australia)

(M142) Corrosion Behaviours of High Strength TMT Steel Bars for Reinforcing Cement Concrete Structures M.A Islam (Bangladesh)

(M277) Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Strength Development of Self Compacting Concrete Under Different Curing Temperature Gidion Turuallo (Indonesia), M.N. Soutsos (United Kingdom)

(M354) Long Term Investigation on Sulphate Resistance of Concrete Containing Laterite Aggregate Khairunisa Muthusamy (Malaysia), Norul Wahida Kamaruzzaman (Malaysia), Mohammad Amirulkhairi Zubir (Malaysia), Mohd Warid Hussin (Malaysia), Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam (Malaysia), Ahmad Budiea (Malaysia)

(M376) Porosity, Pore Size and Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete Using Sea Water Erniati (Indonesia), Zulharnah (Indonesia), M.Wihadi Tjaronge (Indonesia), Ulva Ria Irfan (Indonesia)

RK 4 (Radius Prawiro M-2B Green Civil Engineering Materials Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Benny Suryanto

(M146) Influence of Prestressed Force in the Waste Tire Reinforced Concrete Agus Maryoto (Indonesia), Nor Intang Setyo Hermanto (Indonesia), Yanuar Haryanto (Indonesia), Sugeng Waluyo (Indonesia), Nur Alvi Anisa (Indonesia)

(M148) Flexural Capacity of Concrete Beams Strengthened Using GFRP Sheet After Seawater Immersion Mufti Amir Sultan (Indonesia), Rudy Djamaluddin (Indonesia), Wihardi Tjaronge (Indonesia), Herman Parung (Indonesia)

(M275) Identification of Source Factors of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Concreting of Reinforced Concrete Hermawan (Indonesia), Puti F. Marzuki (Indonesia), M. Abduh (Indonesia), R. Driejanal (Indonesia)

(M281) The Deteriorations of Reinforced Concrete and the Option of High Performances Reinforced Concrete Mohammed CHEMROUK (Algeria)

(M355) Mechanical Properties of Steel-Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Elevated Temperature Aminuddin Jameran (Malaysia), I.S. Ibrahim (Malaysia), S.H.S. Yazan (Malaysia), S.N.A.A. Rahim (Malaysia)

(M361) Bending Capacity Analysis Of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Environmentally Friendly Synthetic Fiber Composites Teuku Budi Aulia (Indonesia), Rinaldi (Indonesia)

W 303 (Radius Prawiro S-2A Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Yoyong Arfiadi

(S019) A Chart Based Method for Steel Beam Design Using the Indonesian Section Wiryanto Dewobroto (Indonesia), Lanny Hidayat (Indonesia), Yeltsin (Indonesia)

(S158) Partial Prestressed Concrete Slab as an Alternative for Vehicle Decks of Steel Truss Bridges I Nyoman Sutarja (Indonesia), Ida Bagus Rai Widiarsa (Indonesia)

(S175) Flexural Strength Performance and Buckling Mode Prediction of Cold- Formed Steel (C section) Adi Susila (Indonesia), Jimmy Tan (United Kingdom)

(S209) Structural Behaviour of Cold-Formed Cut-Curved Channel Steel Section under Compression Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani (Malaysia), Fadhluhartini Muftah (Malaysia), Cher Siang Tan (Malaysia), Mahmood Md Tahir (Malaysia)

(S300) Estimating the Ultimate Energy Dissipation Capacity of Steel Pipe Dampers Junaedi Utomo (Indonesia), M. Moestopo (Indonesia), A. Surahman (Indonesia), D. Kusumastuti (Indonesia)

W 304 (Radius Prawiro S-2B Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Pamuda Pudjisuryadi

(S010) Beam Column and Footings Connection of Simple Prefab Housing Sentosa Limanto (Indonesia), Johanes Indrojono Suwono (Indonesia)

(S031) Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Column Embedded with the Angle Steel Shapes Ade Lisantono (Indonesia), Agung Budiman (Indonesia), Paulinus Haesler Boantua Sidauruk (Indonesia)

(S121) Effect of End Anchorge in External CFRP Confinement on Shear Damaged RC Beams Franklin F.R Frederick (India), U.K. Sharma (India), V.K Gupta (India)

(S276) A Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment on Buildings in Padang city Rini Mulyani (Indonesia), Raudhan Ahmadi (Malaysia), Kypros Pilakoutas (United Kingdom), Iman Hajirasouliha (United Kingdom), Taufik (Indonesia)

(S380) Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel Based on SNI 03-1729-2002: Built-up Sections Effendy Tanojo (Indonesia), Pamuda Pudjisuryadi (Indonesia), Billy Prawira Candra (Indonesia), Welly William (Indonesia)

EH 304 G-2 Geotechnical Engineering (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Johannes I. Suwono

(G072) Strength Performance of Iowa Soils Stabilized with Biofuel Industry Co- Product Halil Ceylan (US), Sungwan Kim (US), Ali Ulvi Uzer (Turkey), Bo Yang (US)

(G073) Physical Properties and Mineral Content of Sidoarjo Mud Volcano Luky Handoko (Indonesia), Ahmad Rifa'i (Indonesia), Noriyuki Yasufuku (Japan), Ryouhei Ishikura (Japan)

(G230) Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation on Soft Soil Using PLAXIS 2D Paravita Wulandari (Indonesia), Daniel Tjandra (Indonesia)

(G251) Investigation of the Consolidation Drainage of High Water Content Clay by Siphon Method Through Unsaturated Filter Shodai Soda (Japan), Ryohei Ishikura (Japan), Noriyuki Yasufuku (Japan), Luky Handoko (Indonesia)

(G381) Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations Embedded in Clays and Sands Layer Predicted Using PDA Test and Static Load Test Gogot Budi (Indonesia), Melisa Kosasi (Indonesia), Dewi Hindra Wijaya (Indonesia)

EH 305A C-2 Construction Project and Safety (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Management Chair: Riza Yosia Sunindijo

Invited Paper BIM-Hub: Facilitating successful collaboration in BIM Robby Soetanto, Loughborough University, United Kingdom

(C128) Competitive Aggressiveness of Contractors: A Study of Indonesia Harijanto Setiawan (United Kingdom), Bilge Erdogan (United Kingdom), Stephen O. Ogunlana (United Kingdom)

(C143) Knowledge Management Maturity in Construction Companies Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), Rudi Waluyo (Indonesia)

(C307) Best Practice for Financial Models of PPP Projects Fredy Kurniawan (Indonesia), Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko (Indonesia), Stephen Ogunlana (United Kingdom)

(C367) Successful Criteria for Large Infrastructure Projects in Malaysia Md Asrul Nasid Masrom (Malaysia), Mohd Hilmi Izwan Abd Rahim (Malaysia), Sulzakimin Mohamed (Malaysia), Goh Kai Chen (Malaysia), Riduan Yunus (Malaysia)

 Thursday, 17 September 2015

11.00-12.30 Parallel Sessions 3

RK 1 (Radius Prawiro I-3 Infrastructure Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Robby Soetanto

(I042) Predicting the Remaining Service Life of Road Using Pavement Condition Index Ary Setyawan (Indonesia), Jolis Nainggolan (Indonesia), Arif Budiarto (Indonesia)

(I050) Study on BIM Utilization for Design Improvement of Infrastructure Project Masaru Minagawa (Japan), Shunji Kusayanagi (Japan)

(I075) Trip Attraction Model Using Radial Basis Function Neural Networks Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia), Yusuf Hartono (Indonesia)

(I191) Does Demographic Pattern Matter for Sustainable Infrastructure Policy? Ferry Hermawan (United Kingdom), Tutik Rachmawati (Indonesia), Herry Ludiro Wahyono (Indonesia)

(I214) An Analysis of Out of Home Non Work Activity Time Use and Timing Behavior Based on Work Schedule and Trip Time Melawaty Agustien (Indonesia), Ade Sjafruddin (Indonesia), Harun Al Rasyid S. Lubis (Indonesia), Sony S. Wibowo (Indonesia)

(I216) The Importance of Human Resources Development and Its Impact in Increasing of National Port Productivity Erika Buchari (Indonesia), Hasan Basri (Indonesia)

RK 3 (Radius Prawiro E-3 Environmental Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Cilcia Kusumastuti

(E056) Effects of Compost Thickness and Compaction on Methane Emissions in Simulated Landfills Gabriel Andari Kristanto (Indonesia), Sesaria Marina Raissa (Indonesia), Evi Novita (Indonesia)

(E237) Sand Dynamics as a Tool for Coastal Erosion Management: A Case Study in Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia S.G. Tonyes (Australia), R.J. Wasson (Australia), N.C. Munksgaard (Australia), K.G. Evans (Australia), R. Brinkman (Australia), D.K. Williams (Australia)

(E272) The Presence of Jeringau (Acorus Calamus) as Flexible Vegetation Type in the Channel Againts Flow Resistance Maimun Rizalihadi (Indonesia), Dian Safiana (Indonesia)

(E319) Mapping of Ozone (O3) Concentrations in Padang City Vera Surtia Bachtiar (Indonesia), Slamet Raharjo (Indonesia), Yenni Ruslinda (Indonesia), Fitra Hayati (Indonesia), Desi Ratna Komala (Indonesia)

(E335) Correlation Equation to Predict HHV of Tropical Peat Based on Its Ultimate Analysis Wiwiek Setyawati (Indonesia), Enri Damanhuri (Indonesia), Puji Lestari (Indonesia), Kania Dewi (Indonesia) 31

EH 302 M-3 Green Civil Engineering Materials (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Monita Olivia

(M025) Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Lightweight Concrete Containing Waste Oil Palm Shell Aggregate Kim Hung Mo (Malaysia), U. Johnson Alengaram (Malaysia), Mohd Zamin Jumaat (Malaysia)

(M236) Optimization of the Use of Vulcanic Ash of Mount Sinabung Eruption as the Substituion for Fine Aggregate Rahmi Karolina (Indonesia), Syahrizal (Indonesia), M. Agung Putra (Indonesia), Tito Agung Prasetyo (Indonesia)

(M274) Use of Biofuel Co-Product for Pavement Geo-Materials Stabilization Ali Ulvi Uzer (Turkey)

(M288) Enhancing the Performance of Porous Concrete by Utilizing the Pumice Aggregate Hariyadi (Indonesia), Hiroki Tamai (Japan)

(M313) Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in Producing Lightweight Foamed Concrete for Non-Structural Building Material Abdul Munir (Indonesia), Abdullah (Indonesia), Huzaim (Indonesia), Sofyan (Indonesia), Irfandi (Indonesia), Safwan (Indonesia)

(M353) Effect of Mixing Ingredient on Compressive Strength of Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash Khairunisa Muthusamy (Malaysia), Nurazzimah Zamri (Malaysia), Mohamad Amirul Khairi (Malaysia), Andri Kusbiantoro (Malaysia), Saffuan Wan Ahmad (Malaysia)

RK 4 (Radius Prawiro S-3A Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Wong Foek Tjong

(S036) The Behavior of Graded Concrete, an Experimental Study Buntara Sthenly Gan (Japan), Han Aylie (Indonesia), M. Mirza Abdillah Pratama (Indonesia)

(S115) Revolution in Building and Fireproffing of Infrastructures Gerard H.P. Hol (Netherlands), Elwin Roelfsema (Netherlands)

(S219) The Influence of Graded Concrete Strength on Concrete Elements Arif Hidayat (Indonesia), Purwanto (Indonesia), Johan Puspowardojo (Indonesia), Farisi Abdul Aziz (Indonesia)

(S246) An Experimental Study to the Influence of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Confinement on Beams Subjected to Bending and Shear Sri Tudjono (Indonesia), Han Ay Lie (Indonesia), Banu Ardi Hidayat (Indonesia)

(S258) Tensile Strength Behavior of UHPC and UHPFRC Yuliarti Kusumawardaningsih (Germany), Ekkehard Fehling (Germany), Mohammed Ismail (Germany), Attitou Amen Mohamed Aboubakr (Germany)

(S261) A Study on Effects of Creep and Shrinkage in High Strength Concrete Bridges Altho Sagara (Indonesia), Ivindra Pane (Indonesia) 32

W 303 (Radius Prawiro S-3B Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Effendy Tanojo

(S016) Development of Cold Formed Steel – Timber Composite for Roof Structures: Compression Members Ali Awaludin (Indonesia), K. Rachmawati (Indonesia), M. Aryati (Indonesia), A.D. Danastri (Indonesia)

(S026) Flexural Behaviour of Steel Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Slab with Bamboo Permanent Formworks Akmaluddin (Indonesia), Pathurahman (Indonesia), Suparjo (Indonesia), Zaedar Gazalba (Indonesia)

(S064) Dynamic Responses of a Steel Railway Bridge for the Structure's Condition Assessment Agung Budipriyanto (Indonesia), Tri Susanto (Indonesia)

(S227) Performance of Square Reinforced Concrete Columns Externally Confined by Steel Angle Collars under Combined Axial and Lateral Load Test Pamuda Pudjisuryadi (Indonesia), Tavio (Indonesia), Priyo Suprobo (Indonesia)

(S301) Response Surface Application in Vibration-Based Damaged Detection of a Railway Bridge Sofyan (Indonesia)

(S375) Numerical Study of Buckling Behaviour of Cold-formed C-Channel Steel Purlin with Perforation Fatimah De'nan (Malaysia), Jin Ying Ling (Malaysia), Shin Lin Kong (Malaysia)

W 304 (Radius Prawiro S-3C Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Tavio

(S070) Brittle Shear Failure Prevention of a Non-Ductile RC Columns Using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Kittipoom Rodsin (Thailand)

(S080) The Effect of Different Shapes of Confinement in Compression Zone on Beam's Ductility Subjected to Monotonic Loading Yulita Arni Priastiwi (Indonesia), Iswandi Imran (Indonesia), Nuroji (Indonesia)

(S133) Load Deflection Behaviour of Laterally Restrained TVC/GPC Slab Strips Naresh Reddy G.N. (India), Muthu K.U. (India)

(S241) Direct Displacement Based Design on Moment Resisting Frames with Out-of-Plane Offset of Frame Ima Muljati (Indonesia), Amelinda Kusuma (Indonesia), Fonny Hindarto (Indonesia)

(S343) Analyses of RC columns in a Variety of Sizes Koji Kinoshita (Japan), Shogo Yamamoto (Japan)

EH 304 G-3 Geotechnical Engineering (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Paravita Wulandari

(G028) Prediction of Liquefaction Potential Study at Bantul Regency the Province of Special Region of Yogyakarta Indonesia John T. Hatmoko (Indonesia), Hendra Suryadharma (Indonesia)

(G134) The Shape of Slide Surface of Gravity Retaining Walls Construction on Sand by Small Scale Sinusoidal Dynamic Load Tests Anissa Maria Hidayati (Indonesia), Sri Prabandiyani R.W. (Indonesia), I Wayan Redana (Indonesia)

(G196) Stress-Path on the Hydraulic Fracturing test of the Clay Core of Rock Fill Dams in the Laboratory Didiek Djwardi (Indonesia), Kabul Basah Suryolelono (Indonesia), Bambang Suhendro (Indonesia), Hary Christady Hardiyatmo (Indonesia)

(G303) Dynamic Soil Compaction – Recent Methods and Research Tools for Innovative Heavy Equipment Approaches Holger Pankrath (Germany), M. Barthel (Germany), A. Knut (Germany), M. Bracciale (Italy), R. Thiele (Germany)

(G360) Innovative Reinforced Soil Structures for High Walls and Slopes Combining Polymeric and Metallic Reinforcements Matteo Lelli (Malaysia), R. Laneri (Malaysia), P. Rimoldi (Malaysia)

EH 305A C-3 Construction Project and Safety (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Management Chair: Ratna Setiawardani Alifen

(C018) Performance-Based Contracting for Roads – Experiences of Australia and Indonesia Reini Wirahadikusumah (Indonesia), Betty Susanti (Indonesia), Vaughn Coffey (Australia), Charles Adighibe (Australia)

(C052) Sensitivity Analysis of Risk From Stakeholders’ Perception (Case Study : Semarang-Solo Highway Project Section I (Tembalang-Gedawang)) Asri Nurdiana (Indonesia), Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), Jati Utomo D. Hatmoko (Indonesia)

(C102) Analysis of Factors Affecting Design Changes in Construction Project with Partial Least Square (PLS) A.A. Gde Agung Yana (Indonesia), Rusdhi HA (Indonesia), M. Agung Wibowo (Indonesia)

(C110) Identification and Analyze of Influence Level on Waste Construction Management of Performance Elizar (Indonesia), M. Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), Pinardi Koestalam (Indonesia)

(C127) Proactiveness of Contractors: A Study of Indonesia Harijanto Setiawan (United Kingdom), Bilge Erdogan (United Kingdom), Stephen O. Ogunlana (United Kingdom)

(C160) An Analysis of Bidding Strategy, Project Performance and Company Performance Relationship in Construction Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), I Nyoman Yudha Astana (Indonesia), Rusdi HA. (Indonesia)

13.30-15.00 Parallel Sessions 4

RK 1 (Radius Prawiro I-4 Infrastructure Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Jack Widjajakusuma

(I024) Generalized Additive Models for Estimating Motorcycle Collisions on Collector Roads Machsus Machsus (Indonesia), Rachmad Basuki (Indonesia), Amalia Firdaus Mawardi (Indonesia)

(I215) Transportation Demand Management: A Park and Ride System to Reduce Congestion in Palembang City Indonesia Erika Buchari (Indonesia)

(I226) The Delays for Signalized Intersection Using ATCS Data and Field Survey Method at Kerten-Intersection of Surakarta Alfia Magfirona (Indonesia), Nurul Hidayati (Indonesia), Ika Setiyaningsih (Indonesia), Gotot Slamet (Indonesia)

(I268) The Effective Strategy in the management of “Pantura” Lane road, Java - Indonesia Hary Agus Rahardjo (Indonesia), Dwi Dinariana (Indonesia), Fitri Suryani (Indonesia)

(I372) Traffic Flow Quality as Part of Network Quality for a Sparse Road Network Hitapriya Suprayitno (Indonesia)

(I379) Effect of Habit and Car Access on Student Behavior Using Cars for Traveling to Campus Rudy Setiawan (Indonesia), Wimpy Santosa (Indonesia), Ade Sjafruddin (Indonesia)

RK 3 (Radius Prawiro E-4 Environmental Engineering Building, 10th Floor) Chair: Cilcia Kusumastuti

(E039) Self and Artificial Air Entrainment in Steep Channel Yeri Sutopo (Indonesia), Budi Wignyosukarto (Indonesia), Bambang Yulistyanto (Indonesia), Istiarto (Indonesia)

(E234) Application of Large Scale Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) to Identify Flow Pattern in the Channel Tommy Ekamitra Sutarto (Indonesia)

(E264) Study on Water Balance in Poteran – a Small Island in East Java, Indonesia Tatas (Indonesia), Agung Budipriyanto (Indonesia), Mohamad Khoiri (Indonesia), Wien Lestari (Indonesia), Askur Rahman (Indonesia)

(E273) The Influence of Single Zigzag Type Porous Groin in the Change of Beach Profile Eldina Fatimah (Indonesia), Zouhrawaty, A. Ariff (Indonesia), Budi Aulia (Indonesia)

(E298) Experiment and Assessment for Integrated Technology Application Used to Rain (WM4RR) & Floods reduction (AR-DWIS) in-Jakarta, Indonesia, South East Asia, Asia R. D. Goenawan (Indonesia), Ridwan (Indonesia), M. Sadly (Indonesia), T. Sudinda (Indonesia), M. Kudsy (Indonesia), T.H. Seto (Indonesia), B. Harsoyo (Indonesia)

(E309) Log Jams at a Bridge with a Pier and a Bridge Without Pier Rusyda, M.I. (Indonesia) 35

EH 302 M-4A Green Civil Engineering Materials (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Antoni

(M092) Improvement of Concrete Durability by Nanomaterials Saloma (Indonesia), Amrinsyah Nasution (Indonesia), Iswandi Imran (Indonesia), Mikrajuddin Abdullah (Indonesia)

(M144) Improving Microstructures of Concrete Using Ca (C18H35O2)2 Agus Maryoto (Indonesia)

(M217) The Control of Response Time in Self Healing of Granulated Cementitious Material by Water-Soluble Film Coating Yong-Soo Lee (Korea); Hong-Gi Kim (Korea); Tae-Han Song (Korea); Jae-Suk Ryou (Korea)

(M317) Impact of Concrete Quality on Sustainability G.H. Kusuma (Indonesia), J. Budidarmawan (Indonesia), A. Susilowati (Indonesia)

(M341) Performance of Lime Kiln Dust as Cementitious Material Masimawati Abdul Latif (Malaysia), Sivakumar Naganathan (Malaysia), Hasim Abdul Razak (Malaysia), Kamal Nasharuddin Mustapha (Malaysia)

(M346) Smart Cement Composites for Durable and Intelligent Infrastructure Benny Suryanto (United Kingdom), W. John Mc Carter (United Kingdom), Gerry Starrs (United Kingdom), Sam A. Wilson (United Kingdom), Ryan M. Traynor (United Kingdom)

EH 304 M-4B Green Civil Engineering Materials (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Gogot Setyo Budi

(M055) Early Age Properties of Low-calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Suitable for Ambient Curing Pradip Nath (Australia), Prabir Kumar Sarker (Australia), Vijaya B Rangan (Australia)

(M139) Mechanical Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete with Glass Powder Substitute Widodo Kushartomo (Indonesia), Ika Bali (Indonesia), Budi Sulaiman (Indonesia)

(M213) Compressive Strength of Asphalt Concrete Binder Course (AC BC) Mixture Using Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) Abdul Gaus (Indonesia), Trjaronge M.W. (Indonesia), Nur Ali (Indonesia), Rudy Djamaluddin (Indonesia)

(M326) Mechanical Properties of Seashell Concrete Monita Olivia (Indonesia), Annisa Arifandita Mifshella (Indonesia), Lita Darmayanti (Indonesia)

(M370) Effect of Combination Between Crumb Rubber and Steel Fiber on Impact Energy of Concrete Beams Ahmed Tareq Noaman (Malaysia), B.H. Abu Bakar (Malaysia), Hazizan Md. Akil (Malaysia)

W 303 (Radius Prawiro S-4B Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Wiryanto Dewobroto

(S027) Fragility Curves for Low- and Mid-rise Buildings in Malaysia Siti Nur Aqilah Saruddin (Malaysia), Fadzli Mohamed Nazri (Malaysia)

(S093) Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Soft Story Irregular Buildings Using Pushover Analysis Adrian Fredrick C. Dy (Philippines), Andres Winston C. Oreta (Philippines)

(S096) Earthquake Response of RC Infilled Frame with Wall Openings in Medium-Rise Hotel Buildings Made Sukrawa (Indonesia)

(S129) Approximate Seismic Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings with Mass and Stiffness Irregularities George Georgoussis (Greece), Achilleas Tsompanos (Greece), Triantafyllos Makarios (Greece)

(S190) Dynamic Buckling of Stiffened Panels Ouadia Mouhat (Morocco), Khamlichi Abdellatif (Morocco)

W 304 (Radius Prawiro S-4C Structural and Construction Engineering Building, 3rd Floor) Chair: Jimmy Chandra

(S178) Behaviour of Macro Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Concentric Axial Compression Rosidawani (Indonesia), Imran I. (Indonesia), Sugiri S. (Indonesia), Pane I. (Indonesia)

(S210) Mechanical Behaviour of the Cold-Formed Steel Channel Stub Column under Post Elevated Temperature Fadhluhartini Muftah (Malaysia), Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani (Malaysia), Ahmad Rasidi Osman (Malaysia), Shahrin Mohammad (Malaysia)

(S220) Experimental Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Confinement Han Aylie (Indonesia), Antonius (Indonesia), Aldyan W. Okiyarta (Indonesia)

(S225) Collapse Behaviour Assessment of Precast Soft Storey Building Ari Wibowo (Indonesia), John L. Wilson (Australia), Nelson TK Lam (Australia), Emad F. Gad (Australia)

(S257) UHPC Compressive Strength Test Specimens: Cylinder or Cube? Yuliarti Kusumawardaningsih (Germany), Ekkehard Fehling (Germany), Mohammed Ismail (Germany)

EH 305A C-4 Construction Project and Safety Management (Entrance Hall, 3rd Floor) Chair: Paul Nugraha

(C100) The Practice of Time Management on Construction Project Lok Siew Chin (Malaysia), Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid (Malaysia)

(C126) Structural Equation Model for Investigating Risk Factors Affecting Project Success in Surabaya Herry Pintardi Chandra (Indonesia)

(C186) Initial Investigation for Potential Motivators to Achieve Sustainable Construction Safety and Health Herry Pintardi Chandra (Indonesia)

(C218) Risk Analysis of BOT Scheme on Post-Construction Toll Road Yudi Harto Suseno (Indonesia), Muhammad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia), Bagus Hario Setiadji (Indonesia)

(C318) Credit Enhancement and Its Risk Factors for IPP Projects in Asia: An Analysis by Network Theory Abu Naser Chowdhury (Bangladesh), Po-Han Chen (Taiwan), Robert Tiong (Singapore)

Mini Symposium on Auditorium Civil Engineering Education Chair: Anastasia Yunika

Presenters: 1. Prof. Shunji Kusayanagi (Tokyo City University, Japan) 2. Dr. Rachman Sjarief (German Alumni-Motivator, Indonesia) 3. Prof. Dr. Peter Pscheid (International University Liaison Indonesia, Germany) 4. Prof. Chan Weng Tat (National University of Singapore) 5. Prof. Manfred Grohmann (Universität Kassel, Germany) - to be confirmed.

Topics covered: 1. Attitudes and ways of thinking of young generation in different countries 2. Problem(s) exists in engineering education system in different countries 3. How to overcome those problems and difficulties; Effective education system(s).

INSTRUCTION FOR SPEAKERS

General  A notebook (Windows OS, no Mac) computer and a beam projector will be provided in the session room. Please use the conference notebook rather than your personal notebook.  The total time allotted to each speaker is 15 minutes. Invited paper presenters have 30 minutes. Both allotted times include the Q&A session.  All presenters are requested to submit their final presentation file directly to the designated session at the registration desk or at least 30 minutes before the start of the session.  Presenters should check their final presentation file before copying to the notebook provided for presentation.  Internet access may not be available in several session rooms.

Presentation Materials  Presentation material must be in Power Point 2003, 2007, 2010 format (.pptx, .ppsx, .ppt, .pps).  Use the basic fonts which are supported by Power Point. If you want to use other commercial fonts, you must bring fonts files and prepare material file as a PDF format.

SOCIAL PROGRAM

Spouse Program 1 16 September 2015 (8:00 – 17:00) Minimum for 5 persons

Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia, known as Heroes city and one of business city. Located in East Java, Surabaya have many kinds of cultural sites and historical building. Besides that, there are several places to learn handicraft from local people. We will visit some places such Batik House, Genteng Market area, and Enceng Gondok Handicraft. Indonesia also famous with its delicious traditional food. The participants will experience the taste of various Indonesian traditional foods for their lunch. Tour Package include : - Transportation, Driver Tips, Tour Leader, Entrance Fee - Daily Mineral Water, 1x Lunch at D’Kampoeng Surabaya Town Square, 1x Snack, - Handicraft making from enceng gondok and souvenir - Batik making and souvenir Tour Package exclude : - Personal expenses Destination and Activities Details : - Enceng Gondok Handicraft Located at Kompleks Griyo Kebraon Utama XV Bl DO/20, this place founded by Mrs. Julita Joylita. In this place, we can learn how to make handycraft such as bag, flower vase, chair, etc from dried water hyacinth. This handycraft not only sold in Surabaya, but has been exported to Japan for more than 10.000 unit. Mrs. Julita not only sell the handycraft but also teach people whose want to learn, especially the housewives so they can get extra income for their family. In 2001, Mrs. Julita received " Clean Up the World" reward from United Nation Environment Program (UNEP). IN 2004, she received Kalpataru Award from President Megawati. She also got an award from World Bank in 2005, as she helped women to overcome poverty by making money from handycraft. Arrived at this place, the participants will be welcome by Mrs. Julita herself with the other handycraft trainers. First, they will explain about the history of this place, water hyacinth and how to dry it. After that, the participant will get experience of how to make a simple handicraft from dried water hyacinth. Participants can take home their work of water hyacinth handicraft.

- D’Kampoeng Surabaya Town Square D’Kampoeng is a place to eat with a food-court concept that sells various Javanese traditional foods and beverages. The participants can taste not only Surabaya Traditional foods, but also traditional foods from other cities in Java.

- Pasar Genteng Area Genteng Market is the center for buying traditional snack. Indonesian people loves traditional snacks and this is the best alternative for a general gifts. 40

Be warned though, this place is quite hectic. A quaint crampy street, very crowded and quite hard to find a good parking spot. Nevertheless it's still the most popular since they have the most selections in one place.

- Batik House Aims to develop and preserve batik in East Java, Faiqah Ismail a batik craftsmen Pamekasan, Madura batik initiative to build a house and recently opened to the public in 2008. In 2014, the East Java Batik House won MURI record as the largest Surabaya city logo batik makers. Home East Java Batik batik has a collection of 16 districts in East Java, among others: Sumenep, Pamekasan, Sampang, Bangkalan, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Lamongan, Tuban, Pasuruan, Malang, Batu, Jombang, Kediri, Pacitan, Bayuwangi, Jember and Tulungagung , Not only selling batik cloth, East Java Batik House also willing to teach the traveler learn batik. Before they start the batik course, they will explain about batik and show many kind of batik to the participants. Later on, the participants can try to make batik on a 50 x 50 cm cloth. They will start from drawing the motive, use “canting” to put candle on the cloth, coloring the cloth, then removes the candle on the cloth (finishing). Participants can take home their work of batik.

Spouse Program 2 17 September 2015 (8:00 – 17:00) Minimum for 5 persons

Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia, known as Heroes city and one of business city. Located in East Java, Surabaya have many kinds of cultural sites and historical building. Besides that, there are several places to learn handicraft from local people. We will visit some places such Kampung Pernak-Pernik (Trinkets village) , Batik Keris Store and Jambangan Village. Tour Package include : - Transportation, Driver Tips, Tour Leader, Entrance Fee - Daily Mineral Water, 1x Lunch at Eat & Eat, 1x Snack - Handicraft making at Jambangan and Trinkets Village Tour Package exclude : - Personal expenses Destination and Activities Details : - Kampung Jambangan This village previously known as a very dirty area. In 1960, the area produced a lot of waste and couldn’t control it. In the year of 1973, one of resident, Sriyatun Djupri, had an initiative to invite residents preserving the environment around the river for villages to be more clean, orderly, tidy and livable. The invitation in the form of environmental preservation such as planting trees, clean the riverbank, to the use of second-hand goods. His efforts eventually also raise public awareness so that village it becomes more clean and orderly. Public awareness is embodied in form of recycling. This activity is carried out since 2000 and started operate well in 2003 were managed communally. Here, tourists citizens the opportunity to see a variety of activities such as waste management. This is done simply by separating trash beforehand; distinguish types of organic and non-organic. The organic waste is then processed into compost, while non-organic form of plastic recycled into bags, flower pots, umbrellas, jackets and souvenirs. This village had received a lot of awards from the government. They became role model for the other villages. 41

- Kampung Pernak Pernik The village officially named as Kampung Pernak-Pernik (Trinkets) by the Mayor of Surabaya on October 31, 2010. The establishment of this village intended to improve the economic level of society, especially for the mother-housewife, and also to become entrepreneurs in their respective homes. And on the other hand will increase in household financial income each craftsman. With the initial skills capital in the form of stringing knick - knacks pins and broaches the veil, the craftsmen continue to work to get the results that will be used as a brand for these enterprises. And of the efforts of these craftsmen eventually provide a superior work in the form of ribbon embroidery works. Various works that have been made include dining table cloth sets, the hood of food, cover gallon, tissue, and others. These village open courses for tourist who wanted to learn how to make handicraft.

- Batik Keris Batik Keris is one of the biggest batik producer in Indonesia. Batik Keris has evolved from generation to generation for more than 90 years. Starting from the product Batik home (home industry) into a large garment factory and has stores throughout the country.

City Tour 18 September 2015 (8:00 – 17:00) Minimum for 5 persons

- House of Sampoerna House of Sampoerna is the home of one of Indonesia’s most famous kretek cigarette manufacturers, Sampoerna. The building itself is a wonderful 19th- century Dutch structure, originally an orphanage but later converted into a theatre. The former lobby is now the museum and is something of a shrine to the Sampoerna empire. It has exhibits on the use of cloves and the history of kretek in Indonesia, alongside uniforms and drums of the Sampoerna marching band and other quirky company curios. There's also an incredible collection of cigarette lighters, holders and cases, mainly from

Europe. Upstairs there’s a bird’s-eye perspective of the factory’s shop floor, where hundreds of women hand roll, trim and pack the Dji Sam Soe brand. Arrived at this place, participants will explore the museum and the art gallery accompanied with the guide from the museum. The participants can see the history of the company and its tobacco. They can also see the process of tobacco packing by the women labor that really fast and interesting. If the participants interested to have a souvenir from the museum, they can buy it at the factory’s shop.

- Mirota souvenir shop Mirota is one of the batik and traditional souvenir shop in Surabaya. Besides that, there is also a cafe that sell Indonesian foods. In this place, the participants will enjoy their shopping time for 1 hour. They can buy batik shirt, wood statue, pencil case, key chain, post card, etc.

- Sanggar Agung Temple Klenteng Sanggar Agung or Hong San Tan temple is a temple for Buddhist, Tao and Kong Hu Cu followers. Like any other temples that we can find, Sanggar Agung temple has particular in design and also in its atmosphere, the design is very unique and quite sophisticated. From the very inside of the building, the back side is outstandingly amazing with the great goddess of Kwan Im Pouw Sat statue and four statues for the guardians, which is one of them is Kwan Kong, the god of war. There are also two dragons statue over the goddess and the guardians that look strong and firm in 6 meters long. Visitor also can see the four face Buddha statue there.

Sunrise Bromo Overnight Tour (2D/1N) 18 September 2015 (11:30) - 19 September 2015 (15:30) Started from Surabaya and ended in Surabaya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bromo

Tour Package include : - Transportation, Driver Tips, Tour Leader, Entrance Fee - Daily Mineral Water - Full board meals (1x breakfast, 2x lunch, and 1x dinner) - Accomodation at Lava View Lodge / equal - Jeep at Bromo to reach the Penanjakan Hill

Tour Package exclude : - Personal expenses, minibar, laundry service, telephone - Horse Riding at Bromo Destination and Activities Details : - Penanjakan Hill Penanjakan Hill is a view point to watch Bromo Sunrise. To go here, participants will ride hard top jeep. Located at 2.270 meters above sea level, this view point have 4 mountains scenery, Bromo Mountain, Batok Mountain, Kursi Mountain, and Semeru Mountain. - Whispering Sands (Pasir Berbisik) This Sand Dessert is well-known as Whispering Sands, since it’s became the shooting location for a movie called Whispering Sands, starring by Dian Sastro. At this place, the participants can enjoy the natural view of the place and usually taking picture with the jeep. - Savannah Hill This place is the green part of the Bromo National Park area. It’s called as Teletubbies Hill, remind us the teletubbies green hill in the movie. Participants can taking picture and enjoy the view. - Bromo Crater Arrived at the jeep’s parking area, participants will walk or ride a horse (optional) to the bottom of the mountain. After that, they have to walking up the stairs to go to the top of the mountain, to see the mountain’s crater.

Bali Paradise Tour (3D/2N) 18 September 2015 (8:00) – 20 September 2015 (14:30) Started from Surabaya and ended in Bali

Bromo Mountain is one of the most well known tourism area located in East Java, Indonesia. People can see the beautiful sunrise from the top of the mountain and watching crater there. Location in 2.329 metresabocve sea level, Mount Bromo is an active volcano and part of the Tengger tribe. Not only that, Indonesia also have another place which is serves people with the most beautiful island, named Bali, Island of the Gods, with its beautiful landscape of hills and mountains, rugged coastline and sandy beaches, lush rice terraces and barren volcanic hillsides all providing a picturesque backdrop to its colorful, deeply spiritual and unique culture, stakes a serious claim to be paradise on earth. Bali also known with world class surfing and diving area, cultural sites and historical place. Tour Package include: - Full Board meals (2x breakfast, 3 lunch, and 2x dinner) - Transportation, Driver Tips, Tour Leader, Entrance fee, Daily Mineral Water - Accomodation at Hard Rock Hotel / equal - Dinner at Jimbaran - Airplane Ticket from Surabaya to Denpasar (oneway) Tour Package exclude: - Personal expenses, minibar, laundry service, telephone - Airplane Ticket from Denpasar to home country Destination and Activities Details : - Tanah Lot Tanah Lot Temple is one of Bali’s most important landmarks, famed for its unique offshore setting and sunset backdrops. An ancient Hindu shrine

perched on top of an outcrop amidst constantly crashing waves; Tanah Lot Temple is simply among Bali’s not-to-be-missed icons. Tanah Lot have different characteristic with the others, that is, looks like a floating one if the tide is high but when tide is low, people can walk to the temple. Beside the temple, participants can also enjoy sunset, see holy snake, and shopping. This temple is very famous among tourist destinations in Bali with spectacular view of sunset. - Tirta Empul Tirta Empul Temple or Tampak Siring Temple is a holy spring water temple located in Tampak Siring Village, Gianyar regency and it is about 39 km eastwards from Denpasar town. It is set in the dale and encircled by the hill. In the west side of this temple, there is an Indonesian President palace which has been found by the first president. The name of Tirta Empul is loaded in a inscription which is kept at Sakenan Temple, Manukaya village, Sub district of Tampak Siring, about 3 km from Tirta Empul Temple. In this inscription, the Tirta Empul is named by the Tirta Ri Air Hampul and then the name has changed into Tirta Hampul and finally become the Tirta Empul. Tirta Ri air hampul is meaning the water emerge or the holy pool (Petirthan) which is the water emerge from the land. At there, participants can see the ritual of Balinese tradition when pray. Participants can also try to wash with the holy water, but only at specific place. - Ubud Market The Ubud Art Market, locally referred to as 'Pasar Seni Ubud' is located opposite the the Puri Saren Royal Ubud Palace and is open daily. Here you can find beautiful silk scarves, lightweight shirts, handmade woven bags, baskets or hats; statues, kites and many other hand-crafted goods. The Ubud market also serves as a setting for the Hollywood movie Eat Pray Love, which shows a scene where actress Julia Roberts opposite a male character strolling through the stalls which are frequently visited by foreign and domestic visitors in real life. Naturally, bargaining is essential. At there, participants can find many souvenirs or merchandises. Participants can also exploring the area, there is temple in that area. Near the market, there is famous suckling pig restaurant, Bu Oka. - Padang Padang Beach This beach is one of the set of Hollywood movie Eat, Pray, & Love starring by Julia Robert. This beach offer white sand and calm waves. The uniqueness of this beach are the hills background and reef. To get to the beach visitors must pass through the road that resembles a cave. Then down past dozens of stairs that is only enough for one person. In this beach, participants can enjoy the white sand and calm waves. They can also enjoy the panorama of the beach. - Uluwatu Temple Uluwatu Temple is a Hindu temple set on the cliff bank in south part of Bali Peninsula. It is one of Sad Kahyangan Temple in Bali (six big groups of Bali Temples), located in Pecatu Village. It is situated on the coral reef sordid to sea about 80 meters above the sea level. It is featured by a small dry forest which is mostly called by Alas Kekeran (interdict forest) which is belong to the temple and dwelt by a lot of monkeys and other animal. Name of Uluwatu was come from the word Ulu meaning the head and Watu meaning stone. Therefore Uluwatu Temple mean the temple built in tip of coral reef.

In this place, we can see Hindus Temple and also kecak dance show with sea background. - Jimbaran Beach Jimbaran beach and the famous Jimbaran Bay are located on Bali's southwestern coast of the narrow isthmus connecting the Bali mainland and the Bukit Peninsula. The beach and the bay of Jimbaran offers small secluded areas, where tranquility and peace are the perfect antidote to a stressful world. Jimbaran beach is famous as the place to dinner, with delicious seafood and romantic atmosphere. While eating, participants can enjoy the sound of waves and the peaceful atmosphere. - Joger Joger is merchandise store that sells t-shirt, bag, flippers, glass, key chain, etc. Joger famous with their unique words or meaning in their merchandise. This store always crowded all the time. Joger only located in Bali and doesn’t have another store in other city in Indonesia. - Krisna Tuban Krisna is a famous souvenir store in Bali. They sells t-shirt, food, etc. They also have a restaurant. So, after having lunch, participants can shopping at the souvenir shop.

Wonderful Bromo Bali Tour (4D/3N) 18 September 2015 (11:30) – 21 September 2015 (14:30) Started from Surabaya and ended in Bali

Bali, the famous Island of the Gods, with its beautiful landscape of hills and mountains, rugged coastline and sandy beaches, lush rice terraces and barren volcanic hillsides all providing a picturesque backdrop to its colorful, deeply spiritual and unique culture, stakes a serious claim to be paradise on earth. Bali also known with world class surfing and diving area, cultural sites and historical place. Tour Package include: - Full Board meals (3x breakfast, 4 lunch, and 3x dinner) - Transportation, Driver Tips, Tour Leader, Entrance fee, Daily Mineral Water - Accomodation at Hard Rock Hotel Bali / equal and at Lava View Lodge Bromo / equal - Jeep at Bromo to reach Penanjakan Hill - Dinner at Jimbaran - Airplane Ticket from Surabaya to Denpasar (oneway) Tour Package exclude: - Personal expenses, minibar, laundry service, telephone - Airplane Ticket from Denpasar to home country - Horse Riding at Bromo

Destination and Activities Details : BROMO - Penanjakan Hill Penanjakan Hill is a view point to watch Bromo Sunrise. To go here, participants will ride hard top jeep. Located at 2.270 meters above sea level, this view point have 4 mountains scenery, Bromo Mountain, Batok Mountain, Kursi Mountain, and Semeru Mountain. 46

- Whispering Sands (Pasir Berbisik) This Sand Dessert is well-known as Whispering Sands, since it’s became the shooting location for a movie called Whispering Sands, starring by Dian Sastro. At this place, the participants can enjoy the natural view of the place and usually taking picture with the jeep. - Savannah Hill This place is the green part of the Bromo National Park area. It’s called as Teletubbies Hill, remind us the teletubbies green hill in the movie. Participants can taking picture and enjoy the view. - Bromo Crater Arrived at the jeep’s parking area, participants will walk or ride a horse (optional) to the bottom of the mountain. After that, they have to walking up the stairs to go to the top of the mountain, to see the mountain’s crater.

BALI - Tirta Empul Tirta Empul Temple or Tampak Siring Temple is a holy spring water temple located in Tampak Siring Village, Gianyar regency and it is about 39 km eastwards from Denpasar town. It is set in the dale and encircled by the hill. In the west side of this temple, there is an Indonesian President palace which has been found by the first president. The name of Tirta Empul is loaded in a inscription which is kept at Sakenan Temple, Manukaya village, Sub district of Tampak Siring, about 3 km from Tirta Empul Temple. In this inscription, the Tirta Empul is named by the Tirta Ri Air Hampul and then the name has changed into Tirta Hampul and finally become the Tirta Empul. Tirta Ri air hampul is meaning the water emerge or the holy pool (Petirthan) which is the water emerge from the land. At there, participants can see the ritual of Balinese tradition when pray. Participants can also try to wash with the holy water, but only at specific place. - Ubud Market The Ubud Art Market, locally referred to as 'Pasar Seni Ubud' is located opposite the the Puri Saren Royal Ubud Palace and is open daily. Here you can find beautiful silk scarves, lightweight shirts, handmade woven bags, baskets or hats; statues, kites and many other hand-crafted goods. The Ubud market also serves as a setting for the Hollywood movie Eat Pray Love, which shows a scene where actress Julia Roberts opposite a male character strolling through the stalls which are frequently visited by foreign and domestic visitors in real life. Naturally, bargaining is essential. At there, participants can find many souvenirs or merchandises. Participants can also exploring the area, there is temple in that area. Near the market, there is famous suckling pig restaurant, Bu Oka. - Padang Padang Beach This beach is one of the set of Hollywood movie Eat, Pray, & Love starring by Julia Robert. This beach offer white sand and calm waves. The uniqueness of this beach are the hills background and reef. To get to the beach visitors must pass through the road that resembles a cave. Then down past dozens of stairs that is only enough for one person. In this beach, participants can enjoy the white sand and calm waves. They can also enjoy the panorama of the beach. - Uluwatu Temple

Uluwatu Temple is a Hindu temple set on the cliff bank in south part of Bali Peninsula. It is one of Sad Kahyangan Temple in Bali (six big groups of Bali Temples), located in Pecatu Village. It is situated on the coral reef sordid to sea about 80 meters above the sea level. It is featured by a small dry forest which is mostly called by Alas Kekeran (interdict forest) which is belong to the temple and dwelt by a lot of monkeys and other animal. Name of Uluwatu was come from the word Ulu meaning the head and Watu meaning stone. Therefore Uluwatu Temple mean the temple built in tip of coral reef. In this place, we can see Hindus Temple and also kecak dance show with sea background. - Jimbaran Beach Jimbaran beach and the famous Jimbaran Bay are located on Bali's southwestern coast of the narrow isthmus connecting the Bali mainland and the Bukit Peninsula. The beach and the bay of Jimbaran offers small secluded areas, where tranquility and peace are the perfect antidote to a stressful world. Jimbaran beach is famous as the place to dinner, with delicious seafood and romantic atmosphere. While eating, participants can enjoy the sound of waves and the peaceful atmosphere. - Joger Joger is merchandise store that sells t-shirt, bag, flippers, glass, key chain, etc. Joger famous with their unique words or meaning in their merchandise. This store always crowded all the time. Joger only located in Bali and doesn’t have another store in other city in Indonesia. - Krisna Tuban Krisna is a famous souvenir store in Bali. They sells t-shirt, food, etc. They also have a restaurant. So, after having lunch, participants can shopping at the souvenir shop.

INFORMATION ABOUT SURABAYA

Local Currency The local currency is Indonesian Rupiah (IDR). You may exchange most international currencies at money exchanges at airport and local banks. Dialing Code The dialing code of Indonesia is +62’ Most mobile phone models can be used in Indonesia. Time Zone Surabaya is 7 hours ahead of UTC (+7 hr). Electricity Electricity in Indonesia is 220 volts AC and 50 Hz cycle power. While your 110 volt appliances from your home country will work with a transformer and plug adapter, you may not be able to service them or get spare parts in Indonesia. indonesian electrical plugs have two pins as shown. They fit into European outlets. Weather in September The average temperature is 33°C (91°F), the average low is 23°C (74°F). September begins with lots of sunny days, little to no rain, and a daily average temperature of 31°C (87°F), which stays this way throughout the month. The humidity levels are the lowest they get for the year, with an average of 70% for the month. This is slightly uncomfortable, and high temperatures can make it feel worse Credit Card All the major credit cards (Visa, MasterCard, American Express) are accepted in hotels, and in most restaurants and shops. Bank Service Most banks are open from 9:00 to 15:00, and close on weekends and national holidays. ATMs tend to have longer operating hours (some of them are available 24 hours) and tend to be available on weekends and holidays Shopping Hours Department stoes are open daily from 10:00 to 21:30. Smaller stores and shops may have shorter hours. Large chain stores open everyday, however smaller independent stores may close one day a week.

Tip and Taxes Giving tip is optional in Indonesia. Consumption tax is paid by consumer when they purchase goods and services. The rate is currently 10% - 21%. Shops and other sevice providers are required to include the consumption tax in the prices shown. Emergency The nationwide emergency phone numbers are: Police: 110 Ambulance: 118/119 Fire: 113 Public Transportation Surabaya is served by many kind of public transportation. However for safety and convenient reason, you are suggested to use metered taxi. There are many taxi companies that are ready to serve the requirement for passengers by the certain tariff in accordance with the distance that will be through.

Recomended taxi service in Surabaya are  Blue Bird Group, Phone (62-31) 3721234 [1st choice]  Silver, Phone (62-31) 5311777 [2nd choice]  O-Renz, Phone (62-31) 8799999 [3rd choice]

At airports, taxis usually operate on a coupon system, payable at the relevant booth before you board the taxi.

ABSTRACTS

socialize this new scheme to all stakeholders including Construction Project and Safety Management convincing internal government key personnel in the Ministry of Public Works, in the Ministry of Finance, and the legislative. (C018) Performance-Based Contracting for Roads – Experiences of Australia and Indonesia (C052) Sensitivity Analysis of Risk From Reini Wirahadikusumah (Indonesia); Betty Susanti Stakeholders’ Perception (Case Study : Semarang- (Indonesia); Vaughn Coffey (Australia); Charles Adighibe Solo Highway Project Section I (Tembalang- (Australia); Gedawang))

Asri Nurdiana (Indonesia); Mochamad Agung Wibowo Many countries over the last decade, have used (Indonesia); Jati Utomo D. Hatmoko (Indonesia); performance-based contracting (PBC) to manage and maintain roads. In theory, because of the long-term Risks of a construction project are borned by some parties. relationship between an owner and a contractor, the Each party carries the risk in accordance with their implementation of PBC provides additional benefits for the respective roles and responsibilites in the project. In government/public such as cost savings and improved Semarang-Solo Highway Project Section 1 (Tembalang- conditions of contracted road assets. In Australia, PBC is Gedawang), that was built in 2010 through 2011, the risks already being implemented on all categories of roads: are borned by each stakeholder in the project, such as national, state, urban and rural. Australian PBC contractor, owner, planner consultant, supervisory arrangement is designed to turn over control and consultant, and also society around the project. Probability responsibility for roadway system maintenance, and impact of risk at the project can be estimated by risk rehabilitation, and capital improvement projects to private analysis for knowing the priority of risk. The risks of each contractors. Contractors’ responsibilities include stakeholder may change dinamically as changes at the determination of treatment types, the design, programming stakeholder, such as policy changes because of internal or and the undertaking of works needed to maintain road external factors. These changes can be predicted by networks at predetermined performance levels. Prior to sensitivity analysis, that predicts the changes of risk priority letting long•term performance based contracts, Australia in a decisional hierarchy structure because of the changes started with pilot projects in 1990 by the Roads and Traffic in each stakeholder. The aims of this paper are to analysis Authority (RTA) of New South Wales. Indonesia also the whole risk at the project and to analysis the sensitivity initiated two PBC pilot projects in 2011, the Pantura Section of risk at Semarang-Solo Highway Project Section 1 Demak-Trengguli (7.68 kilometers) in Central Java Province (Tembalang-Gedawang). Primary data were taken through and Section Ciasem-Pamanukan (18.5 kilometers) in West the interview, then analyzed using AHP (Analythical Java Province. Both sections are categorized as national Hierarchy Process) method. The respondents are the roads. The contract duration for both of these projects is decission maker on related projects. Sensitivity analysis four years. Four more pilots are underway. To facilitate a calculated using weight changes simulations at hierarchical possible way forward, it is proposed to conduct a study to structure with Analythical Hierarchy Process. This paper understand Australia’s experiences of advancing from pilot assessed the risk sensitivity analysis on the project projects to nation-wide programs using PBC. The study Semarang-Solo toll road section I-Gedawang Tembalang focuses on the scope of contracts, bidding processes, risk segment, and it’s known that the contractor, planner allocation, and key drivers, using relevant PBC case studies consultant, and supervisory consultant, are sensitive to from Australia. Recommendations for future PBC changes in some weight changes simulations. While the deployment nation-wide should be based on more research owner and the society, are not sensitive to changes that associated with risk allocation. This will include investigation occur. of standard conditions of contract. Implications of the contract clauses for the risk management strategy to be (C057) Returns to Scale in Buildings Construction adopted by contractors. Based on the nature of risks, some Costs: Indonesian Cases are best managed by the project owner. Also, it is very Andreas Wibowo (Indonesia); important that all parties involved to be open to the new rules of contract and to convince themselves about the This paper examines returns to scale in building potential increased benefits of the use of PBC. The most constructions in Indonesia based on large sample sizes of recent states of challenging issues were explored and different project types (i.e., hotel or apartment, hospital, described. More comprehensive efforts to promote and office, campus, and plant). The analysis demonstrates that 51

costs tended to vary with sizes at a constant rate, as shown respondents. From the findings, the project manager has by cost capacity factors close to unity, with the exception of the highest percentage in both drafting a planning method campus cases that supported decreasing returns to scale. statement and project planning meetings. Most of the This finding affirms those of previous studies that non- respondents had their experience of the sequence was constant returns to scale in cost-size relationships appear planned as a result of a discussion and written method to weakly exist for building constructions. At the very least, statement, the activity durations being calculated in whole it also implies that a simple unit-cost approach remains a or in part, the price was allocated in separate documents reliable method for early cost estimates. This paper also with contingency, date constraints were used constraint the identifies some potential issues associated with constant performance to the dates given in the contract documents returns-to-scale applications. and float constraints were used to control critically. As for the progress reports, the majority prefer to keep the (C076) The Analysis of Supply Chain Performance records on the paper but were immediately input into the Measurement at Construction Project database. Most of them had the experience of additional Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia); Moh. Nur Sholeh work related to labour allocation. When it came to relating (Indonesia); the resource used to the work done and in which location, it was the experience of majority respondents identified During recent years, supply chain has become a major task on schedule for both labour and plant and equipment subject of management research and manufacturing records. The respondents preferred to report the progress theory. The impact of various supply chain management in meeting or correspondence and the schedules were practices on project performance has been measured updated monthly. Lastly, most of them have corrected the through a combination of a survey and the development of logic to conform to progress achieved to deal with simulation models. Supply chain performance measurement consequences of out of sequence work. on the road project has not been much discussed much today. As it is known that the road project is one of the very (C102) Analysis of Factors Affecting Design Changes high construction project roles. Performance measurement in Construction Project with Partial Least Square using the Supply Chain Operations References (SCOR) will (PLS) analyze how the supply chain management of contractor. A.A. Gde Agung Yana (Indonesia); Rusdhi HA (Indonesia); The aim of the study is to analyze supply chain performance M.Agung Wibowo (Indonesia); in road projects. This measurement using the SCOR model as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is calculated using the Changes in construction projects are always going to weighted criteria Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). happen and cannot be avoided. Changes causes disruption Weighting and measurement results were analyzed using of performance of construction projects, especially time and Objectives Matrix (OMAX) and traffic light. The results of cost performance. Many factors can be the cause of changes the analysis and the measurement of supply chain in construction projects, one of the most influential factor is performance are medium score or good enough for road design change. Research on changes in construction project projects. The factors that leads to the success of this supply have been extensively conducted, however deeper study chain are the readiness of the contractor, supplier partners, about the occurrence of change in construction projects supply chain strategy, and the ability of labors. needed to be improved, especially regarding to the design changes during the construction of the projects. This study (C100) The Practice of Time Management on examines the most influential that affect to the design Construction Project changes in the construction of projects. Analysis was Lok Siew Chin (Malaysia); Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid performed on the answers given by the respondents based (Malaysia); on their experiences in the event of design change at construction projects. Based on the previous studies, the The Malaysian construction industry plays a vital role in the influential factors of design changes can be classified into country development. CIOB in 2008 has indicated that the two groups, namely internal and external factors. The quality of time-management on construction projects is internal factors consist of owner, design consultant, generally poor. Therefore, an effective time management construction management consultant, and contractor, while for the construction project is important in managing risk of the external factors involve political and economic, the the delayed completion project. The aim of this project is to natural environment, advance of technology, and the third- examine the practice of time management on construction party. The research method employed a questionnaire project. The objectives of this study are to assess the survey consisting of 31 questions about the occurrence of respondents’ participation in the planning of construction design changes during the construction of projects, which works, to investigate how progress records are kept and to was distributed to the managers of the construction project. identify the process of monitoring the progress of work on The data was analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS), the construction industry. To achieve these objectives, which is a variety of structural equation modeling (SEM) there were thirty questionnaire sets distributed to the that very powerful for testing the theory with weak data. 52

The finding shows that the owner is the greatest influential risks, financial risks, legal and regulatory risks, and factors on the occurrence of the design changes. The construction risks. The objectives of this paper are to subsequent factors are the design consultant, construction identify the factors that causes of risks, to identify the management consultant, political and economic, the natural factors of project success, and to represent the model of environment, contractors, third parties, and the advance of risk factors that affecting the project success. The data technology, which are indicated by the values of the loading collected from the questionnaire survey carried out to 180 factor 0.884, 0.859, 0.846, 0.771, 0.577, 0.523, 0.328, valid responses were analyzed with the assistance of 0.255 respectively. This finding can provide useful structural equation modeling (SEM) to predict the project information for practitioners to reduce the occurrence of success. The results of the structural equation modeling design changes on construction of projects, as well as to suggest that the relationship between risk factors and improve the performance of the construction projects, project success in Surabaya projects can be explained by especially dealing with time and cost of the project. standardized coefficient of 0.442 for natural risks; -0,499 for design risks; 0.257 for resources risks; 0.651 for (C110) Identification and Analyze of Influence Level financial risks; 0.166 for legal and regulation risks; and - on Waste Construction Management of Performance 0.197 for construction risks. Project success is significantly Elizar (Indonesia); M. Agung Wibowo (Indonesia); Pinardi related to cost (standardized coefficient of 0.878), quality Koestalam (Indonesia); (standardized coefficient of 0.873), time (standardized coefficient of 0.804), customer satisfaction (standardized Waste construction management is a process of identifying, coefficient of 0.884), and profit (standardized coefficient of analyzing and managing waste on construction project. The 0.850). In order to achieve project success, suggestions are type of waste construction can be as material or not made for preparing financial risks related to inflation rate. material like waste time, waste cost, waste labour, etc. Waste construction is causing inefficient an activity on (C127) Proactiveness of Contractors: A Study of construction project. Many practitioners and researchers Indonesia face challenging circumstances in finding an effective way Harijanto Setiawan (United Kingdom); Bilge Erdogan to prevent and minimize wastes by making the best use of (United Kingdom); Stephen O. Ogunlana (United Kingdom); resources. Therefore, some factors need to improve waste construction management performance. This paper High levels of competition are considered to be a major proposes a new concept that assists project managers to challenge for contractors. In order to be a marketplace improve the performance level of a project in term of waste leader, a contractor is required to be proactive in seeking construction management practice. This study is based on opportunities. This study aims to clarify the concept of the identification of the waste construction management proactiveness and to explore its implementation particularly influence factors that play an important role in decreasing in contracting companies. Following a thorough examination waste. Open questionnaire surveys and interviews were of the literature on proactiveness and its related issues, conducted to collate professional opinions on key issues semi-structured interviews were carried out with 19 top such as the definition of waste construction. There are managers of contracting companies in Indonesia. The some variables to improve performance of waste qualitative data collected during the interviews were construction management. The variables are finding based analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis method, on the literature and interview from practitioner on through which themes emerged from the data. The construction project. As a result of this work, 5 variables literature review resulted in the clarification of and 22 indicators were identified to improve waste proactiveness and its circumstances, while the qualitative construction management of performance. The variables data analysis resulted in an understanding of the practical are assets, human resources, knowledge, technology and implementation of proactiveness by contracting companies. policy. The result of the study is expectation to provide This study found various proactive actions being carried out recommendation of factor to improve construction waste in order to obtain projects including: carrying-out marketing management of performance. activities; expanding market segment; and looking ahead to construction industry’s future demands. In addition to (C126) Structural Equation Model for Investigating these actions, contractors also need to pursue business Risk Factors Affecting Project Success in Surabaya diversification in order to survive in their highly competitive Herry Pintardi Chandra (Indonesia); environment. These finding will help contractors to establish the proper strategy to be proactive in pursuing A great deal of literature has pointed to the importance of opportunities in order to survive and to expand their understanding the construction project risk. Risks inherent businesses. in every construction project that can affect of project success. Risk is present in all situations that can be identified such as natural risks, design risks, resources 53

(C128) Competitive Aggressiveness of Contractors: A implementation according to the inhabitant’s need and Study of Indonesia regulation are inhabitant segmentation from low-income Harijanto Setiawan (United Kingdom); Bilge Erdogan groups, limitation in occupancy, partnership initiation with (United Kingdom); Stephen O. Ogunlana (United Kingdom); private sector who wants to provide the housing for their employee in their land, rental price adjustment and better High level of competition are considered to be a major coordination between institutions. challenge for contractors. As such, ‘winning the competition’ is an important goal for contractors in running their (C141) Model of Learning/Training of Occupational businesses. Contractors need to be aggressive in Safety & Health (OSH) Based on Industry in the competition to respond to their competitors' actions and Construction Industry gain competitive advantage against their business rivals for Bambang Endroyo (Indonesia); Bambang E.Yuwono survival and growth. This study aims to clarify the issue of (Indonesia); Djemari Mardapi (Indonesia); Soenarto competitive aggressiveness of contractors by identifying its (Indonesia); key factors. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 19 top managers of contracting companies in Until now, across the world, the accident rate in Indonesia, in order to explore the concept of contractors’ construction projects is higher than average rate in other competitive aggressiveness. The qualitative data collected industries. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in during the interviews were analysed using an inductive developing countries is far behind OSH in developed thematic analysis method. The analysis resulted in countries. From this phenomenon, very important to identifying five key factors of contractors’ competitive minimize the level of accident in the construction industry. aggressiveness: 1) acting as a problem solver for clients; According to experts that to improve a safety performance 2) being different compared to competitors; 3) building and can through education/training, safety education must maintaining clients’ confidence in the company’s more developed in vocational school, college, graduate trustworthiness and reliability; 4) maintaining good school, and also in course in professional association. One relationships with clients; and 5) positioning on markets aspect of education development is to create a model of that are concerned about quality. Based on these findings, learning/training as better as possible, and so this research contractors will be able to establish an appropriate strategy is conducted. The proposed model was the learning/training to allow them to be aggressive in competition. of OSH based on industry in construction industry. The research was quasi-experiment study, conducted at 2011- (C135) Low-Cost Apartment Program 2013 in the Civil Engineering Department, Semarang State Implementation in Surabaya Metropolitan Area University. In this research, model that implementing the Farida Rahmawati (Indonesia); Ria A.A. Soemitro industrial-based learning/training as the experimental (Indonesia); Tri Joko W. Adi (Indonesia); Connie Susilawati group, and the existing learning model as control group. (Australia); The data were collected through documentation, questionnaire, observation, and test. The validity and The low-cost apartment development program is one of the reliability of instrument was conducted through verification reliable solutions to reduce housing backlog in East Java by experts and practitioners, item difficulty analysis, and Province due to land scarcity and high price of land. There Cronbach’s alpha. The data were analyzed using normality are some supporting regulations concerning low-cost test, homogeneity test, T-test and F-test. The results: the apartment management and implementation. But in some proposed model consists of the following components: aspects, existing low-cost apartment program learning materials, learning methods, learning tools & implementation does not meet the regulation and learning media, and learning assessment; the proposed inhabitant’s need. The objectives of this research are to model has been more effective compared to the existing compare the low-cost apartment regulation and real learning model; the proposed model can be used in implementation in Surabaya Metropolitan Area and to learning/ training of OSH in construction industry for more generate improvement strategies. The regulation and effective result. technical standard variables were obtained from literature review studies. The comparison parameters to better (C143) Knowledge Management Maturity in understand the low-cost apartment implementation were Construction Companies then observed to purposive sampling respondents from Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia); Rudi Waluyo management team and 221 random sampling respondents (Indonesia); from inhabitants. These unconformity variables were then identified and analyzed using descriptive statistic. The result Knowledge management is a concept of managing of shows that some problems between regulation and real knowledge in the company. The implementation of concept implementation are associated with rental price, inhabitant has different levels in each company. Knowledge segmentation, maintenance program, location and building management maturity is a guide or measure of the technical standards. Some strategies for the better company's position in managing of knowledge. The 54

objective of the study is to identify knowledge management management of a healthy built environment based on maturity in Indonesian construction companies. This study resource efficiency and ecological principles. Therefore, the used a survey method and conducted by distributing important thing is to know the potential motivators to questionnaires to large construction companies that achieve sustainable construction safety and health. The implement knowledge management activities. Four level of aims of this paper are to investigate the potential knowledge management maturity was proposed on this motivators, to determine the important factors in successful study. The results show that 29 contractors at the practiced sustainable construction safety and health, and to suggest level, 20 contractors at managed level and 5 contractors at the model of initial investigation for potential motivators continuously improved level. due to sustainable construction safety and health. High potential motivators can be identified such as project (C160) An Analysis of Bidding Strategy, Project organization, leadership, and company support. In addition, Performance and Company Performance Relationship the elements of the sustainable construction safety and in Construction health can be measured by on-site renewable energy and Mochamad Agung Wibowo (Indonesia); I Nyoman Yudha optimized energy performance; construction waste Astana (Indonesia); Rusdi HA. (Indonesia); management; stormwater quality control; heat-island effect roof, indoor chemical and pollutant source control and Company performance defined as a whole achievement of outdoor air delivery monitoring; controllability of system- the company during certain periods affected by the lighting and daylight 75% of spaces.The data collected from operations in utilizing all company resources. While project the questionnaire survey carried out from contractors, performance is the record of outcomes produced or services Selection of the indicators is highly significant in the context on a specified job function or activity during a specified time of a true measure of the representative practices across the period. Department of the Environment Transport and latent or unmeasured variables for use in Partial Least Regions (DETR), (2000) explain that project performance Square (PLS). The results of this research suggest that the have been aggregated to evaluate the organization relationship between potential motivators and sustainable performance. In the other words company performance construction safety and health in which standardized determine by sum of some project performance. Generally coefficient of 0.429 for project organization, 0.424 for the project success obtained from a good process by using leadership, and 0.317 for company support. Moreover, the a right strategy. Bidding strategy is one of the important potential motivators was found to have influence on strategies in the early stages of project life cycle to sustainable construction safety and health with determine project success. Bidding strategy is a standardized coefficient of 0.567. The results also show that management skills of using all available resources related, the sustainable construction safety and health has a in order to offer a comprehensive and competitive bidding significant indicator in term of on-site renewable energy and through consider various aspects, including internal, optimized energy performance for standardized coefficient external and environment, with aim to win the bidding of 0.796. The study suggests that project organization may competition, and provide maximum project performance. increase a clear responsibilities to achieve sustainable The study aims to analysis the influence of bidding strategy construction safety and health. on project performance and company performance and to identify the most decisive factor of each variable. Data were (C192) Improving Safety among Small Organisations collected from questionnaire survey and interviews of 61 in the Construction Industry: Key Barriers and major contractors in four major cities in Indonesia. The Improvement Strategies analysis used is Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia); Squares (SEM PLS) with SmartPLS 2.0.M3. The finding indicate that bidding strategies had a direct impact on The construction industry has always been considered as project performance, but indirect impact on company one of the most dangerous industrial sectors. Large performance, while project performance becomes a organisations have demonstrated good safety performance mediation variable of bidding strategy and company because they have the resources and leverage to develop performance relationship. and implement robust safety management systems. However, safety among small organisations is still far (C186) Initial Investigation for Potential Motivators behind their larger counterparts and this issue is crucial to Achieve Sustainable Construction Safety and because the majority of organisations in the construction Health industry are small organisations. Therefore, it is important Herry Pintardi Chandra (Indonesia); to focus improvement efforts on safety performance of small organisations so that the overall industry performance The sustainable construction safety and health is an integral may be improved. Using a questionnaire survey, this aspect of sustainable and green building efforts. Sustainable research collected data from construction organisations construction is defined as the creation and responsible based in New South Wales, Australia. Data analysis results 55

have identified key barriers faced by small organisations the other hand, the highest risk for Kanci – Pejagan toll road when implementing safety. These barriers include the use was the unexpected projected revenue in the business plan. of lowest bid price to evaluate tender submissions, lack of safety commitment from construction clients, and fierce (C307) Best Practice for Financial Models of PPP competition. The analysis results have also revealed Projects potential strategies to address the barriers, such as Fredy Kurniawan (Indonesia); Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko including safety as an indicator in tender evaluation, more (Indonesia); Stephen Ogunlana (United Kingdom); effective safety regulation enforcement by inspection and linking safety performance with insurance premium and Public-private partnership (PPP) project’s arrangement licensing system, and subsidising safety training for small involves many participants with complex transactions and organisations. Improving safety performance in this sector diverse interests at 5 different project stages. Especially in cannot be done in isolation. The government, clients, and the project financing perspective, this arrangement creates large organisations have important roles to play to change the entire project evaluation process prone to take an the norms and culture in the industry so that small extensive period before reaching financial closure. The organisations are supported in their effort to improve their importance of utilizing financial model as a tool for project safety performance. evaluation and negotiation is highlighted in this study. 26 input assumptions and 16 output variables have been (C218) Risk Analysis of BOT Scheme on Post- identified through comparison study of three PPP financial Construction Toll Road models, and their significances were verified based on pilot Yudi Harto Suseno (Indonesia); Muhammad Agung Wibowo studies in India and the UK and expert opinion solicited (Indonesia); Bagus Hario Setiadji (Indonesia); worldwide through a structured questionnaire survey. SPSS program was used to evaluate the survey responses. The Construction of the first toll road in Indonesia, namely best practice PPP financial model was identified Jagorawi connecting Jakarta and Bogor, started in 1973 and quantitatively by the agreement of four groups of operated in 1978. In further developments, since 1987, the stakeholders (i.e. sponsors, authorities, lenders, and government provides an opportunity for the private consultants) upon the most preferred financial input and companies to manage toll-road through a public private output indicators. partnership (PPP) with Build Operate Transfer (BOT) scheme. Using this scheme, the private sectors build, (C318) Credit Enhancement and Its Risk Factors for operate at their own expense and after the period of the IPP Projects in Asia: An Analysis by Network Theory concession, they should hand it back to the government. In Abu Naser Chowdhury (Bangladesh); Po-Han Chen the construction phase, all the risks that must be handled (Taiwan); Robert Tiong (Singapore); by the private sectors (either in the form of financial or technical one) generally have be planned and managed, but Credit enhancement is absolutely essential for financing not the ones occurred during post-construction Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects in Asia (operational) phase, where a lot of them are often particularly for countries whose sovereign credit rating is on unexpected or unpredictable. non-investment grade and foreign investment is difficult to The purpose of this study was to analyze how the post- achieve. In IPP project, due to lots of agreements among construction risk management applied to the toll road with varies parties, it is hard to clearly visualize the roles of these Build Operate Transfer (BOT) scheme from the operator’s agreements. Examples are: What credit enhancement point of view. In this study, the risk of post-construction of factors are most influential to minimize the associated risks toll roads were mapped and evaluated. For this purpose, of IPP projects? Why are they powerful? What are their risk identification, risk levels and strategies in response to roles? Who are less powerful and what are the obstacles the risks that occur in the post-construction were that cause them less powerful? A research is conducted to performed. Two relatively new toll roads opened to the identify the credit enhancement factors for IPP projects in public, i.e. Semarang -Solo toll road section 1 and 2; and Asia. IPP professionals validated 27 out of 28 identified Kanci – Pejagan toll road, were selected as case studies. credit enhancement factors, and five factor groupings were The process of data collection was done by means of made through factor analysis. Afterwards, network theory questionnaires and interviews to the parties concerned. The is applied to find the unanswered questions, which by method used for the analysis of risk management was Risk graphical and mathematical representations show that the Breakdown Structure (RBS). Data were analyzed by ranking host government’s credit enhancement, MDBs, ECAs and the risks and risk responses, and then the proposed risk other parties’ credit enhancement are prominent and of management strategies were selected. The results of this great importance to handle the associated risks of IPP study indicated that the highest risk that may occur in projects in Asia. Semarang - Solo toll road section 1 was associated with less effective maintenance of damaged surface of the road so that it contributed on the increase of the overhead cost. On 56

(C367) Successful Criteria for Large Infrastructure Authority (RTA) of New South Wales. Indonesia also Projects in Malaysia initiated two PBC pilot projects in 2011, the Pantura Section Md Asrul Nasid Masrom (Malaysia); Mohd Hilmi Izwan Abd Demak-Trengguli (7.68 kilometers) in Central Java Province Rahim (Malaysia); Sulzakimin Mohamed (Malaysia); Goh and Section Ciasem-Pamanukan (18.5 kilometers) in West Kai Chen (Malaysia); Riduan Yunus (Malaysia); Java Province. Both sections are categorized as national roads. The contract duration for both of these projects is Large infrastructure project is one of significant category in four years. Four more pilots are underway. To facilitate a the development of Malaysian construction industry. This possible way forward, it is proposed to conduct a study to type of project has been recognized as a high complexity understand Australia’s experiences of advancing from pilot project with numerous construction risks, large cost projects to nation-wide programs using PBC. The study involvement, highly technical requirements and divers of focuses on the scope of contracts, bidding processes, risk resources. Besides, the development of large infrastructure allocation, and key drivers, using relevant PBC case studies such as highway, railway, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and from Australia. Recommendations for future PBC airport are also needed a large investment of public and deployment nation-wide should be based on more research private sector. To accomplish the development successfully, associated with risk allocation. This will include investigation several challenges has to be determined prior the project of standard conditions of contract. Implications of the commencement. To date, a comprehensive assessment of contract clauses for the risk management strategy to be key success criteria particularly for large infrastructure in adopted by contractors. Based on the nature of risks, some developing country such as Malaysia is still not are best managed by the project owner. Also, it is very systematically defined and therefore, it needs further important that all parties involved to be open to the new investigation. This paper aims to explore the potential rules of contract and to convince themselves about the success criteria that would be useful in gauging overall potential increased benefits of the use of PBC. More performance of large infrastructure implementation comprehensive efforts to promote and socialize this new particularly in developing country. Previous successful scheme to all stakeholders including convincing internal criteria studies were used to develop a conceptual government key personnel in the Ministry of Public Works, framework that possibly suitable for measuring large in the Ministry of Finance, and the legislative. infrastructure performance. The findings show that successful criteria of infrastructure projects implementation could be grouped according to several key elements as it seems significant to the participants in prioritizing project challenges more systematically.

(C377) Performance-Based Contracting for Roads – Experiences of Australia and Indonesia Reini Wirahadikusumah (Indonesia); Betty Susanti1 (Indonesia); Vaughan Coffey (Australia); Charles Adighibe (Australia);

Many countries over the last decade, have used performance-based contracting (PBC) to manage and maintain roads. In theory, because of the long-term relationship between an owner and a contractor, the implementation of PBC provides additional benefits for the government/public such as cost savings and improved conditions of contracted road assets. In Australia, PBC is already being implemented on all categories of roads: national, state, urban and rural. Australian PBC arrangement is designed to turn over control and responsibility for roadway system maintenance, rehabilitation, and capital improvement projects to private contractors. Contractors’ responsibilities include determination of treatment types, the design, programming and the undertaking of works needed to maintain road networks at predetermined performance levels. Prior to letting long•term performance based contracts, Australia started with pilot projects in 1990 by the Roads and Traffic 57

Environmental Engineering bubbles in the artificial air entrainment; and (c) aerator effectiveness test in increasing air bubble concentration in the steep channel bed. Three purposes of research were (E007) Analysis of Rainfall-Runoff Neuron Input achieved using experimental methods implemented in the Model With Artificial Neural Network for Simulation Hydraulics Laboratory of the Department of Civil and for Availability of Discharge at Bah Bolon Watershed Environmental Engineering (JTSL), Faculty of Engineering, Setiono (Indonesia); Rintis Hadiani (Indonesia); Gadjah Mada University (UGM). In this study, the steep

channel having a length of 10 m, width 0.2 m, height 0.4 m Indonesia is a tropical country with two seasons (wet and with slope varies from 20°, and 25°, which was fused with dry) which play the main role in water cycle process. the wall of the water tank. Discharge was 20.9 l/s. The Occurrence of rain continues into the flow of the discharge conclusion of this research were: (a) the concentration in the river with a huge energy potential that can be distribution of air bubbles on the condition of self-air exploited for the life of the surrounding community. The entrainment in slope channel bed 25º and occurrence and intensity of rain is random and difficult to discharge=20.9 l/s can be predicted using the results of the predict in a certain period of time so that discharge is also calculation equation Straub and Anderson (1958) difficult to be estimated although it is measured in the field modification; (b) the concentration distribution of artificial in time of rainfall occurrence. The amount of runoff air entrainment on the slope of the channel bed=25° at a produced by the same depth of precipitation in a watershed point 7.2 m from the inlet flume and in the free surface will result a different magnitude with another watershed aeration, was the Gaussian or normal, and (c) on the slope because it is influenced by land use in the watershed. This of the channel bed=25°, at a point 7.2 m from the inlet paper discusses the modeling of rainfall-runoff in the flume on the condition of artificial air entrainment in the Watershed of Bolon in Simalungun district of North Sumatra downstream flow region after the first aerator installed a Province using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to determine new aerator is not required anymore. the potential of the available discharge in the long term for the purpose of Micro Hydro Power (MHP). The (E053) The Application of Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation software/program is developed with Scilab mathematical (RRI) Model for Inundation Case in Upper Citarum open source software (www.scilab.org) based on ANN Watershed, West Java-Indonesia algorithm. The data are record of monthly rainfall and Kania Dewi Nastiti (Republic of Korea); Yeonsu Kim discharge for 12 years (2001 to 2012). The models (Republic of Korea); Kwansue Jung (Republic of Korea); developed are 12 monthly neurons, 4 year neurons and Hyunuk An (Republic of Korea); series neuron (48 neurons) for input (rainfall) - output (runoff) neurons. The result shows that reliability the 12 The upper Citarum River watershed which located in West monthly neurons is 99% (the best) followed by series Java-Indonesia, has been suffered from flood occurrence neuron with 78% and 4 year neuron 77%. The chosen every year during the rainy season because it is a plateau model (12 monthly neurons) then to be used for predicting area surrounded by the mountain. In order to prevent and the monthly discharge availability at Bah Bolon Site. mitigate flood damage, it is necessary to understand the Dependable discharges predicted with this software for year characteristic of the flood, however, the local areas often 3 2013 to 2016 consecutively are as follows: 0.678246 m /s, suffer from a lack of the hydrological data. Therefore, an 3 3 3 0.655288 m /s, 0.678475 m /s and 0.678135 m /s. approach to estimate the flood inundation area using satellite-based rainfall instead of the limited hydrological (E039) Self and Artificial Air Entrainment in Steep data is proposed. To reproduce the largest 2010 flood in the Channel upper Citarum River Watershed, Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation Yeri Sutopo (Indonesia); Budi Wignyosukarto (Indonesia); (RRI) Model, which consists of tightly coupled a two Bambang Yulistyanto (Indonesia); Istiarto (Indonesia); dimensional rainfall-runoff and inundation model, was

utilized. As an input data, 15 arc-second HydroSHEDS High flow velocity causes a low pressure even negative, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and satellite-based hourly especially in steep channel bed. Force caused by negative rainfall data (GSMaP), which is validated by comparing with pressure will lift the bed surface and side walls of the the daily observation data, are used. Simulation results are building hydraulic structures, which can lead to flaking on compared with the observed water discharge at the outlet, the bed surface and side walls of the building. In Nanjung water stage gauging station, and observed supercritical flow, air from the atmosphere enters into the inundation area provided by Upper Citarum Basin Flood body even reach the bed flow. Air entrainment enters into Management (UCBFM) Team in the year 2010. Although the the body and bed flow can prevent or reduce the simulated inundation area showed a good agreements with phenomenon of cavitation in channels bed. The purposes of the observed one, the simulated discharge showed some this study were: (a) describe concentration distribution of discrepancy because of the uncertainties involved in the air bubbles in the developing regions of the self-air observed discharge and the deficit of the input data for entrainment; (b) describe concentration distribution of air simulations. 58

(E056) Effects of Compost Thickness and Compaction (E087) Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow in on Methane Emissions in Simulated Landfills the Tropical Lowland of Kapuas River, West Borneo, Gabriel Andari Kristanto (Indonesia); Sesaria Marina Raissa Indonesia (Indonesia); Evi Novita (Indonesia); Henny Herawati (Indonesia); Suripin (Indonesia); Suharyanto (Indonesia); As a product from municipal solid waste treatment, compost is sometimes cannot be utilized as organic fertilizer because Indonesia is one of the tropical area which its climate is its raw material has been contaminated from the start. One generally experienced of two distinct seasons, rainy season particular alternative solution for compost is to use it as and dry season. However, the beginning and end of each landfill biocover. This solution is not only for controlling CH4 season is not always occurred at the same month on every emissions but also reducing the need for soil cover. This year. Characteristics of hydrology variables, especially study aimed to determine the methane concentration profile rainfall events, is strongly influenced by local and global within reactors by utilizing compost produced by the City of climatic conditions. Thus it is important to identify how far Depok Composting Unit. Results showed that the methane the changes of global climate would effect the characteristic concentration decreased when the thickness of the media of the hydrology variables in a certain watershed. These was increased. Additionally, the concentration of carbon informations will be valuable to determine the correct dioxide tended to increase the concentration in the upper measures for the watershed’s development and layers of the media. High levels of compaction caused the management in the future. Kapuas River, one of rivers in maximum methane oxidation zone to shift to the bottom of Borneo, Kalimantan-Indonesia, has streamflow which is the reactor. This could be seen in the reactor with a empirically changed during the last three decades. The compaction rate of 800-900 kg/m3, where the maximum changes of hydrological characteristics are analysed methane oxidation zone was at a depth of more than 62 cm statistically based on rainfall data recorded at Supadio from reactor’s media surface. The reactor with a compaction Rainfall and Meteorological Station-Pontianak. The monthly rate of 750 kg/m3 had a maximum methane oxidation zone rainfall data were available from 1968-2013, while the daily at a depth of 20-30 cm from the reactor’s media surface. rainfall data were available during 1981-2013. The 1968- An enhanced compost maturation phase is also necessary 2013 data were then used to analyze the trend of annual to optimize the use of compost as a landfill biocover. rainfall, while the 1981-2013 were used to analyze the changes of hydrological characteristics. The results showed (E069) Rainfall Erositivity Estimation for Northern that the numbers of average annual rainfall is 3,206 mm, and Southern Peninsular Malaysia Using Fourneir while the average monthly rainfall is 267 mm. During the Indexes 45-year period (1968-2013) the annual rainfall tends to Zul Azmi Mohtar (Malaysia); Ahmad Shukri Yahaya decrease, but for the past 30 years it tends to increase. The (Malaysia); Fauziah Ahmad (Malaysia); number of rainy days during the past 30 years tends to increase. Whereas the rainfall intensity on short duration Rainfall erosivity considers the rainfall amount and its tends to decrease. Even though the availability of intensity. This is an important parameter for soil erosion risk streamflow in the river during the past 30 years tends to assessment under future land use and climate change. decrease. It was proven based on observed streamflow in Comparisons of all climatic parameters show that rainfall is the tributary of Kapuas, Sekayam River. It was found that directly involved in the loss of soil quality during torrential during 35 years (1978-2012) the availability of streamflow rain. The effect of rainfall erosivity in Northern and Southern tends to decrease. It is, therefore can be concluded that region of Malaysia was considered for two stations, Bukit hydrological characteristics of lowlands at Kapuas River has Berapit and Johor Bahru. Monthly as well as annual rainfall changed. was obtained from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation, Malaysia for thirty years (1983-2012). Trends (E130) Royal Commission Environmental Regulations analysis of the rainfall data were obtained for 30 years that Ayedh Al Shehai (Saudi Arabia); shows trends for mean monthly rainfall. This was conducted using Mann-Kendall trend analysis and Sen's slope tests. The purpose of this paper is to emphasis on Royal Trend analysis shows that there is no significant difference Commission efforts in protecting, controlling and monitoring in mean monthly rainfall for the studied period for Johor the environment by implementing the environmental Bahru. The Fournier indexes were used to determine the regulation and standards that rules all related potential effect of extreme rainfall events towards soil erosivity. Bukit pollutants and indicates industries investment to wards Berapit recorded 3.33% cases of severe impact using using best available techniques (BAT) to have green Fournier index and 13.33% cases of high impact using economy and sustainable city. Royal Commission invested modified Fournier index. The result shows that there is a billions to build “Yanbu industrial City” through a strategic positive correlation between rainfall trends and soil 30 year master plan. The Royal Commission for Jubail & erosivity. Yanbu is responsible for conducting pollution associated 59

with the development and operation of industrial cities. The deposition time. The research revealed that the higher the Royal Commission had developed and adopted regulation, water turbidity, and the longer the period of deposition, the standards and guidelines to control substances emitted, less the flow rate of groundwater recharge. As a result, discharged or deposited and noise generated within the turbid water should be prevented to infiltrate sand columns industrial cities. RC Regulation and standards covered but in recharge reservoirs. not limited to the following sections: Environmental Regulatory System (that includes all regulation for all (E199) Mathematical Modeling of Injection Wells for different pollutants in the city), penalties system (to be Flooding Prevention in Jakarta applied for the violators and non-compliance industries), air Mohajit (Indonesia); Environment (air quality index- metrological and air quality data – air quality stations), water Environment (sampling Flooding problems in Jakarta cannot be handled and controlling the quality and others parameters in all comprehensively untill today. Various efforts in the short- types of water), hazardous Materials Management (handling term programs and long-term programs have been , recycling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste), conducted but the results have not been satisfactory so that dredging (caring and monitoring marine environment ), the flooding problems still threaten every year and the noise (occupational health), reporting & Record Keeping intensity of floods is likely to increase. The objective of this (data base). In conclusion, Paper content will emphasize the study is to find alternative flood controls, namely, the application and implementing of royal commission injection wells, which is cost efficient and resolves the environmental regulation specially that support clean and problems effectively. Injection well applications, as new renewable energy and encouraging industries to apply the methods, for flood control in Jakarta seem to be a very 3R principles and also trough the awareness programs that attractive alternative in respect to both technical, social will be provided for the students and public to achieve the impact, as well as the financial aspects. In addition to flood sustainable strategic goal, also will introduce the best control, at the same time, injection wells may prevent available practice and technology in Yanbu industrial City in seawater intrusion. Mathematical models were developed to different process and operations. represent the magnitudes of flooding problems, to predict the number of injection wells required, implementation (E167) Water Turbidity Impact on Discharge schedule, as well as to estimate the investment cost for the Decrease of Groundwater Recharge in Recharge application of injection wells. This modelling can be used to Reservoir simulate the injection wells development plan with Akhmad Azis (Indonesia); Hamzah Yusuf (Indonesia); reference to the data that has been proven in successful Zulfiyah Faisal (Indonesia); Muhammad Suradi experience, or based on the pilot scale project. Injection (Indonesia); wells application for flood control in Jakarta is technically and financially very feasible, not only to cope with flood The need for groundwater supply is increasing. However, problems but also to control the sea water intrusion. with excessive exploitation, the groundwater table has drawn down, and thus resulted in land subsidence, seawater (E234) Application of Large Scale Image Velocimetry intrusion and groundwater deterioration. In order to (LSPIV) to Identify Flow Pattern in the Channel maintain the groundwater supply, various attempts, such Tommy Ekamitra Sutarto (Indonesia); as the use of natural or artificial recharges, have been done. One of the artificial recharging methods which were This study has three main goals, first, to map the flow previously studied was recharge reservoir construction in structure in a channel using a unique technique named the soils with permeability less than 10-5 cm3/sec using a Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). Second, to sand column. However, sedimentation could occur at a site test the sensitivity of LSPIV results to LSPIV parameters where the recharge reservoir was constructed. Therefore, (e.g., Interrogation Area, and Searching Area). Third, to the levels of water turbidity, which could lead to test the capability of LSPIV method in predicting the sedimentation and blockage of groundwater flow (seepage), magnitude and direction of flow velocity in a complex flow should be investigated. This research aimed to investigate structure. An LSPIV system was set to observe 14 the rate of blockage impact resulting from sedimentation in (fourteen) runs of laboratory re-circulating trapezoidal open the sand column. More specifically, the aim of the research channel with a sudden expansion-constriction shape in its was to determine what types of sand column should be used middle reach. LSPIV technique was successfully mapping in the field to minimize the groundwater problems. the core flow and the swirling motions near the wall in the Experimental tests were carried out in the laboratory to expansion-constriction reach. In the core flow region, measure the discharge of seepage through the soil layers longitudinal velocity, U, estimate was sensitive to the and the sand column. The size of the physical model testing interrogation area and searching area parameters, while instrument was 180 cm x 115 cm x 60 cm with 12 pieces of lateral velocity, V, estimate was insensitive to those the sand column (35 cm high), the reservoir water level of parameters. The opposite condition occurred in the wall 10 cm, and three variations of water turbidity and region. The maximum forward flow velocity U was 0.56 m/s 60

occurred in the core flow region. This value was closed to 2012), and river flow data obtained from Maribaya station channel bulk velocity Ubulk=0.4 m/s measured using flow for 43 years (1970-2012) in Upper Cikapundung Watershed meters. The largest backward velocity was 0.068 m/s, were studied to compare the trend of older rainfall data with obtained in left wall region where the swirling motion the newer ones. The statistical analysis employed were the occurred. correllation between area rainfall and river flow; the trend- change between maximum and minimum rainfall and river (E237) Sand Dynamics as a Tool for Coastal Erosion flow data; and the trend-change between baseflow and Management: A Case Study in Darwin Harbour, runoff coefficient C which were built from monthly rainfall Northern Territory, Australia and river flow data in a year. The trend-change analysis S.G. Tonyes (Australia); R.J. Wasson (Australia); N.C. used was 5 years moving average method. It was found Munksgaard (Australia); K.G. Evans (Australia); R. that the trends of 5 years moving average for Lembang, Brinkman (Australia); D.K. Williams (Australia); Cikapundung, and Margahayu stations were decreasing, while the other ones for Cemara and Dago Pakar stations Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, is a semi were increasing. It was because the three first stations diurnal macro-tidal embayment that is situated in a cyclone were located in Lembang Basin, and the last two stations prone area. The tidal variations range up to 8 m with a mean were located in Bandung Basin. These changes were also tidal range of 3.7 m. The coastal area consists of mangrove supported by the changes of landcover data from 1998 to fringes, sandy beaches, tidal flats, rocky shore platforms 2012. The rainfall, average river flow, and baseflow tend to and coastal cliffs. The main morphological changes are decrease because the Upper Cikapundung Watershed that movement of the sandbars and erosion of beaches and located in Lembang Basin had a decreased rainfall. Runoff coastal cliffs. Sea level rise due to climate change and more coefficient and the river flow of Maribaya Station tend to intense cyclones and storm surges may exacerbate these increase due to increased maximum rainfall distribution and processes with detrimental impacts on the coast and the the land conversions. adjacent city, particularly when occurring at high tide. To assist with the coastal erosion management, a greater (E264) Study on Water Balance in Poteran – a Small understanding of morphological changes is required. A two- Island in East Java, Indonesia dimensional depth averaged finite-element hydrodynamic Tatas (Indonesia); Agung Budipriyanto (Indonesia); model (RMA-2), coupled with a sediment transport model Mohamad Khoiri (Indonesia); Wien Lestari (Indonesia); (RMA-11) from Resource Modelling Associates, have been Askur Rahman (Indonesia); used to deduce the sources and spatial patterns of sand erosion and deposition in the harbour. Geochemical analysis Study on water balance in a small island is essential to be are also used to characterize the sand source(s). This paper conducted. A small island normally has small catchment presents hydrodynamic simulations focusing on culturally areas so that most of the surface rain water flows quickly and recreationally significant beaches in Fannie Bay. into the sea. Consequently, it causes limited recharge of Simulations indicate that the Cullen Bay sandbar is an rainwater into groundwater. When the usage of indirect sand source replenishing Fannie Bay beaches. groundwater is high, the water demand-supply could be Respective geochemical results also show similar Rare Earth unbalance. It will certainly cause problems, such as Elements contents of the sand in the area. Considering the seawater intrusion or water crisis. There are numbers of fast pace of development in and around Darwin Harbour, small islands in Indonesia; in most of these islands, the this study is essential in providing a fundamental water balance has not been studied yet. This paper understanding of coastal processes and to assist coastal and discusses water balance in Poteran- a small island in East shoreline management in a tropical estuary. Java, Indonesia. The island area is only 49.8 km2 with population of nearly 50,000 people. The land use in the (E253) The Change of Hydrological Regime in Upper island is dominated by agricultural areas. In this study, Cikapundung Watershed, West Java Indonesia some investigations are conducted including survey of land- Hary Pradiko (Indonesia); Arwin (Indonesia); P. Soewondo surface area, collecting meteorology and climatology data. (Indonesia); Y. Suryadi (Indonesia); Thornthwaite approach is used for computing evapotranspiration in water balanced calculation. The The changes of water movement and distribution are results show soil texture dominant is clay loam, with a land influenced by extreme rainfall and landcover conversions. use is corn farming (root depth is 0.8 meters), field capacity The rainfall becomes more extreme than before. A research is estimated 0.25 and permanent wilting point values is of hydrological regime condition is necessary to be done by 0.12. Precipitation is 1790 mm, the potential managing the rainfall and river flow data. This research evapotranspiration is 2047 mm, water surplus is 300 mm identifies and analyses the changes of hydrological and water deficit is 557 mm a year. The results suggest that components (rainfall, river flow, and landcover). Rainfall the Poteran Island has limited recharge water that could be data obtained from 5 rainfall stations for 35 years (1978- lead to a water crisis in the future. 61

(E265) Extending Public Water Supply in Peri-Urban variations, namely: 0, 6, 12, 18, 30 and 42 plants/m2. Flow Area: Technical-Engineering, Economical, and velocity at surface, 0.2h, 0.6h, 0.8h and bed level are Environmental Consideration measured using micro-current meter to see velocity Sri Maryati (Indonesia); An Nisaa' Siti Humaira (Indonesia); distribution profile in three parts of upstream, central (vegetating part) and the downstream of channel. At those Peri-urban is a gray area between urban and rural areas. point are also measured the water depth using point gauge The big differences between the urban and rural areas are to see the head losses for analyzing Manning’s roughness still not able to explain the circumstances and conditions coefficient (n). Based on the measurements and analysis, it required by people who live in the peri-urban areas, is obtained that the presence of Jeringau might change including the needs for infrastructure provision, particularly velocity distribution compared to unvegetated channel. The public water supply. The needs for the provision of clean more increase the density of Jeringau, the more increase water in peri-urban areas basically do not have any different the head losses which result on increasing Manning’s from those communities in urban areas, yet the conditions roughness coefficient. The largest n value is 0.053, obtained are not as good as clean water infrastructure service in from maximum density, and 0,022 for unvegetated urban areas. PDAMs (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) in BMA channel. The result shows that n value increase 2.41 times (Bandung Metropolitan Area) as a local water enterprise due to the presence of Jeringau vegetation. It can be only serves 8.91% of households living in peri-urban areas, conclude that the presence of vegetation can increase the while 48.24% of population in the urban areas has been value of roughness coefficient affecting flow resistance, so already served by PDAM itself. An effort to extend public as to disturb the water flow in a channel. water services in peri-urban area faces a number of problems including technical-engineering, economic, and (E273) The Influence of Single Zigzag Type Porous environmental issues. Groin in the Change of Beach Profile The purpose of this paper is to outline the technical- Eldina Fatimah (Indonesia); Zouhrawaty, A. Ariff engineering, economic, and environmental issues in the (Indonesia); Budi Aulia (Indonesia); expansion of public water services in peri-urban areas. The case study in this research is Bandung Metropolitan Area. Beach erosions have been faced as coastal problem and Data used consist of primary and secondary data. efforts to address the solution have been sought by the Technical-engineering aspect was analyzed through coastal researchers. One of the coastal protection structures population density approach and economic aspect was that are commonly used are the system of groins. Various analyzed by the means of willingness and ability to pay types of groins have been investigated and observed either approach, while the environmental aspect was analyzed in the Laboratory or directly in the field namely type of the through the use of water resources at this time. The results forming material, length of the groins, the distance between showed that in terms of technical-engineering aspect and the groins, and the width of the groin. However, groins with willingness to pay, it is not feasible to develop a public a zigzag shape are rarely investigated and studied. Hence, system, but in terms of ability to pay and environmental this paper reports on changes in beach profile due to the aspect, it is possible to develop public system. It is proposed construction of single zigzag type of porous groins named to develop communal system to serve residents in densely GROPOZAG. The small scale of 1:20 physical model tests populated cluster with proper tariff system. It is also have been carried out at the Laboratory of River and Coastal recommended to control the individual water use. Engineering in Engineering Faculty of Syiah Kuala University. Regular wave were generated in wave basin with (E272) The Presence of Jeringau (Acorus Calamus) as 15m long, 5m wide, and 0.6m deep. The influence of single Flexible Vegetation Type in the Channel Againts Flow groin length (Lg), and groins orientation perpendicular to Resistance the shoreline (θ) of 45o, 63o, and 90o under various wave Maimun Rizalihadi (Indonesia); Dian Safiana (Indonesia); steepness (H/L) of 0.0409, 0.0235 and 0.0200 with the beach profile of 1:20 slope are elaborated in this paper. Flow resistance in the channel is influenced not only by Erosion or sedimentation is expressed in terms of sediment material forming the bed and slope of channel, but also total volumes. It is found that groin with 90o orientation is influenced by abstraction due to the presence of vegetation more erosive than that of 45o. Straight porous groins erode in the channel, so called vegetated channel. The presence more sediments than that of zigzag type porous groins. of vegetation may greatly affect the conveyance of a Zigzag porous groin is better in reducing erosion at the front channel. The study is aimed to investigate the effect of head of the groin. flexible vegetation density of jeringau (acorus calamus) to flow resistance. The research is conducted in the laboratory by using a channel-flume with dimensions of 15.5 m length, 0.5 m width, and 1.0 m height in which in the central part of 1.4 m length of flume is planted with Jeringau in submerged condition. The vegetation density is set in 6 62

(E280) Evaluation of Drainage Channels Capacity in the capacity of all drainage in Jakarta has lower capacity Ambon City: A Case Study on Wai Batu Merah than required and only 30% of that drainage working Watershed Flooding properly. Nowadays, the open green land of Jakarta is only Cilcia Kusumastuti (Indonesia); Ruslan Djajadi (Indonesia); 9.9% with 1.9% change-land use rate per year. Angel Rumihin (Indonesia); Government of Jakarta has policy mentions that every deep-well exploitations must registered with water tax. To Failure of urban drainage capacity to flow surface runoff due anticipate future floods, BPPT has a flood solution concept to rainfall is possibly to be a factor from many other factors by combining two activities, for example rain reduction causing flood in urban areas. Big floods in Ambon in 2013 (Weather Modification for Rain Reduction, WM-4-RR; Seto which caused economic loss and loss of human life are the et. al., 2011), and flood reduction with Artificial Recharge background to conduct a research which is presented in this Deep Well Injection System (AR-DWIS; Sudinda et.al., paper. Ambon is the capital of Maluku Province located in 2006-2009), and technology innovation such as WM-RR & Eastern Indonesia. Recently, the area of the city is AR-DWIS (Goenawan et.al., 2014). The WM-4-RR & AR- developed into settlement area. The research is specifically DWIS have proven to be able to reduce flood approximately conducted in Wai Batu Merah Watershed, a watershed in to 33% as stated by Mohajit et.al. (2014). It was assumed Ambon which severely damage due to floods in 2013. The that flood peak in Jakarta is equivalent to 800 m3/s, analysis emphasizes on evaluation of capacity of existing therefore Jakarta needs until 2000 AR-DWIS in which each drainage channels (natural and human-made). Daily rainfall capacity is 400 l/s. While, BPPT and Ristek’s building has data from Pattimura station during 2004 – 2013 is used to made experiment & development for AR-DWIS (BR-1) since be the main data to estimate design rainfall and design 2006, the capacity is still 1.43 l/s or 85.71 l/minute or 2.057 flood. Design rainfall is the main data of rainfall-runoff m3/hour. For the future, we will improve our Integrated model which is done using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph of Technology and Innovation to give solution In Jakarta for a SCS. While the fluctuation of water level along the main better life and green building development. river is simulated using unsteady flow analyses with an input of 50-year design flood. The result of the simulation (E309) Log Jams at a Bridge with a Pier and a Bridge shows that one existing tertiary drainage channel cannot Without Pier accommodate discharge of overland flow and from the Rusyda, M.I. (Indonesia); upstream to the downstream of Wai Batu Merah River is overflow. Particularly on flood event in 2013, consecutive A flume experiment was carried out in a rectangular flume rainy days occurred since in the beginning of July until mid- in order to investigate interaction between two different August with total depth of rainfall more than triple of 50- model bridges and logs from the viewpoint of flood disaster year return period of maximum daily rainfall. At that state, prevention. Logs is assumed representative of flowing wood flood certainly cannot be avoided in the adjacent area of the during floods. The model bridge with a pier and model river. bridge without pier were used as an obstruction in rivers. The bridge with a pier is an usual bridge in the Yabe River (E298) Experiment and Assessment for Integrated basin and the bridge without pier is an usual bridge in the Technology Application Used to Rain (WM4RR) & Nayoshi River basin. The result reveal that a log jam at a Floods reduction (AR-DWIS) in-Jakarta, Indonesia, model bridge is determined by shaded area of an obtruction South East Asia, Asia in the channel. In addition, An empirical equation for R. D. Goenawan (Indonesia); Ridwan (Indonesia); M. Sadly predicting the volume of woody debris accumulations at (Indonesia); T. Sudinda (Indonesia); M. Kudsy (Indonesia); bridges is proposed. T.H. Seto (Indonesia); B. Harsoyo (Indonesia); (E311) The Submerged Breakwater as Prototype of Flood has always been a problem in Indonesia since the Coastal Protection in Gili Trawangan, Lombok, colonization era. First flood occurred in January 10th, 1932 Indonesia on Sabang Street. After Indonesian independence in 1945, Eko Pradjoko (Indonesia); Imam Bachtiar (Indonesia); significant flood events occurred in 1979 and 2007 has Anang Matalatta (Indonesia); Gatot Sugihartono caused 4.3 Trillion IDR (T) economic losses and killed 80 (Indonesia); persons), 2013 (20 T), 2014 (12 T), and the latest flood event on 9-10 February 2015 had caused a total loss of 10 Gili Trawangan is a small island in North Lombok Indonesia T IDR (1$=13,000 IDR). The provincial rules in Jakarta which is famous with its beauty of white beach and coral (PERGUB Jakarta) Number 20/2013 stated that the 4% of reefs. In the last decade, the north beach of Gili Trawangan land covered by building must compensate with 4% holes suffers erosion. The erosion is almost along ± 650 m beach volume on that area. However, the data shown that ±30% and retreat as far as ± 50 m landward. The coastal of Jakarta’s land surface is located under sea level and most protection plan is needed due to the importance of Gili building in Jakarta is not follow those rules. Furthermore, Trawangan economic value in tourism business. Survey and 63

field investigation was performed to analyze the mechanism composition of dry peat therefore new equation formulae to of erosion. The utilization of submerged breakwater was predict HHV peat is HHV = 17.830 + 1.563708 H + 0.102 proposed for coastal protection because the aesthetic and N + 0.575 S – 0.192 O, with 95% of the prediction in the environmental consideration of Gili Trawangan as tourism range of ±5%. place. The Reefball and Concrete Beam were designed as coastal protection model to overcome the erosion problem. (E359) Identification of Extreme Events in Climate Data from Multiple Sites (E319) Mapping of Ozone (O3) Concentrations in Heri Kuswanto (Indonesia); Shofi Andari (Indonesia); Erma Padang City Oktania Permatasari (Indonesia); Vera Surtia Bachtiar (Indonesia); Slamet Raharjo (Indonesia); Yenni Ruslinda (Indonesia); Fitra Hayati Extreme weather events have introduced significant losses (Indonesia); Desi Ratna Komala (Indonesia); and it still becomes an important issue in natural disaster management field. This paper proposes a procedure to This study aims to analyze and map the concentration of identify extreme rainfall events occurred in a region, which ozone gas in ambient air in Padang City. The study was is an important information for water resource conducted by taking samples of ozone gas at 52 points in management. The extreme identification can be easily Padang City for one hour of measurement. Ozone conducted if it involves only climate data recorded in a concentration was analyzed by NBKI method using a single site. However, specific treatment has to be defined spectrophotometer. From the results obtained, the when the region has multiple sites. It particularly becomes concentration of ozone gas at Padang City varied between a problem when one needs to study the large scale 6.32 and 87.06 μg/Nm3 at an average concentration of meteorological pattern dealing with the event. This paper 25.67 μg/Nm3. This condition is still below the quality combines the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) with some field standards set by Goverment Regulation of Indonesian considerations for identifying the dates of extreme rainfall Republic Number 41-1999 amounted to 235 μg/Nm3. events in Indramayu, Indonesia. The results show that Factors affecting the amount of ozone gas concentration are extreme rainfall event is defined as rainfall observed in at transportation factors and meteorological factors. The most least 5 stations with extreme amount in each station. influential Meteorological factor is the air temperature. Mapping the concentration of ozone gas in Padang City by using Surfer 10 illustrates that an area with the highest ozone gas concentration range is in the North, Northwest and Southern area of Padang City. The highest ozone gas concentration range of 65-90 μg/Nm3 is in the southern which is in Kecamatan Lubuk Begalung and the lowest ozone gas concentration was located in the East and Northeast which is in Kecamatan Lubuk Kilangan and Kecamatan Pauh with a concentration range of 5-20 μg/Nm3.

(E335) Correlation Equation to Predict HHV of Tropical Peat Based on Its Ultimate Analysis Wiwiek Setyawati (Indonesia); Enri Damanhuri (Indonesia); Puji Lestari (Indonesia); Kania Dewi (Indonesia);

The aim of the research is to develop correlation equation to predict HHV of tropical peat based on its ultimate analysis. The Eijkelkamp peat sampler is employed to take samples of peat in five different districts in Pontianak, Indonesia. Samples are taken up to 2 m depth with 50 cm increments therefore total 20 samples are obtained. Ultimate analyses and higher heating value (HHV) of peat are evaluated in order to predict HHV based on its ultimate analyses results. It is found that C, H, O, S, N and ash contents in dry bases (in weight %) had range of 15.63 – 59.43%, 2.63 – 6.47%, 13.35 – 36.84%, 0.12 – 3.86%, 0.48 – 2.01% and 1.00 – 64.05%, respectively. HHV has range of 8.07 – 21.69 MJ/kg. Based on chemical 64

Geotechnical Engineering product A is a liquid material with higher lignin content and co-product B is a powder material with lower lignin content. For all soil types, a significant increase in compressive (G028) Prediction of Liquefaction Potential Study at strength was observed once 12% BCP B was added to pure Bantul Regency the Province of Special Region of soil. The compressive strength values were increase up to Yogyakarta Indonesia two times for Soil 2 (CL-ML) and four times for Soil 4 (ML). John T. Hatmoko (Indonesia); Hendra Suryadharma The results of these study indicated that the BCP has (Indonesia); excellent potential for stabilizing low quality materials for

use in road construction. The research was conducted to predict the potential liquefaction that may happen on some areas in Bantul (G073) Physical Properties and Mineral Content of regency the province of Special Region of Yogyakarta. To Sidoarjo Mud Volcano verify soil profile and N-SPT values, soil exploration was Luky Handoko (Indonesia); Ahmad Rifa'i (Indonesia); done on 4(four) selected locations in Bantul regency. The Noriyuki Yasufuku (Japan); Ryouhei Ishikura (Japan); fields exploration was then followed by some laboratory experiments in regard to physical and mechanical Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the physical properties of soil. The results of soil exploration indicates properties and mineral content of Sidoarjo mud volcano (or that soil deposit is sand from the ground surface up to the known as Lusi). These information are used to estimate the depth of 30,00 meter, low to medium N-SPT values (15 < compression index which is considered to be important to N <30), and high elevation of ground water level (-5.00 to support the reclamation program of the impoundment area. -9.00). Laboratory tests show that the soil is uniform poorly Physical properties of Lusi such as particle size distribution, graded sand with Cu < 3, and Cc < 2, and relatively low Atterberg limits and specific gravity were determined in internal friction angle in between 24O and 31O. The soil laboratory. Mineral content was observed through XRD test. data, then analysed by means of the method developed by Based on the Atterberg limit, the compression index was National Centre of Earthquake Engineering Research determined. The mineral content observed from the test are (NCEER). Analysis of potential liquefaction for 4 selected Chlorite and Illite. The results show that Lusi material locations, during low accelerated earthquake (amax/g = consist of mostly fine-grained soil about 84.47% which 0.05) there were no liquefaction zone. However, during dominated by clay size particle about 54.47% of total dry Yogya earthquake 2006 (amax/g = 0.09) there were weight. Based on USCS it is classified as high plasticity silt liquefaction zone in between 17.00 to 19.00 that was very (MH). New correlation has been proposed to estimate short and in the depth far below ground level. And at compression index from liquid limit and plasticity index amax/g = 0.15 there were long liquefaction zone from 4.00 using available data in literature. This new approach uses to 30.00 meter below ground surface. A-line in plasticity chart as boundary to database for developing the equations. Based on this separation of (G072) Strength Performance of Iowa Soils Stabilized databases, more precise equations are obtained indicated with Biofuel Industry Co-Product by higher R value. Compression index of Lusi mud volcano Halil Ceylan (US); Sungwan Kim (US); Ali Ulvi Uzer is 0.367 from liquid limit-based calculation and is 0.454 (Turkey); Bo Yang (US); from plasticity index-based calculation.

The increasing cost and depletion of fossil-based energy (G097) Soil-Roots Strength Performance of Extensive combined with the problems of global warming is driving the Green Roof by Using Axonopus Compressus development of bio-based energy products from plant Nor Azizi Yusoff (Malaysia); Muhd Nurizzuan Ramli biomass as renewable energy. The utilization of biofuel co- (Malaysia); Tuan Norhayati Binti Tuan Chik (Malaysia); product (BCP) in new industrial applications should be Hanim Ahmad (Malaysia); Muhamad Firdaurs Abdullah investigated to increase the profitability of bio-based (Malaysia); Hartini Kasmin (Malaysia); Zaidi Embong products and the bio-energy business. One such area of (Malaysia); high-impact application is the stabilization of low quality roadbed soils with sulfur-free lignins found in BCPs. Green roof technology has been proven to provide potential Recently, researchers are taking interest in investigating environmental benefits including improved building thermal the viability and use of biofuel derived sulfur-free lignins for performance, removal of air pollution and reduced storm soil stabilization. This study aims to investigate the water runoff. Installation of green roof also involved soil utilization of biofuel co-products (BCPs) containing lignin in element usage as plant growth medium which creates pavement geomaterials stabilization. Laboratory tests were several interactions between both strands. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of BCP addition on strength carried out to investigate the soil-roots strength performance for a wide range of soils encountered in Iowa. performance of green roof at different construction period Two different sulfur-free lignins were investigated: Co- up to 4 months. Axonopus compressus (pearl grass) was 65

planted in a 1’x1’ test plot with a designated suitable soil wall which was made of concrete and was placed on dry medium. Direct shear test was conducted for each plot to sand. The model was examined using dry sand material of

3 determine the soil shear strength according to different loose sand density (ρd = 1.4184 gr/cm ), medium sand

3 construction period. In addition, some basic geotechnical density (ρd = 1.5816 gr/cm ) and dense sand density (ρd = testing also been carried out. The results showed that the 1.6784 gr/cm3). The model was vibrated using shaking shear strength for soil sample increased over different tables with a given variation on sinusoidal loads and was construction period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month with recorded using accelerometer. The displacement of granular average result 3.81 kPa, 5.55 kPa, 6.05 kPa and 6.48 kPa soil in a particular point was also monitored during respectively. Shear strength of rooted soil samples was vibration. The results show that there is the difference in higher than the soil samples without roots (control sample). the maximum vibration acceleration response generated In conclusion, increment of soil-roots shear strength was due to differences in the frequency of vibration. The due to roots growth over the time. The soil-roots shear differences in deviation lead to differences of shape of slipe strength development of Axonopus compressus can be surface areas. The density of sand also affects the width of expressed in linear equation as: y = 0.851x + 3.345, where the slip surface. y = shear stress and x = time. (G138) Determination of Shear Wave Velocity Using (G105) Effect of Area Development on the Stability of Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave Method and Cut Slope Shear Modulus Estimation of Peat Soil at Western Yulinda Sari Sutejo (Indonesia); Nurly Gofar (Indonesia); Johor Adnan Zainorabidin (Malaysia); Mohd Jazlan Mad Said Many natural slopes were subjected to change in geometry (Malaysia); in order to make room for construction of infrastructures. This paper presents stability analysis of a natural slope Shear wave velocity and shear modulus is common for subjected to cutting to make room for the development of geotechnical and geophysics engineer to the determine factories in an industrial site. The analysis was performed interaction of soil dynamic properties. Both of the dynamic for the most critical slope section and analysis was made in properties were often related to dynamic loading such as comparison to the case presented in literature. Data earthquake, moving traffic, machineries and bomb blasting. required for slope stability analysis were retrieved from The study was conducted at western part of Johore such as relevant project report. The result shows that the stability Parit Sulong and Pontian where deposition of peat soil were of the slope decreases due to slope excavation and exists and recognised as problematic soils to the engineers. stabilization should be done in order to limit further This study was carried out to determine the shear wave reduction of shear strength due to yielding of soil mass. velocity of peat soil using Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Analysis using circular failure surface such as Simplified Wave (MASW) method and estimation shear modulus of Bishop is simple and is usually suitable for analysis of peat using empirical formula. To use the empirical formula, existing slope where there is no indication of incipient the density of peat soil was also needed thus using the peat failure. However, pre-defined failure surface in Morgensten sampler for every 0.5 meter depth to obtain the density. Price method is more useful if failure surface could be From the MASW test for both test sites, the shear velocity predicted based on slope assessment or when rectification of peat at Parit Sulong is between 40 m/s and 55 m/s until work has be applied. depth of 1.5 m meanwhile at Pontian, the shear wave velocity between 21 m/s and 67 m/s until 2.5 m depth. (G134) The Shape of Slide Surface of Gravity Using shear velocity, shear modulus of peat were estimated Retaining Walls Construction on Sand by Small Scale for Parit Sulong are ranged between 1575 kPa – 3514 kPa Sinusoidal Dynamic Load Tests and Pontian are ranged between 385 kPa – 5117 kPa. The Anissa Maria Hidayati (Indonesia); Sri Prabandiyani R.W. shear velocity and shear modulus of peat are very low due (Indonesia); I Wayan Redana (Indonesia); to the unique characteristics of peat soils compared with other typical soil. The shape of slide surface of retaining wall construction with the gravity-type on soil layer of sand with a sinusoidal (G196) Stress-Path on the Hydraulic Fracturing test dynamic loading is influenced by several dynamic of the Clay Core of Rock Fill Dams in the Laboratory parameters, including: (1) the frequency of vibration, (2) Didiek Djwardi (Indonesia); Kabul Basah Suryolelono the density of sand soil, (3) deviation and (4) the dynamic (Indonesia); Bambang Suhendro (Indonesia); Hary acceleration. This research aims to explore the role of Christady Hardiyatmo (Indonesia); dynamic parameters to shape of landslide of retaining wall construction due to dynamic load sinusoidal by small-scale Hydraulic fracturing on the rock fill dam is described as a testing in the laboratory. The retaining wall was modeled in phenomenon of cracks on the upstream face of clay core of the glass box of 2 meters in length, 0.4 meter in width and rock fill dams due to the tension failure. This situation may 1 meter in height. This models used gravity types retaing arise if the total stress in the core is reduced by arching 66

effect and increasing pore water pressure in the core during done by finite element method using PLAXIS 2D with impounding. Hydraulic fracturing on the rock fill dams can considering the various number of piles. As the results, the be modelled in the laboratory. The reduction of the total addition of piles could reduce the settlement, but after reach overburden stress due to arching effect and hydraulic a certain number of piles, increasing the number of piles pressure from the water in the reservoir can be modeled in showed the settlement tends to be constant. For an the laboratory by applying the initial stress states and water economic design, it is necessary to consider the optimum pressure to the specimens. The soil specimens were number of piles in piled raft foundation system based on the compacted in a hollow cylinder. The dimension of the soil allowable settlements. specimen was 100 mm in diameter and 120 mm high, while the inner diameter of the borehole was 18 mm. The paper (G233) A Combined Flume-Imaging Technique for present an initial hydraulic fracturing test at 5 (five) Measuring Fluvial Erosion of Cohesive Stream Bank different initial stress states in order to investigate the Soils tension fracture mechanism. The stress paths during Tommy Ekamitra Sutarto (Indonesia); hydraulic fracturing tests indicated the tension fracture to the soil specimens occurs on the soil specimens which the Less attention has been given to fluvial erosion even initial stresses fall in the envelope of ½(sy - sx) < c. though, in many instances, it has been shown to affect stream bank stability by being a precursor to mass failure. (G229) Analysis of Geotextile Reinforced Road As a result, the technique for measuring fluvial erosion Embankment Using PLAXIS 2D parameters, most importantly the critical erosional Paravita Sri Wulandari (Indonesia); Daniel Tjandra strength, τc, is under-developed. The main objective of this (Indonesia); study was to develop a laboratory technique using a state- of-the-art closed-conduit flume and imaging instrument for Geotextiles have been increasingly applied as reinforcement determining the τc, of cohesive bank soils. A total of 24 in road embankments on soft soil. The purpose of this study (twenty four) bank soil samples were extracted from the is to determine the optimum tensile strength of geotextile crest, midbank, and toe of a stream bank and tested for as the reinforcement in road embankment considering the their c^'and τc. using a standardized direct shear device allowable factor of safety and displacement. The stability and the combined flume-imaging technique, respectively. It analysis of the road embankment has been done by finite was found that the methods can accurately determine element method using PLAXIS 2D. In this study, three types c^'and τc parameters. The c^' values were 2 to 4 orders of sequence modeling were conducted. First, the stability of of magnitude larger than the τ_c values. In addition, c^' road embankment without any reinforcement was analyzed. and τ_c values had increasing trend through the downslope Second modeling was to determine the length of geotextile of the stream bank highlights the need of acquiring both reinforcement considering the stability of the model road mechanical and erosional strengths for the three layers embankment. The last sequence was to investigate the along a bank profile (namely crest, midbank, and toe) to stability of the model reinforced embankment with various improve the commonly adopted protocols that typically tensile strength of geotextiles reinforcement. The result of assume homogeneous bank soils. this study showed that the optimum tensile strength of geotextiles was strongly influenced by the factor of safety. (G244) Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties and Slope Deformation Analysis due to the Effect of (G230) Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation on Soft Soil Varies Rainfall Using PLAXIS 2D Pramusandi S. (Indonesia); Rifa'i A. (Indonesia); Paravita Wulandari (Indonesia); Daniel Tjandra Suryolelono K.B. (Indonesia); (Indonesia); Recently, landslides often occurs in natural slope in Recent years, there are many construction projects Indonesia, which is associated with the coming rainy constructed on soft soil. Due to the characteristics of soft season. The increment of ground water level caused by soil, the structures built on it are subject to differential rainfall has affected the properties and behavior of soil settlements. Raft foundation is one of the methods for especially the unsaturated soil. Generally, the stability of reducing the differential settlement. Although it has an slope is evaluated based on safety factor, but the adequate bearing capacity, it may cause excessive deformation occure at the soil can also be a good interest settlement. Piles can be used with a raft foundation as a in asses the stability of slope. This research is focused to piled raft foundation system. The addition of piles is to observe the change of pore water pressure and associate reduce the settlements to an acceptable amount. The aim deformation considering the hydro-mechanical properties of of this study is to analyze the settlements of the raft unsaturated soil due to the effect of varies rainfall. In this foundation and by adding piles, as the pile raft foundation, research, numerical simulation was carried out to analyze under the same loading. The numerical analysis has been the deformation of the slope affected by pore water 67

pressure change due to rainfall using software-based Finite degree of saturation and suction in dredged soil and filter Element Method of SIGMA/W and SEEP/W from GEO-SLOPE material has been clarified by using aquameters. The 2004. Unsaturated soil properties, such as Soil Water examination whether consolidation of dredged soil on Characteristic Curve (SWCC) and Hydraulic Conductivity various conditions focused on height of dredged soil and function are obtained from laboratory test and also filter material is performed based on the revealed predicted based on grain-size distribution using psycho- mechanism. empirical method in SOILVISION Database. HAVARA is used to help rainfall data analysis using statistic approach. (G303) Dynamic Soil Compaction – Recent Methods Rainfall model is used to vary the moisture content to model and Research Tools for Innovative Heavy Equipment unsaturated soil condition. There are six rainfall models, Approaches consists of one steady state model and followed by five Holger Pankrath (Germany); M. Barthel (Germany); A. Knut transient model to accommodate the pore water pressure (Germany); M. Bracciale (Italy); R. Thiele (Germany); changes due to rainfall. The results show that rainfall with intensity near saturated permeability of soil gives more An efficient soil compaction is necessary for a large number significant influence in increasing pore water pressure and of construction projects. Therefore the optimization and deformation than normal rainfall even with long duration. improvement of heavy equipment working fast and Proposed countermeasure by providing counterweight and uniformly from the surface is an important research and sub drain do not significantly take effect the deformation, development field all over the world. A group of civil and but it could improves the safety factor significantly, so that mechanical engineers of the Leipzig University of Applied the slope is more in stable condition. Sciences supported by national and international partners is working on this topic since September 2012. With (G251) Investigation of the Consolidation Drainage innovative scaled tests using optical high-speed methods, of High Water Content Clay by Siphon Method numerical simulations in ABAQUS and field tests with real Through Unsaturated Filter equipment, the group created conditions for proofing and Shodai Soda (Japan); Ryohei Ishikura (Japan); Noriyuki linking the approaches of optimization and new Yasufuku (Japan); Luky Handoko (Indonesia); development of innovative heavy equipment for soil compaction. Recently, the disposal of dredged soil has become a worldwide problem. In order to utilize high water content (G360) Innovative Reinforced Soil Structures for soil material, it is essential to dewater and increase the soil High Walls and Slopes Combining Polymeric and strength. There are urgent demands for developing an Metallic Reinforcements alternative new method to dewater the dredged soils in Matteo Lelli (Malaysia); R. Laneri (Malaysia); P. Rimoldi more economical and environment friendly standpoint. (Malaysia); Furthermore, by using adsorption effect of porous material such as granular blast furnace slag, there is possibility to The aim of the paper is to describe the main advantages of establish purification technology of contaminated soil. In using innovative engineered systems to build reinforced soil this paper, the siphon method is proposed to dewater the structures compared to traditional ones. In particular the high water content dredged soil with horizontally installed paper refers to “hybrid” systems which combine planar plastic board drain and filter material. In order to polymeric reinforcements (geogrids) and steel wire mesh investigate the availability and effectiveness of this method, units in order to build high MSE walls (inclination ≥ 70°, up series of tests were conducted to investigate the dewatering to almost 90°) or slopes (inclination < 70°). Both the behaviour and strength of dredged soil with vacuum and components act as reinforcements and as stabilizing siphon methods by using different materials as filter, such elements. Geogrids are considered to work as primary as Toyoura sand, zeolite, granular blast furnace slag. High reinforcements since they guarantee the overall and water content dredged soil can be consolidated by using compound internal stability of the structure. Whereas the siphon method with saturated filter material such as wire mesh units are considered a secondary reinforcement Toyoura sand. However, it was impossible to dewater providing the local stability at the facing, ensuring that no dredged soil by using siphon method with unsaturated local mechanism of direct sliding, pull-out or rotational porous filter material. The water retention tests of soil by failure occurs. Results on existing structures indicate that, using centrifuge method was performed to clarify the as structures achieve relevant heights (above 10 m), there mechanism of preventing consolidation dredged soil. The is a large potential for cost effectiveness in using wire mesh test cannot find an accurate soil-water retention curve of and grids combined, in place of a 100% geogrids or a 100% dredged soil because of volume change. The water retention steel mesh reinforcement solution only. Very high hybrid test by suction method was performed and clarify the structures have been built all over the world following the mechanism that prevents consolidation dredged soil. The mentioned approach. With this paper, three relevant case cause that prevents consolidation of dredged soil has been histories are presented. Firstly, a 80 m high reinforced soil presumes by clarifying the air entry value. In addition, hybrid structure built as retaining structure for a new airport 68

construction in India. Secondly, a 40 m high reinforced soil hybrid structure, built as support for the construction of a highway in Albania. Thirdly, a reinforced soil hybrid structure, up to 16 m high, built as support for heavy tanks of an oil refinery in Turkey, which has been recently fully instrumented.

(G381) Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations Embedded in Clays and Sands Layer Predicted Using PDA Test and Static Load Test Gogot Budi (Indonesia); Melisa Kosasi (Indonesia); Dewi Hindra Wijaya (Indonesia);

Static Load Test (SLT) is the realiable method to determine bearing capacity of pile foundations. However, SLT is relatively expensive and time consuming compared to Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) test. Therefore PDA test becoming more populer as an alternative to predict bearing capacity of piles. This paper presents the comparation of ultimate bearing capacity of pile foundations interpreted from Static Load Test (SLT) results and that predicted from PDA tests. Davisson and Chin methods were used to determine bearing capacity of pile foundations interpreted from SLT results. Correlation between bearing capacity of piles embedded in sand and clay layer interpreted from SLT and PDA test was analyzed. The result shows that bearing capacity of piles which determined based on Static Load Test interpreted using Davisson and Chin methods exhibit relatively better agreement with the predetermined ultimate bearing capacity. Almost all records of bearing capacity of pile foundation embedded in sands layer interpreted from SLT are larger than those predicted using PDA test. While bearing capacity of piles embedded in clays predicted using PDA test varies in relatively large margin compared to that determined from SLT.Static Load Test (SLT) is the realiable method to determine bearing capacity of pile foundations. However, SLT is relatively expensive and time consuming compared to Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) test. Therefore PDA test becoming more populer as an alternative to predict bearing capacity of piles. This paper presents the comparation of ultimate bearing capacity of pile foundations interpreted from Static Load Test (SLT) results and that predicted from PDA tests. Davisson and Chin methods were used to determine bearing capacity of pile foundations interpreted from SLT results. Correlation between bearing capacity of piles embedded in sand and clay layer interpreted from SLT and PDA test was analyzed. The result shows that bearing capacity of piles which determined based on Static Load Test interpreted using Davisson and Chin methods exhibit relatively better agreement with the predetermined ultimate bearing capacity. Almost all records of bearing capacity of pile foundation embedded in sands layer interpreted from SLT are larger than those predicted using PDA test. While bearing capacity of piles embedded in clays predicted using PDA test varies in relatively large margin compared to that determined from SLT. 69

Green Civil Engineering Materials discussed by which the incorporation of nanomaterials in concrete enhances durability to sulfate attack. Application (M055) Early Age Properties of Low-calcium Fly Ash of nanotechnology is an effective way to reduce Geopolymer Concrete Suitable for Ambient Curing environment pollution and improve durability of concrete. Pradip Nath (Australia); Prabir Kumar Sarker (Australia); For countries like Indonesia, this technology can play an Vijaya B Rangan (Australia); important role in meeting the huge demand for infrastructure in a sustainable manner. Geopolymer is a promising alternative binder to Portland cement. It is produced mostly from by-product materials (M120) Building a Green Swimming Pool by Using such as fly ash and blast furnace slag; hence recognised as Concrete with Aggregates from Demolition Waste a low-emission alternative binder for concrete. Recent Gerard H.P. Hol (Netherlands); studies have shown that the properties of geopolymers are similar or superior to those of the OPC binder that is The paper discribes the way it is possible to make concrete traditionally used for concrete. Most of the previous studies in the severe environment of a swimming hall (high content employed heat curing for setting and hardening of fly ash of chlorine) in which all the coarse natural gravel is replaced geopolymer mixtures. Heat curing process requires special by coarse granulate produced out of demolition waste. arrangements which is energy-consuming and may not be Normally by replacing natural gravel in concrete with a feasible to apply in cast-in-situ concreting. Therefore, product such as broken material the amount of cement will development of geopolymer mixtures suitable for curing at increase because the used material will need more water normal temperature will widen its application. This paper per cubic meter of concrete. Because increasing the water presents a study on low calcium fly ash based geopolymer content will also higher the cement content in the same concrete cured in ambient temperature (23°C) without environmental class (EN 206 according to the European additional heat. Small amount of additives were added with concrete standard) in this case the use of the rapid chloride fly ash to accelerate the early-age reaction. Setting times migration test gave the results that made it possible to of geopolymer pastes, and workability and compressive lower the cement content to a maximum of only 120 kg and strength of geopolymer mortar were studied. The effects of apply ground granulated blast furnace slag as a binder the additives and binder content in the mixtures were component. In this way it was possible to lower the determined from experimental results. The results show environmental impact of the concrete. In the paper will also that inclusion of additives with fly ash significantly enhanced be explained and calculated the environmental profit of the early age properties. Setting time reduced to reasonable lowering the cement content as the use of a secondary values and compressive strength increased to enable early material as coarse aggregate in concrete. The de-moulding of specimens. Compressive strength increased environmental impact from the primary proposed concrete with the increase of binder content. However, workability and used concrete will be shown in LCA made for the project results showed an optimum binder content for the fly ash of the swimming hall build in Maastricht in the Netherlands. geopolymer blended with the additives. The results suggest that suitable geopolymer mixtures can be designed for (M139) Mechanical Behavior of Reactive Powder ambient curing with low calcium fly ash and the additives Concrete with Glass Powder Substitute as partial replacement. Widodo Kushartomo (Indonesia); Ika Bali (Indonesia); Budi Sulaiman (Indonesia);

(M092) Improvement of Concrete Durability by Nanomaterials As reported in literature, the Reactive Powder Concrete Saloma (Indonesia); Amrinsyah Nasution (Indonesia); (RPC) with quartz powder substitute has a high compressive Iswandi Imran (Indonesia); Mikrajuddin Abdullah strength of 180 MPa and has a fairly high tensile strength. (Indonesia); That research used the RPC with quartz powder to cement ratio of 30% and steam curing technique in an autoclave The green concrete capable for sustainable development is temperature of 250°C. Concerning the use of local and characterized by application of industrial wastes to reduce recycled material, in this study, the quartz powder is pollution of the environment. Fly ash processed with substituted by glass powder from the waste glass shards nanotechnology developed by Indonesia Center for material of housing industry. The objective of this study is Ceramics using Polishing Liquid Milling Technology. to investigate the influence of glass powder in the Nanomaterial concrete is new generation concrete formed mechanical behavior of RPC. The mechanical behavior is of materials of the grain size of nanoscale. The materials examined by the tests of compressive strength, flexural used in this research were cement type I, nanosilica 10 - strength and split tensile strength. The RPC uses glass 150 nm, quartz powder in 0.3 - 25.0 mm, fine sand (quartz powder that grained to micron meter size with the content of sand) size of 50 - 650 mm, coarse aggregate in 5 - 10 as much as 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement mass, and the mm, and superplasticizer. In this paper, mechanisms are maximum temperature of steam curing is 95°C. The results indicated that the use of glass powder in this study was 70

good enough to replace quartz powder in RPC. The and 152 mm height are tested for compressive stress, maximum compressive strength value that can be achieved permeability and macro cell corrosion respectively. The in this study is 136 MPa for the RPC with the glass powder results show that usage of calcium stearate tend to increase content of 20%. compressive stress of concrete until the content of calcium stearate is 4 kg, but the increasing is insignificant. Concrete (M142) Corrosion Behaviours of High Strength TMT with 3 kg of calcium stearate produces the minimum value Steel Bars for Reinforcing Cement Concrete of permeability and macro cell corrosion. Based on the Structures result, it can be concluded that calcium stearate improves M.A Islam (Bangladesh); microstructures of concrete.

Steel has been used for many decades in structural (M146) Influence of Prestressed Force in the Waste applications because of its good combination of mechanical Tire Reinforced Concrete properties. As per recent concept to reduce steel Agus Maryoto (Indonesia); Nor Intang Setyo Hermanto consumption in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) (Indonesia); Yanuar Haryanto (Indonesia); Sugeng Waluyo structures, designers recommend high strength steel bars. (Indonesia); Nur Alvi Anisa (Indonesia); There are various routes for their production such as microalloying, thermomechanical treatment, cold working, Amount of waste tires in Indonesia is about 50 million pieces etc. For steel bars of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) per year in which serious treatments are necessary in the route, some designers believe these steel bars to be more future. This is because their utilizations are still limited and sensitive to corrosive environment. To verify this, corrosion requires further studies to increase their feasible added behaviours of high strength steel bars of 500W (weldable value. With this regards, this work is aimed to investigate steel bar of yield strength 500MPa) grade of two different possibilities on using of waste tires as reinforcement local industries have been studied in fresh water and sea material for concrete by experimental and finite element water, which were compared with weldable low strength simulation. With concrete as matrix, both of them are (yield strength 300MPa) bars of the same companies. implemented in non-prestressed and prestressed waste tire Experimental results revealed that addition of small amount reinforced concrete in standard flexural testing procedures. of alloying elements such as Cr, Ni and Cu improves the Two concrete beam specimens with reinforcement and one corrosion resistance of the steel bars in all test mediums; specimen without reinforcement are used to investigate the however, strength levels have no influence the corrosion flexural capacity. Dimension of the all specimens are 150 rate. A relation has also been found between the severity of mm x 150 mm x 1000 mm. In the prestressed specimens, corrosion damage and the degree of tensile property the waste tire reinforced are tensioned with 0% and 17% of degradation. their strain before casting of concrete. After the concrete are hardened, they are then jacked at the end of concrete (M144) Improving Microstructures of Concrete Using beam using anchorage clamping. The flexural strength tests

Ca (C18H35O2)2 are carried out by using three point loading scenario for the Agus Maryoto (Indonesia); beam after 28 days concrete ages. The result shows that prestressed force of waste tires as reinforcement contribute Most of the water used in the concrete evaporates after the significantly on the flexural strength of the concrete beam concrete hardens. Due to this processes, there are millions over the non-waste tires reinforcement as well as non- of capillaries in the hardened concrete. Consequently, prestressed one. Finally, finite element analysis simulating concrete is a porous material. The liquids and gases enter the test is also introduced here to give an initial study on into the concrete through the capillaries. Penetrability of the how to model behavior of this type of concrete composite in fluids into the concrete can be reduced using some global responses. methods. One of them is using additives which increase hydrophobic property of concrete. Hydrophobic action in the (M148) Flexural Capacity of Concrete Beams concrete can be achieved by adding stearic acid. This study Strengthened Using GFRP Sheet After Seawater tries to investigate effect of Ca (C18H35O2)2 (calcium Immersion stearate) in the microstructures of the concrete. Five Amir Mufti Sultan (Indonesia); Herman Parung (Indonesia); contents of calcium stearate is utilized which are 0, 1, 2, 3, M.Wihardi Tjaronge (Indonesia); Rudy Djamaluddin and 4 kg in one cubic meter of concrete mix. Three testing (Indonesia); model which are compressive stress test, permeability test and macro cell corrosion test, are conducted in order to Structures built in the marine environment need to be study the effect of calcium stearate in the concrete. Each carefully designed, due to the possibility of chloride ion testing model consists of 15 specimens. Cylinder with 150 penetration into the concrete. Among these attempts, FRP mm diameter and 300 mm height, cube 150 mm x 150 mm was evaluated as one of the best methods to deal with the x 150 mm and beam with 280 mm length, 224 mm width problem because FRP does not corrode even in marine 71

environment. This study presents the results of the (M213) Compressive Strength of Asphalt Concrete application of GFRP sheet for strengthening of the concrete Binder Course (AC BC) Mixture Using Buton Granular beams. A series of specimen of reinforced concrete beams Asphalt (BGA) with dimension 15×20×330 cm were cast. The samples Abdul Gaus (Indonesia); Trjaronge M.W. (Indonesia); Nur were tested under different duration of the immersion of sea Ali (Indonesia); Rudy Djamaluddin (Indonesia); water. Beams were immersed in sea water for 1 month (BF1), 3 This study aims to evaluate the compressive stress-strain months (BF3) and 6 months (BF6). Three specimens were relationship of asphalt concrete mixtures using Buton prepared control beam without immersion to sea water granular asphalt (BGA) as partial replacement for petroleum (BF0). The results indicated that the flexural capacity of asphalt in asphalt concrete bearing course (AC-BC) mixture BF1, BF3, and BF6 when compared to that of BF0 decreased production. The experimental tests show that the stress- by 2.65%, 2.73% and 3.78% respectively. The decreasing vertical strains curve and stress-horizontal strains curve was caused by the weakening of the bonding capacity GFRP pattern were similar for all mixtures. The application of BGA due to the influence of sea water immersion. as partially replaced petroleum asphalt in the AC BC mixture improved the compressive strength and elastic modulus in (M193) The Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash comparison to AC BC mixture without BGA. No significant Mortar Blends at Ambient Temperature difference in the Poisson ratio for all mixtures was observed. Arie Wardhono (Indonesia); David D. Law (Australia); Anthony Strano (Australia); (M217) The Control of Response Time in Self Healing of Granulated Cementitious Material by Water- The implementation of sustainable development in civil Soluble Film Coating engineering society has led to the use of new materials with Yong-Soo Lee (Korea); Hong-Gi Kim (Korea); Tae-Han Song low environmental impact. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (Korea); Jae-Suk Ryou (Korea); is the primary material in the production of traditional concrete. However, the manufacturing of OPC has led to Although various self-healing methods have been environmental concerns over the production of CO2. The use suggested until recently, these methods have merits and of fly ash and slag, the most commonly used industrial by- demerits. The utilization of cementitious material (eg. products, as replacements for PC, has helped to reduce expansive agent, mineral admixtures etc.) in various these CO2 emission. Recent research has also shown that it methods may be appropriate due to their good healing is possible to use fly ash or slag as a sole binder in concrete efficiency, compatibility with the cement matrix, and low by activating them with alkali components through a cost, but the efficiency of healing products generated by polymerization process. However, the main issue of the use necessity is not guaranteed. In this study, of fly ash as a replacement material for cement is the need granulation/surface coating methods are applied to of heat curing regime to achieve structural integrity. While, cementitious material. The self-healing time of materials the standard curing regime used for OPC concrete can be can be controlled via water-soluble film thickness until applied to the alkali-activated slag (AAS) due to the similar cracks occur, and healing products will be formed because characteristic of the hydration product. This paper reports cementitious material react with moisture via the crack the detail of the experimental work that has been faces after water-soluble film was dissolved by moisture. It undertaken to investigate the strength of AAS/fly ash was verified through various tests that the granulated (AASF) mortar blends. The AASF specimens were prepared cementitious material with water-soluble film coating can using a mix of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) control the time of self-healing and can prevent water and low calcium class F fly ash activated by high alkaline migration via crack closing. solution. The mix compositions of slag to fly ash were 1:0, 0.9:0.1, 0.8:0.2, 0.7:0.3, 0.6:0.4 and 0.5:0.5, (M236) Optimization of the Use of Vulcanic Ash of respectively. The standard curing regime at ambient Mount Sinabung Eruption as the Substituion for Fine temperature was applied. The results showed that the mix Aggregate proportion of 0.5 slag : 0.5 fly ash produced the best Rahmi Karolina (Indonesia); Syahrizal (Indonesia); M. strength results. The standard deviation values also Agung Putra (Indonesia); Tito Agung Prasetyo (Indonesia); reduced along with the increase of fly ash content indicating an improved stability of the specimens. It also suggested Mount Sinabung is one of the volcanoes which are that 0.5 slag : 0.5 fly ash blend could provide a solution for categorized as an active volcano in the world. Recently, the need of heat curing for fly ash-based geopolymer. volcanic activities of some volcanoes in Indonesia are increasing causing the increase in natural materials to be spouted from the volcanoes that can be used as construction materials such as sand, rocks and ash. Chemical substances contained in volcanic ash of Mount

Sinabung is more dominated by SiO2 (74.3%), Al2O3 72

(3.3%), and CaO (1.79) which has been studied in the elements; reproduction of the broken materials with replica Research and Industrial Standardization Center, Medan. such as floor tiles; reconstruction the missing section such

The content of SiO2 in the volcanic ash was the basis for this as the original name of De Javasche Bank, and adaptation, research. The objective of this work is to find out the as new elements such as new lighting systems, air influence of the volcanic ash as the substitution of fine condition, sound system were added to meet the adaptive aggregate. The variation of volcanic ash used in the reuse of the building as multi-purpose hall. In addition, to research was 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 100% with achieve the principle of authenticity in the conservation two variations treatment process, by curing the work, action taken should follow the principles namely the hydrocooling and keeping the room temperature within 28 principle of minimum intervention preserving the original days. The analysis and the method of the research were form, material and substance; recognizable as a new when referred to SNI 03-0347-1989. Based an experimental introduce new materials and techniques; and the principle results the ideal percentage of variation which had met SNI of reversible when in the future if all of the new elements 03-0347-1989 was identified, that is 10%. Optimum will be detached they will not displace the original elements. average compressive strength and tensile strength were obtained, 17.19 MPa and 2.67 MPa respectively. Optimum (M274) Use of Biofuel Co-Product for Pavement Geo- absorbtion were also studied, 4.142 %. Materials Stabilization Ali Ulvi Uzer (Turkey); (M238) Authenticity Princile in Conservation of De Javasche Bank of Surabaya: Materials, Substance and Lignocellulosic biomass contains abundant cellulose, Form hemicellulose and lignin. Ethanol production, which utilizes Timoticin Kwanda (Indonesia); cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of the lignocellulosic biomass, is obtained from the transformation of As mentioned in the earliest charters, the Athens Charter fermentable sugar. In this case, other fiber portions of (1931) and the Venice Charter (1964), the main principal of biomass like lignin can be considered as byproducts during conservation of architectural heritage is authenticity. The the conversion process, and these byproducts generally are principle of authenticity refers to true nature of buildings. used to produce octane booster fuels, bio-based products, In the conservation sphere, the principle of authenticity in and chemical productions. For reduction of soil stabilization conservation has long been developed since the eighteenth costs, utilization of lignin-based BCPs (biofuel co-products) century. In the Burra Charter (1999), the authenticity as an alternative to stabilize pavement subgrade soil is an principle is strongly towards retaining fabric “in its existing innovative idea, and satisfies the needs of sustainable state”, hence authenticity is perceived to be residing in the development of construction. This study aims to investigate original fabric that means “all the physical material of the the utilization of biofuel co-products (BCPs) containing place including components, fixtures, contents, and object. lignin in pavement geo-materials stabilization. Laboratory Based on the notion of tangible authenticity, this paper aims tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of BCP addition to discuss the application of the notion of authenticity on shear strength performance for a wide range of soils principle in the conservation work of De Javasche Bank encountered in Iowa. The unconsolidated undrained direct building in Surabaya in term of form, materials and shear test (DST) was used to evaluate shear performance. substance. This heritage building was built in 1910, and it The results of this study indicate that Biofuel Co-Products has been unoccupied and dilapidated for decades, are beneficial in the soil stabilization of low quality materials subsequently in 2010, the owner, Bank Indonesia began the for road construction use. conservation wok of the building. Data regarding form, materials and substance of the building were collected from (M275) Identification of Source Factors of Carbon field observation during the conservation work from 2011 Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Concreting of Reinforced to 2012, and collected from the Conservation Plan prepared Concrete in 2009. Based on the data, the principle of tangible Hermawan (Indonesia); Puti F. Marzuki (Indonesia); M. authenticity is tested based upon scientific method to test Abduh (Indonesia); R. Driejanal (Indonesia); material authenticity, and through a good knowledge of the typology of objects such as form of the building and Construction is a sector that consumes various materials elements of the building, materials and substance of the which comes from many sources. Cement and steel (i.e. roof and floor tiles, plasters and paints, and the ornaments. rebar) part of material used in construction, are combined The results show that to achieve the principle of authenticity forming a material called reinforced concrete. In general, in the conservation work, action taken should follow the reinforced concrete is closely associated with the structure ascending degrees of intervention dealing with preservation of the building, both low rise building and high rise building of the existing state and the original form, material and structure. In practice, reinforced concrete usage as substance; consolidation of the fabric; restoration of the structural material becomes a strategic issue in the effort to original building form; rehabilitation of all decay building support green construction, especially with regard to the 73

exhaust gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). A carbon were used for autogenous shrinkage. The results show that dioxide (CO2) emission in the use of reinforced concrete is a higher cement replacement by fly ash tends to decrease produced by the use of fuel in concreting equipment such both drying and autogenous shrinkage. Estimations of as tower cranes and concrete pump. The purpose of this shrinkage using ACI 209R, CEB-FIP 1990 and Ross’s research is to obtain potential factors for the source of method suggest that ACI 209R and CEB-FIP 1990 provide carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). The research object was accurate prediction thanRoss’s model. carried out on several high rise buildings. The definition of high-rise building in this research is a building with a height (M281) The Deteriorations of Reinforced Concrete of 40 m or higher. The sampling method used in this and the Option of High Performances Reinforced research is random sampling, while the analysis in this Concrete research used a descriptive analysis. The research findings Mohammed Chemrouk (Algeria); show that there are seven factors that could potentially be a source of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in the concreting The durability of a reinforced concrete construction could be of reinforced concrete at a high rise buildings. These seven defined as the ability of the two materials, concrete and the factors are scope, time, cost, quality, resources, embedded reinforcing steel, to maintain their physical and procurement and material transfer. mechanical performances in satisfactory security conditions during the prescribed service life of the structure and in (M277) Supplementary Cementitious Materials: prescribed working conditions. From this, it can be deduced Strength Development of Self Compacting Concrete that the durability of a concrete construction is strongly Under Different Curing Temperature related to that of concrete, the reinforcement being Gidion Turuallo (Indonesia); M.N. Soutsos (United protected inside. In this sense, concrete presents some Kingdom); advantages compared to other building materials such as steel and timber. However, the various deteriorations Three mixes were provided namely normal weight self- exhibited by a number of concrete constructions affect compacting concrete with Portland cement as a control seriously the durability of the concrete material and shows (NWSCC-PC), lightweight self-compacting concrete with clearly, that this aspect should be a serious design criterion. ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete (LWSCC- Both, designers and contractors using this building material GGBS) and lightweight self-compacting concrete with should concentrate on this acute durability problem limestone powder concrete (LWSCC-LSP). There were three particularly that environments nowadays are becoming cubes of each mix for each testing age, which were cured more and more aggressive and the performances of the at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C to investigate the effect of curing material are pushed to higher limits. Construction defects temperature on strength development. They were tested at resulting from poor workmanship and lower quality ages 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days. The execution work are important passage ways for aggressive results showed that the strength development of self- external agents leading to the deterioration of the compacting concrete strongly affected by curing protecting concrete and the corrosion of the reinforcing temperature as it does with normal concrete. At early ages, steel, ending up in extreme cases by precipitating failure. the strengths development of concrete cured at higher High performances concrete is a relatively high-tech curing temperature, were faster than that of concrete cured concrete technology which needs a certain know-how and a at lower temperature. The strength development of skilled labour and, hence, construction defects commonly concretes cured at lower temperature, however, have encountered in ordinary concrete may not be present when higher strength at later ages. using this highly performing concrete material. In general, the sources of deterioration of concrete are linked to the (M278) Effect of High Volume Fly Ash on Shrinkage of direct influence of the external environment such as harmful Self-Compacting Concrete chemical attacks and freeze–thawing. In these cases, the Stefanus Kristiawan (Indonesia); M Taib M Aditya permeability of the concrete material is a crucial factor, (Indonesia); which is strongly related to the quality of the concrete mix used. In this sense, high performances concrete, with its Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been produced reduced quantity of mixing water and hence a reduced incorporating fly ash as cement replacement at 35%, 55% porosity and a compact internal structure, is expected to and 65% by weight. The flowability, fillingability and have a better behaviour by not allowing external aggressive passingability of these concrete were assessed by agents to penetrate deeper inside. The sources of combination of the following test methods: flow table, J- deterioration may also develop within the internal structure Ring, L-Box, Box Type and V-funnel test. For each mix of the material and in this case the constituents of the proportion of SCC, six cylinder specimens (75 mm x 275 concrete itself are the causes of the deteriorations of the mm) were cast for shrinkage measurements following the material such as the Alkali – Silicate reaction, which induces RILEM Recomendation. Three of them were used for an internal disruption ending up in a complete cracking of measurement of drying shrinkage while the other three the concrete material and eventually in a strength reduction 74

or a precipitated failure of the structure. Here again, high can be gained when having higher porosity. Consideration performances concrete, with its dense and relatively more to the environmental problem has been a concern recently, impervious internal structure, will reduce any ingress of therefore utilization of a waste material as construction moisture, indispensable for the disrupting alkali-silicate materials has been spreading widely. Volcanic pumice as reaction to develop. This work studies the main causes of one of waste materials having a high porosity can possibly concrete deteriorations and emphasises on the challenges be utilized as an aggregate replacement material on porous of high performances concrete as a viable option to enhance concrete to improve its porosity without much reducing the the durability of concrete constructions and hence to fulfil strength. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the the need for a sustainable built environment. effect of varying proportion of volcanic pumice as an aggregate replacement (VP/A) and proportion of aggregate (M283) Thermal Comfort of Wooden House in Coastal to cement (A/C) with a constant water to cement ratio and Mountainous Regions in Tropical Areas (A Case (WCR) to the mechanical properties of volcanic pumice Study in Wonosobo and Demak Regency) porous concrete, and to those porous concrete with normal Hermawan (Indonesia); Eddy Prianto (Indonesia); Erni aggregate as a control. The result shows that by using Setyowati (Indonesia); volcanic pumice the porosity increases and the modulus of elasticity decreases, even though slightly decreasing in Thermal comfort theory of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is strength is also found. However, it showed a possibility of proven incompatible for tropical areas. Actual Mean Vote volcanic pumice porous concrete as impact energy absorber (AMV) is a way to recognize the thermal comfort based on structures. This research is a preliminary study which is inhabitant’s behaviour and psychology (adaptive thermal expected to be developed for future research related to the comfort). The purpose of this research is to analyze the dynamic and impact test. In addition, ACI 318-08 developed difference between AMV and PMV in wooden traditional equation (Ec = 0.043W1.5f’c0.5) can be used to rapidly houses in coastal and mountainous regions which will be estimate the modulus of elasticity of porous concrete, where used to establish the theory of adaptive thermal comfort. it is necessary, due to experimental difficulties to measure Method of this research is quantitative by measuring it. thermal variables (temperature, globe temperature, velocity, relative humidity) use thermal measurement tools. (M313) Utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in This measurement is performed in conjunction with thermal Producing Lightweight Foamed Concrete for Non- comfort questionnaire derived from the ASHRAE standard Structural Building Material (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, Air Abdul Munir (Indonesia); Abdullah (Indonesia); Huzaim Conditioning Engineering). The number of sample taken is (Indonesia); Sofyan (Indonesia); Irfandi (Indonesia); 25 houses in a coastal region and 25 houses in a Safwan (Indonesia); mountainous region. The houses choosen are houses which have more than one inhabitant. Mountainous region chosen The utilization of the materials from the industrial waste is is Wonosobo Regency and coastal region is Demak Regency. an option to reduce the production cost of building materials The analysis is carried out by using PMV program from that also will reduce the environmental impact from the ASHRAE and statistic test is to obtain the difference waste. Industrial by-product from the palm oil mill in the between PMV and AMV. The result obtained is that the form of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) can be used as a partial average difference between AMV and PMV of houses in replacement for cement into the concrete mix due to its coastal region is 0.73, meanwhile houses in mountainous pozzolanic content. This study examines the role of POFA to region have the average difference of -0.81. It is concluded replace the cement partially in foamed concrete production. that bias in the wooden houses in mountainous region are Experiments have been conducted by replacing 10%, 20%, bigger than those in coastal region. AMV Value for the 30%, 40% and 50% of POFA by weight of Portland Pozzolan houses in coastal area is -0.28 and in mountainous is -1.12, Cement. The results indicate a potential use of POFA in it means that occupants in the coastal houses are more foamed concrete production. Despite a decline in the comfortable than those in the mountainous houses. strength of concrete with the addition of POFA, the loss of concrete compressive strength by adding 50% POFA is only (M288) Enhancing the Performance of Porous about 30 ~ 40% compared to that of control specimens. Concrete by Utilizing the Pumice Aggregate Based on its compressive strength, the foamed concrete Hariyadi (Indonesia); Hiroki Tamai (Japan); with 20% POFA substitution is still applicable for non- structural building element such as concrete block for non- High porosity, low modulus of elasticity, and adequate bearing wall. Indonesia as the largest palm oil industry strength are the main requirements of the concrete produce a large amount of POFA that can be potentially structures as an impact energy absorber. The development utilized to produce low cost lightweight building material of porous concrete mainly focuses on increasing the and also to reduce the environmental impact as well. porosity rather than the strength due to many advantages 75

(M316) Improving the Durability of Pozzolan high, therefore, opportunities for improvement of the Concrete Using Alkaline Solution and Geopolymer quality and sustainability of concrete in Indonesia are very Coating big. David Wiyono (Indonesia); Antoni (Indonesia); Djwantoro Hardjito (Indonesia); (M326) Mechanical Properties of Seashell Concrete Monita Olivia (Indonesia); Annisa Arifandita Mifshella Durability is a major concern for concrete, therefore (Indonesia); Lita Darmayanti (Indonesia); initiatives are needed to improve the durability of concrete. One way to improve concrete durability is improving its Blood clam or cockle (Anadara granosa) shell is a type of surface quality. This study focuses on the improvement of marine by-product that can be used to replace aggregate or the surface durability of pozzolan concrete by applying cement partially in concrete. In this research, the ground coating of alkali solution or geopolymer paste. There were cockle seashell was used as a partial cement replacement. two different pozzolanic materials used to manufacture the The ground seashells were prepared by burning, crushing, pozzolan concrete, i.e. class-F fly ash and calcined volcanic grinding and filtering the cockle using no #200 sieve. The mud with two different particle sizes. The alkaline solution mechanical properties studied were compressive strength, was a combination of NaOH and sodium silicate solution. Fly splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of ash-based geopolymer paste was prepared for the elasticity of seashell concrete. These properties were geopolymer coating. Concrete specimens were exposed to compared with those of a control Ordinary Portland Cement 10% sulphuric acid solution by applying the wet–dry cycles (OPC) concrete. Based on the trial mixes using the ground to accelerate the damage process, and to chloride solution seashell with proportion of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by weight of to evaluate its penetration depth. The results show that cement, the optimum compressive strength was achieved applying the alkaline solution and geopolymer coating for the mix that replaced cement by 4%. The seashell improves the durability of pozzolan concrete. concrete yielded less compressive strength and modulus elasticity compared to the OPC concrete. It is noted that the (M317) Impact of Concrete Quality on Sustainability tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than G.H. Kusuma (Indonesia); J. Budidarmawan (Indonesia); A. those of the OPC concrete, which is advantageous to Susilowati (Indonesia); increase concrete tension properties.

With the increased focus on sustainable construction, (M330) Application of Coconut Fibres as Outer Eco- building products are being required to document the Insulation to Control Solar Heat Radiation on environmental impact associated with their manufacture Horizontal Concrete Slab Rooftop and show continuous improvement. This article focuses on Danny Santoso Mintorogo (Indonesia); Wanda K. Widigdo the concrete mixture and demonstrates how improved (Indonesia); Anik Juniwati (Indonesia); concrete quality can play an important role in developing concrete products with reduced environmental impact and Many countries alongside equator will experience excessive contribute to sustainable development. Improved concrete solar radiation, regardless the top and four sides of the quality practices and lower standart deviations of buildings’ surfaces. Due to the modern architectural concept compressive strength result required average strength for a and fast growing industry and economic, hundreds of rows specified strength. The carbon footprint for the producer of two-to-three-story shops and office houses have been with S = 8.6 MPa, was calculated to be about 41% higher built on the central business districts. Those buildings built than that for the producer with S = 2.4 MPa. Improved job- are equipped with flat bare and uninsulated concrete site cylinder curing practices can contribute to rooftop. Only few of flat rooftops are equipped with sustainability. Concrete mixtures can be optimized to numerous un-eco-insulation developed in the world such as contain low cementitious content with a target w/cm the asphalt roll membranes, single-ply rubber membranes, lowest amount of mixing water content for a 12.5 mm slump Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), and be used and higher workability levels can be attained with Thermoplastic Polyolefin. This paper deals with the use of admixtures dosages. Proper maintenance of plant and coconut fibres to build thermal insulation on concrete slab mixers ensures reduced energy and waste, tracking roofings and the experimental measurements of roof concrete and ambient temperatures at the plant can help surface and indoor air temperatures derived from dynamic reduce the energy for heating and cooling the concrete. climatology of solar radiation. Monthly average Monitoring batching accuracy ensures conservation of temperatures on rooftop concrete slab and room air materials while reducing the variability of the concrete temperatures were conducted. Coconut fibres will be produced. This helps sustainability through reduced energy considered as natural sustainable insulator with the use in handling rejected concrete, supplying new concrete following aspects: practicing to respect natural materials as a replacement, lowering the amount of coring, and within the built environment, promoting less harzardus lowering the amount of repair material. At this time, roofing insulation of the material used, limiting the impacts standard deviation in Indonesian concrete industry still on the urban-built atmosphere, and preserving cooling 76

energy demand by mitigating the flat concrete rooftop potential for the use of LKD as a cementitious material with thermal onto the room. The room air thermal saving accelerated hydration rates. covered by coconut fibres is around 2.8° – 3.1°C different, and the rooftop surface thermal saving with coconut fibres (M342) Evaluating the Performance of Calcium is 13oC different, compared to conventional bare concrete Carbide Kiln Dust in Mortar– Initial Study slab roofings. The energy consumption reduction is around Masimawati Abdul Latif (Malaysia); Sivakumar Naganathan 3% (average) and 9% (maximum). (Malaysia); Hasim Abdul Razak (Malaysia); Kamal Nasharuddin Mustapha (Malaysia); (M332) The Impact of Using Fly Ash, Silica Fume and Calcium Carbonate on the Workability and This initial study evaluated the physical properties, setting Compressive Strength of Mortar time, density and compressive strength of Calcium Carbide Lucky Chandra (Indonesia); Antoni (Indonesia); Djwantoro Kiln Dust (CCKD) as a potential cement alternative for Hardjito (Indonesia); mortar. CCKD is the by-product of Calcium Carbide (CC) production. This by-product leads to environmental Pozzolanic materials and calcium carbonate can be used to pollutions as CCKD has no valuable and beneficial usage, partially replace the use of cement in making mortar or hence it is disposed as landfills. This study explores the concrete without altering the rheological properties of the possibility of adding CCKD to mortar mixtures by replacing fresh mixture. This study focuses on the use of fly ash in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Six (6) mortar mixtures the range of 0-30%, silica fume 0-10% and calcium containing different CCKD replacements up to 40% by carbonate 0-15% of the cement content, by mass. The weight and one control mortar results are reported. The workability of the fresh mortar was evaluated and the results indicated that there is a systematic increase in initial compressive strength of hardened mortar were measured and final setting time with the decrease of density and at the ages of 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Test results show that mortar strength. The mixture compressive strength was increasing partial replacement of cement with fly ash lower than the control mortar at all ages. It can be increased the workability and compressive strength of concluded that CCKD mortar mixtures may be utilized to mortar. The use of silica fume reduces the workability of the compensate setting rate of cement-based materials. fresh mortar, and thus requires the addition of However, more research and development, especially on superplasticizer to improve the workability. The addition of optimum mix design, setting times, early strength, and calcium carbonate resulted in higher early strength, durability of concrete should be carried out. whereas the Strength Activity Index (SAI) values slightly reduced with age. (M346) Smart Cement Composites for Durable and Intelligent Infrastructure (M341) Performance of Lime Kiln Dust as Benny Suryanto (United Kingdom); W. John Mc Carter Cementitious Material (United Kingdom); Gerry Starrs (United Kingdom); Sam A. Masimawati Abdul Latif (Malaysia); Sivakumar Naganathan Wilson (United Kingdom); Ryan M. Traynor (United (Malaysia); Hasim Abdul Razak (Malaysia); Kamal Kingdom); Nasharuddin Mustapha (Malaysia); The self-healing and self-sensing performances of Lime Kiln Dust (LKD) is the by-product of Quick Lime (QL) Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) mixtures production which is mostly disposed off into landfills developed recently at Heriot-Watt University are presented. globally. Therefore, LKD needs to be reused to reduce In the first series of experiments, fifteen dog-bone shaped environmental problems and promote sustainability. This ECC samples were preloaded to known strains and then left paper presents preliminary investigations on the use of LKD to heal outdoors under a natural environment. Ultrasonic as a cementitious material in mortar. LKD was added to pulse velocity measurements were then undertaken mortar mixtures to study its effect on the strength by periodically to determine the rate and extent of healing in replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) up to 60% by these samples. It was found that the samples were able to weight with LKD. Experimental results on physical and heal micro-cracks and show a recovery in UPV after two engineering properties, and compressive strengths of loading events over a six month outdoor exposure. In mortar samples containing LKD are reported. Results another series of experiments, the effectiveness of indicated that the initial and final setting time of the LKD incorporating milled carbon (MC) fibers into an ECC mix, mortar tested ranged from 1.08 to 2.3h and 4.58 to 5.8h with the aim of enhancing the self-sensing functionality of respectively, and the strength values from 36.35 to ECC, is demonstrated for the first time. The MC-ECC mix 68.08 MPa for 90 days strength. Furthermore, addition of exhibited equivalent tensile response compared to the LKD reduced the strength of the mortar but with a faster control ECC mix and displayed a strong relationship setting time. It can be concluded that there is a good between tensile strain and the fractional change in resistivity. The inclusion of MC fibers at 0.75% by volume 77

was found to exhibit high sensitivity to micro-cracks Utilization of laterite rock at 20% as partial aggregate formation, with gauge factor two orders of magnitude larger replacement in concrete production is seen as one of the than that of an ordinary strain gauge, albeit less than that alternative to reduce the high dependency of concrete of the control mix. It is envisaged that the use of ECC can industry on granite aggregate supply and preserve this create an intelligent infrastructure able to sense and repair natural resource for future generation. This paper reports damage and monitor the recovery extent. the durability performance of concrete containing laterite aggregate upon sulphate attack. A reference mix, plain (M353) Effect of Mixing Ingredient on Compressive concrete consisting 100% granite aggregate and another Strength of Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Aggregate one mix containing 20% laterite aggregate as partial coarse Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash aggregate replacement were used. All specimens were Khairunisa Muthusamy (Malaysia); Nurazzimah Zamri prepared in cubes of (100x100x100mm) and subjected to (Malaysia); Mohamad Amirul Khairi (Malaysia); Andri water curing for 28 days. After that, the specimens were Kusbiantoro (Malaysia); Saffuan Wan Ahmad (Malaysia); immersed in Magnesium Sulphate solution for a period of 50 weeks. The durability of the concrete mixes was The increasingly generated oil palm shell (OPS) and palm determined through measurement of mass change and oil fuel ash (POFA) which is a by-product of Malaysian palm residual compressive strength. The compressive strength oil mills annually, has lead towards the effort of integrating test was conducted following the procedures in BSEN 12390 palm oil fuel ash as mineral admixture in lightweight – 3. Upon exposure in sulphate environment, reaction aggregate concrete which produced using 100% oil palm between sulphate ions and portlandite which formed shell as lightweight aggregate. This paper addresses the gypsum contributes to concrete expansion and compressive strength of this oil palm shell lightweight disintegration causing strength reduction in both aggregate concrete upon usage of different ash specimens. Owing to the small difference in total mass loss replacement level, water cement ratio, superplasticiser, and residual compressive strength between the two mixes, sand and cement content. At the early state of it is concluded that the sulphate resistance of laterite investigation, cubes of (100x100x100mm) containing concrete is comparable to plain concrete. various replacement level of ash were produced and tested for it compressive strength. Then, the 20% replacement (M355) Mechanical Properties of Steel-Polypropylene levels of POFA which give the highest compressive strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Elevated value were used for further experimental work. Temperature Experimental work to investigate the effect of water Aminuddin Jameran (Malaysia); I.S. Ibrahim (Malaysia); content, percentage of superplasticiser, sand content and S.H.S. Yazan (Malaysia); S.N.A.A. Rahim (Malaysia); amount of cement used were conducted using two types of mixes. Plain oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has been found to improve (0% POFA) as reference specimen, and oil palm shell strength, ductility, toughness, and durability of the lightweight aggregate containing 20% palm oil fuel ash structures. The application of FRC includes tunnel lining, (20% POFA) were prepared in form of cubes. All the ground slab, façade and many more. However, when specimens were subjected to water curing until the testing exposing them to high temperature such as fire, there is date. The compressive strength test was conducted still little information on the impact on its mechanical following the procedures in BSEN 12390 – 3 at 28 days. properties. The main objective of the study is to understand Integration of 20% POFA in oil palm shell lightweight the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to aggregate concrete leads to production of a greener elevated temperature. However, rather than relying on one lightweight aggregate concrete product with optimum type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different strength. Inclusion too much of water should be avoided as types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to it diminishes the concrete compressive strength. Only right elevated temperature at normal temperature i.e. 27°C formulation of palm oil fuel ash, water, superplasticizer, (room temperature), 200°C, and 400°C. The two types of sand and cement content would be able to produce oil palm fibres i.e. steel and propylene has different characteristics. shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. The ash exhibiting optimum strength. fibre dosage will also be varied with percentage of steel-to- propylene of (100-0), (75-25), (50-50), (25-75) and (0- (M354) Long Term Investigation on Sulphate 100) at 1.5% of fibres proportion from the volume of the Resistance of Concrete Containing Laterite Aggregate concrete. Therefore this research is expected to answer the Khairunisa Muthusamy (Malaysia); Norul Wahida fundamental question whether if one type is vulnerable to Kamaruzzaman (Malaysia); Mohammad Amirulkhairi Zubir fire, the other one will take place to avoid catastrophic (Malaysia); Mohd Warid Hussin (Malaysia); Abdul Rahman failure of the whole structure. Experimental work will be Mohd Sam (Malaysia); Ahmad Budiea (Malaysia); carried out to study the impact of elevated temperature on the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. 78

(M361) Bending capacity analysis of high-strength (M370) The effect of combination between crumb reinforced concrete beams using environmentally rubber and steel fiber on impact energy of concrete friendly synthetic fiber composites beams Teuku Budi Aulia (Indonesia) , Rinaldi (Indonesia) Ahmed Tareq Noaman (Malaysia); B.H. Abu Bakar (Malaysia); Hazizan Md. Akil (Malaysia The research was conducted to determine the bending capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete beams with The effect of combination between crumb rubber and steel the addition of environmentally friendly synthetic fibers i.e., fiber on low-velocity impact energy of concrete beams was polypropylene fiber, tie wire fiber, and used rubber tires determined in this study. Crumb rubber ranging in size from fiber. The addition of such fibers was also aimed 1–2 mm was recycled from waste tires. This rubber was simultaneously as micro reinforcement and as cracks then incorporated into normal concrete (NC) and steel fiber bridging in the matrix of cement paste to reduce the concrete (SFC) mixes by partially replacing fine aggregate brittleness of high-strength concrete. Four beams with a at two different ratios (17.5% and 20%) by volume. The dimension of 15 x 30 x 220 cm were tested, in which each beams examined in this study measured 500 mm × 100 fiber type has a beam specimen and a beam for specimen mm × 100 mm. They were fabricated from NC and SFC with without fiber as comparison. Specimens were designed to a volume fraction of 0.5% hooked-end steel fiber. A low- experience bending failure. Yield point of steel (fy) used for velocity drop hammer with a mass of 5.1 kg was dropped flexural and shear reinforcement was 407.43 MPa. The repeatedly from a height of 0.17 m until the initial crack was diameter of flexural tensile reinforcement was 15.8 mm, generated. The process continued until beam failure. 11.9 mm for the compressive reinforcement, as well as 11.9 Impact energy improved considerably at both initial crack mm for the shear reinforcement, with all reinforcements and ultimate failure through the combination of steel fiber were deformed. Concrete proportion incorporated 8% silica and crumb rubber. However, the partial replacement of fine fume and 1.5% polycarboxylate ethers based aggregate by volume with crumb rubber reduced the superplasticizer ViscoCrete 10 from the cement weight. The compressive strengths of both NC and SFC mixes. maximum diameter of split was 15.9 mm, having 550 Nonetheless, the synergy between crumb rubber and steel kg/m3 cement content and w/c-ratio 0.30. The target fiber is determined in this study for producing concrete with compressive strength was 70 MPa for cylinder 15/30 cm. the desired properties, as well as to introduce an applicable Result of compressive test of plain high-strength concrete solution for the problem of discarded tires. cylinder without fibers was 64.43 MPa. The results showed that all beams experienced flexural failure as planned. (M376) Porosity, Pore Size and Compressive Strength Addition of fibers enhanced the bending behavior of Self Compacting Concrete Using Sea Water significantly, especially in flexural capacity, deflection and Erniati (Indonesia); ,Zulharnah (Indonesia); M.Wihadi ductility. In comparison with high-strength reinforced Tjaronge (Indonesia); Ulva Ria Irfan (Indonesia) concrete beam without fibers, high-strength reinforced concrete beam with polypropylene fiber had the flexural Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world, so it has strength of 20.34 ton (115.24%) and deflection of 31.76 much territory that the quality of the source water is not mm (306.56%); with tie wire fibers resulted in flexural qualified as mixing water in construction. Besides, strength of 20.72 ton (117.39%) and deflection of 16.63 construction of concrete in areas that are likely quantity of mm (160.52%); as well as with used rubber tires fiber water or fresh water is very minimal or even nothing then produced the flexural strength of 19.79 ton (112.13%) and the sea water cannot be avoided in mixing concrete. This deflection of 19.12 mm (184.56%). The ductility of HSC research was an experimental study, the samples for beam with polypropylene fiber increased by 298.9%, with compressive strength test are cylindrical premises size of tie wire fiber enhanced by 148.0%, and with used rubber 10 mm×20 mm. The porosity relation, compressive power, tire fiber increased by 178.3% in comparison with HSC age and model of porosity relationship with SCC concrete beam without fibers. It can be concluded that the use of compressive strength which using sea water is discussed in such environmentally friendly synthetic fibers can reduce this paper. Compressive strength testing is following the the brittleness of high strength concrete, in which standard ASTM 39/C 39-99. Universal Testing Machine polypropylene fiber had delivered the best value and can be (UTM) was used in the testing of compressive strength. Test used very effectively than the other two types of fibers. specimen for porosity created by taking part of the cylinder and then slashed with a size of approximately 2 cm×3 cm with a 0.003 mm thick. The type and pore size and porosity were analyzed by using a polarizing petrography microscope Olympus BX 51-P. The result of research was increased the compressive strength and density of microstructures in line with the decrease in porosity and pore size of concrete and concrete age. Compressive 79

strength relations (σss) and porosity (pss) the SCC used sea water can be approximated equation σss = σo (1-p)K, with σo = 119.6 and K = 7.502.

Infrastructure Engineering (I047) The Effect of Pavement Condition on Vehicle Speeds and Motor Vehicles Emissions (I024) Generalized Additive Models for Estimating Ary Setyawan (Indonesia); Irvan Kusdiantoro (Indonesia); Motorcycle Collisions on Collector Roads Syafi'i (Indonesia); Machsus Machsus (Indonesia); Rachmad Basuki (Indonesia); Amalia Firdaus Mawardi (Indonesia); Pavement deterioration that happens at the highways causing huge losses, particularly for road users, such as In the recent years, the frequency of motorcycle collision in increased journey time, congestions, accidents and etc. Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, is constantly increasing. Moreover, the oncoming vehicles at slow speed will create This article will explain the use of the Generalized Additive more pollution through greater emissions and its impression Models (GAMs) to estimate motorcycle collision on collector on human wellness. This research examines how road roads in Surabaya. This study uses GAMs with Gaussian damages effects of the vehicle speed subsequently to the distribution and logarithmic link function, as well as motor vehicle emission. This research stages begins with application of software R in data processing. The case study assessment of pavement condition uses PCI methods, six takes place on urban roads in Surabaya, Indonesia. In this locations with different pavement conditions (excellent, study, 69 roads of 120 collector roads in Surabaya are very good, good, fair, poor, very poor) are selected and selected. The final model of this study indicates the calculated the average of vehicles speed on those locations. relationship between the frequency of motorcycle collision In the next stage, calculated emissions in six locations use on collector roads with explanatory variables which consists mobilev software. The outcomes of this research indicate of traffic volume, road length, accessibility, road width, that in excellent roads condition, vehicle’s average speed is number of lanes, and traffic speed. Increasing values of 65,38 km/h, CO emissions by 20818,63 g/h/km, CO2 explanatory variables in the prediction model lead to emissions by 1632864,82 g/km/h, NO2 emissions by increased risk of accidents. These findings are expected to 476,39 g/h/km, Particulate Mass by 168,078 g/h/km, SO2 be considered in programs planned to reduce motorcycle emissions by 4,262 g/h/km. In really poor road condition, collision on collector roads in Surabaya and other cities. vehicle' average speed is 29,09 km/h, CO emissions by

21393,74 g/h/km, CO2 emissions by 1671812,447 g/h/km, (I042) Predicting the Remaining Service Life of Road NO2 emissions by 488,74 g/h/km, Particulate Mass

Using Pavement Condition Index emissions by 172,238 g/h/km, SO2 emissions by 4,359 Ary Setyawan (Indonesia); Jolis Nainggolan (Indonesia); g/h/km. The finale has been noticed that there is a decrease Arif Budiarto (Indonesia); in vehicle’s speed by 55 % in very poor road condition compared to excellent road condition. The average emission Numerous factors cause damage to the road so that the exhausted from the vehicles increase by 2,49 % in very remaining service life of the existing pavement and long- poor road condition compared to first-class shape. Thus, it term road maintenance are unpredictable. The aims of this is necessary to keep the road condition in order to cut down paper are to evaluate the condition of the road performance the difficulties caused to the vehicle users and to keep the and damages and to calculate the remaining service life of atmosphere in excellent shape. the pavement on East Line of South Sumatera, as well as examining the relationship between these two values. This (I050) Study on BIM Utilization for Design research includes the evaluation of five sections of the route Improvement of Infrastructure Project with a various damaged condition and detailed appraisal of Masaru Minagawa (Japan); Shunji Kusayanagi (Japan); road conditions using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), while the prediction of the remaining service life using the Virtual construction could be done by using Building deflection data acquiring from Falling Weight Deflectometer Information Modelling technology. But, to do that, measurements. The correlation of PCI value and remaining information and knowledge on construction phase or life service, intellectually established, created regression fabrication phase should be available in design stage. In model to obtain the relationship and the correlation Japan, MLIT had been taking the leadership in the CALS/EC coefficient. The outcomes demonstrated that the road project which was just partially successful. We have to learn segments I, II, III, IV, and V have a PCI value of 56.1 from “the experiences of CALS/EC” to get the fruit from BIM (good), 37.8 (poor), 9.3 (very good), 39.0 (poor), and 95.0 introduction to infrastructure projects. In the case of (excellent) respectively and the remaining service lives design-bid-build contract, since data sharing should be sequentially are 2.39 years, 0.65 years, 4.43 years, 0.11 restricted based on the contract, consultants or engineers years and 3.57 years. The correlation between the PCI value for designing are to become more capable of utilizing and the service life of the pavement is y = 4,1872ln (x) - information relevant to construction of fabrication. The 14.728, with the correlation coefficient is 0.88 which strong mobility of personnel is to be promoted in construction level of relationship. industry. In the case of design-bid-build contract, since data sharing should be restricted based on the contract, public 81

sectors have to be more positive overcome contract related than regression model in predicting trip attraction and issues with their own leadership. If public sectors in Japan important variables are number of students, number of would not notice the similarity of issues of CALS/EC and teachers, total areas of school buildings and number of BIM, Japanese construction industry may experience the offices. same kind of frustration as one they had while executing CALS/EC projects. (I085) Using Advanced Materials of Granular BRA Modifier Binder to Improve the Flexural Fatigue (I074) Needs Analysis of the Bridge Infrastructures Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Crossing Over the Musi River of Palembang Muhammad Karami (Australia); Hamid Nikraz (Australia); Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia); Adi Taruna (Indonesia); Rhaptyalyani (Indonesia); Astri Yuli Kurnia (Indonesia); The objective of this research is to determine the effect on the flexural fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures of Palembang is the capital city of South Sumatra Province using granular Buton rock asphalt (BRA) modifier binder. A with a population of about 1.8 million people and its repeated flexural bending test under the controlled-strain territory is divided into two parts by the Musi River. mode of loading in accordance with Austroads AG:PT/T233 Currently these two parts have only been connected by a test method was conducted to examine fatigue behaviour of bridge, the Ampera Bridge, whose traffic is concentrated on the BRA modified asphalt mixtures and the unmodified the major roads connected by the Ampera Bridge. asphalt mixtures (as control mixtures) for a dense grading Congestion occurs almost evenly in all parts of Palembang of 10 mm. Beam specimens were tested at the particularly at peak hour. Palembang is one of the major temperatures of 20°C and three different peak tensile strain cities in Indonesia which have congestion problems. A (400, 600 and 800 µε) and used classical and energy- construction plan of additional bridges has been planned in stiffness ratio approach to analyse fatigue life of the asphalt the past ten years. However, its implementation is delayed mixtures. According to the test results, the fatigue lifes of mainly due to land acquisition. In the general spatial plan the BRA modified asphalt mixtures were higher than that of Palembang in 2012, it was stated that until the year 2037 for the unmodified asphalt mixtures at the test temperature there would have been constructed six bridges, yet the and tensile strain. Moreover, based on the initial flexure implementation would be delayed due to social issues and stiffness and phase angle values, BRA modified asphalt land acquisition. This study analysed the traffic conditions mixtures showed more elastic and less viscous behaviour of Palembang with or without the construction of a bridge than unmodified mixtures. for the medium-term plan that is up to the year 2027, planning to construct four additional bridges. Traffic on the (I091) Traffic Performance Analysis of U-Turn and Fly road network of Palembang was modelled using a four-step Over U-Turn Scenario; A Case Study at Soekarno transport model developed by JICA STRADA program Hatta Road, Palembang, Indonesia (System for Traffic Demand Analysis) where the ratio of Rhaptyalyani H. Della (Indonesia); Hanafiah (Indonesia); traffic volume of the survey results with modelling results Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia); Riga Artiansyah (Indonesia); for 2014 produced a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.839. The results indicate that the constructions of Musi III On section of road often more than one U-turn median Bridge in 2022 and Musi VII Bridge in 2027 for the medium opening that operates, but sometimes this make long queue term are very needed to deploy traffic movement and in some periods time. It’s causing many factors like on- significantly reduce the congestion in Palembang. If the coming speed and maneuver that make waiting time. constructions of both bridges are delayed, Palembang will Basically, no procedure or guideline for U-turn sections suffer from the severe congestion in both 2022 and 2027. design. The attempted to find the optimal approach regarding acceptances gap that occurs at U-turn median (I075) Trip Attraction Model Using Radial Basis opening and the appropriate application criteria for the road Function Neural Networks that use U-turn median opening based on the capacity and Joni Arliansyah (Indonesia); Yusuf Hartono (Indonesia); traffic demand existing in the U-turn median opening. Gap acceptances influential for operational of U-turn, where the A Trip Attraction model with seven independent variables, vehicle while performing maneuvers will decrease the speed i.e., population size, number of schools, number of of vehicles. The different of speed can cause delays and students, number of teachers, areas of school buildings, queuing in the U-turn area. The evaluation of the delay and number of offices, and number of houses applying Radial travel time will provide to know the performance of the U- Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) is presented in this turn median opening. The purpose of this study is to paper. The data used in this study were derived from the evaluation the performance of U-turn median opening with origin destination survey in Palembang and the model was study case at Soekarno Hatta Road, Palembang, Indonesia. developed using 85 sets of land use - trip attraction data. A The specific objectives in this study are to find the comparison was made between RBF model and regression operational performance of U-turn movement by delay and model. The results show that RBF model performs better travel time analysis by HCM 2000 and to evaluate the 82

performance of U-turn using Vissim Simulation program. (I169) Development of Asphalt Pavement Vissim Simulation used for simulated 2 difference of width Temperature Model in West Bali Region, Indonesia median opening and U-turn fly over. Simulated case study I Made Agus Ariawan (Indonesia); Bambang Sugeng using Vissim simulation with different of width median Subagio (Indonesia); Bagus Hario Setiadji (Indonesia); opening showed in narrow width median opening will make major delay and the high of travel time. Based on the The temperature within the asphalt pavement layers varies comparison of four scenarios of U-turn models and existing due to the influence ofenvironmental factors including air model. The best performance of U-turn facilities showed on temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and the 4th model. The 4th model is U-turn with fly over design, reflectance of pavement surface. Many researches showed the performance are saturation degree 0,7333, mentioned that both air temperature and humidity are two delay study 3,43905, delay vissim 3,133479, and the travel of the most important environmental factors which time is 526,20. The travel time would lower with an significantly affect the mechanical of asphalt mixture increasingly the width of median opening. Simulation properties, especially temperature of the asphalt pavement showed that travel time and delay slight differences when layers. The temperature distribution on the cross section of the width of median opening large than existing U-turn. asphalt pavement layer is considerably important in Then comparison from U-turn with road median opening connection with the strength characteristics of various design and fly over U-turn design showed the last design asphalt pavement designs.Therefore, accurate estimation give the best in traffic performance. on the temperature of the asphalt pavement structure is required. This study develops model of asphalt pavement (I161) Modelling Road Traffic Noise for Collector temperature for tropical climate conditions in Indonesia Road (Case Study of Denpasar City) which has a specific climate characteristics. Indonesia is Putu Alit Suthanaya (Indonesia); located on a narrow range of latitudes (60 North - 110 South) and is crossed by the equator. In addition, the Population growth and development of activities in territory mostly consist of water. Considering such a Denpasar City have a great influence on the development physical condition, Indonesia has a tropical climate and of transportation sector. The increase of population has experiences lots of sunlight, rainfalls and high humidity been followed by high growth rate of private vehicles. This throughout the year.The national road of Denpasar - condition has increased environmental degradation, not Gilimanuk (Km 102) segment, Negara regency in the only in terms of fuel consumption but also in terms of air western of Bali island, Indonesia is selected as a case study pollution and traffic noise produced by motor vehicles. area. Data were collected over a period of ten days during Traffic noise has caused negative effects such as the dry season and sunny weather (from 20 August to 30 communication difficulty, increase of stress, sleep August 2014), which include air temperature, humidity and disturbance, and also hearing problem. In order to asphalt pavement temperature in various depths. overcome these problems, in the first instance, it is required Thermocouples sensors equipped with data loggers were to be able estimate the level of traffic noise produced by installed in various depths. Based on the SAGA Technology certain traffic volume. Therefore, it is important to program, the temperatures were recorded every 30 understand factors that influence traffic noise. The objective minutes. About 336 observational data were recorded which of this study is to develop model estimation of traffic noise, include hourly variations of temperature and humidity as in particular for collector roads. Traffic data collected well as pavement temperature in various depth. It was included traffic volume (classified by vehicle types), speed, found that there was a strong positive linear correlation (r and road geometric. Data were analysed by using multiple > 0.8) between the air temperature and the temperature of linear regression method. This study found that as the the asphalt pavement. On the other hand, a strong negative proportion of motor cycle dominates the road traffic (about linear correlation (r > -0.8) between the humidity and 75%), motor cycle volume was found to be the most temperature of the pavement was found. Linear regression significant traffic noise predictor. Holding other factors models were developed to predict the temperature of the constant, the increase of 100 motor cycle will increase asphalt pavement by using temperature and humidity as traffic noise LAeq for about 0.3 dB. The increase in LA10, independent variables. The results indicated that the model LA50 and LA90 are 0.4, 0.4 and 06, respectively. The has a good estimation accuracy. average error of the predicted value from the measured value for Leq is -2.33%. Average error for L10, L50 and L90 (I191) Does Demographic Pattern Matter for is +0.39%, -1.04% and +0.002%, respectively. This model Sustainable Infrastructure Policy? of traffic noise level can be used to predict vehicle noise Ferry Hermawan (UK); Tutik Rachmawati (Indonesia); level for collector road with an average speed of vehicles Herry Ludiro Wahyono (Indonesia); between 23-49 km/hour. Crafting public policy that matches with the growing population requires a strategic approach to harmonise with 83

sustainable infrastructure development. Indonesia with SID-LRK. This is expected to assist in the reduction and more than a quarter billion populations has a distinctive prevention of traffic accidents. So in this study compiled character in the archipelago area. The distinctive procedure SID-LRK and as the application of the research characteristic has brought many challenges to development conducted at the National roads in the Province of Lampung. planning. These challenges vary from closing the gap Application procedure resulted SID-LRK at five locations of between the west and east part of Indonesia in economic, black spot. social and political aspect to the provision of standardise public infrastructure in all areas. Whilst government plays (I208) Appliying Input-Output Model to Estimate the the major role in strategic national development planning, Broader Economic Benefits of Cipularang Tollroad there has been a tremendous lack in public infrastructure Investment to Bandung District policy that meets the standard of public infrastructure, such Ridwan Anas (Indonesia); Ofyar Z. Tamin (Indonesia); as standard minimums for Land used of settlements and Sony S. Wibowo (Indonesia); public facilities (toll roads, parks, unit health services, green area, pedestrian and other facilities) in the turmoil of This paper aims to estimate the potential economic benefits Urbanism phenomenon or urban sprawl. Considering the of an individual transportation project (Cipularang tollroad) fact that government capacity is low in the good investment to the regional economy of Bandung district by infrastructure provision, hence it will create using input-output analysis. The linkage between competitiveness among private sectors involved in the transportation investment and economic growth has been provision of public infrastructure, which further will path the widely researched in the past 25 years. Most research way to a much more accepted infrastructure development confirm that the improvement of transportation and meet the need of the growing population. Sustainable performance through transportation investment can reduce infrastructure development requires the establishment of logistic cost of the production sectors and thus reducing good quality life, although it would be challenging for policy their marginal cost. Consequently, the increase of the maker in the dynamic pattern of demography. Government output in the production sectors is expected to develop the has the main responsibility to ensure that National regional economy. Compared to other Asian countries, development policy generates high level GDP, absorb labour logistics cost in Indonesia is much higher than that of other force and ensure technology transfer. These three aspects nations in the region. Reaching up to 25 % of the Gross should be incorporated in the public infrastructure policy. Domestic Product (GDP), this cost causes the production Demographic pattern on each authority level become a sectors to become inefficient and less competitive (LPEM- fundamental consideration as an important aspect in policy- UI, year). The purpose of this study was to estimate the making, either quantity of infrastructure availability or broader economic benefits of the new infrastructure quality of infrastructure services. The research aims is to investment of Cipularang Tollroad to Bandung region that investigate whether the demographic pattern matter for region connected to the tollway. Specifically, this study sustainable infrastructure policy. It is important to study as mapped out the indirect benefits received by the production to whether infrastructure policies have been designed with sector (key sectors) in relation to the associated decrease the consideration of population pattern. Further, it is of freight transportation costs. This study found that important also to study the Indonesian development industrial served as the key sectors in Bandung district planning experience in regards to demographic pattern. region. Using the regional input-output simulation model, This research presents a historical review of National the regional GDP increases 1% after the operation of Development Planning of Indonesia compared with Cipularang Tollroad. This increase was estimated due to population data simulation since 1960-2010. The data were reduce of inter-regional freight transportation costs. This collected from secondary resources and accompanied by study has implications for the stakeholders involved in the document analysis. The results confirmed that development of Indonesian transportation infrastructure, macroeconomic, ecological and individual welfare rationales by highlighting the broader economic benefits received by are predominant in the policy making. the regions (especially key sector) in which the transportation project investment occurs. (I200) Guideline for Survey, Investigation, and Design of Black Spot Location (SID-LRK) in Lampung (I212) Optimization of River Transport to Strengthen Province, Indonesia Multimodal Passenger Transport System In Inland Budi Hartanto Susilo (Indonesia); Region Said (Indonesia); In connection with the government's obligation to take responsibility for ensuring the safety of traffic and road Kapuas Hulu regency which is located in the easternmost of transport (LLAJ) for road users, it is necessary to attempt West Kalimantan province is still highly dependent on river to achieve this goal, one of which is to conduct Surveys, transportation mode. Considering that multimodal Investigations, and Design of Black Spot Location (SID- transportation problems are lying at the level of respective LRK) . Therefore, there needs to be the guideline in doing services and ease of intermodal transfer, the performance 84

of each mode should be evaluated for improvement. Based (I215) Transportation Demand Management: A Park on the survey conducted to users of river transport modes, and Ride System to Reduce Congestion in Palembang the following data have been obtained: 58% of users are City Indonesia private sector workers and 42% are civil servants, 85% of Erika Buchari (Indonesia); them make more than 2 million rupiah while another 15% earns between 1 to 2 million rupiah. With regard to travelers Park and Ride is one of Transport Demand Management age, it is dominated by people who are at the age of 30 to (TDM) scheme, which is very popular in some congested 40 years old, 33% of 40-50 years old and 7% of those city with wide parking area at the border line or outskirt between 20 to 30 years old. With regard to the purpose of area. Palembang is capital city of South Sumatera Province, the trip, as many as 61% use it to reach work place, 17% which has three Terminals in the border area with to visit their relatives and 6% with the aim of getting surrounding kabupaten (district). Right now the Terminal is medical treatment. All respondents (100%) explain the not functioned appropriately because many public transport reason for using river transportation mode is due to a very vehicles are loading and unloading passengers outside the low level of accessibility (narrow and damaged roads) to Terminal, or on the street nearby the Terminal. On the other reach their destination should they choose land hand, the city centre itself has been crowded of private transportation. The evaluation on the level of connectivity vehicles (car and motor cycle). The current on street of transportation infrastructures provide us with three parking system has been no longer adequate. According to districts namely Semitau, Badau and South Putussibau Cities Development Initiatives for Asia (CDIA) study 2011, having low level of connectivity between wharfs and about 1382 cars and 1431 motorcycles need a place to park terminals for passengers to change modes and continue in the city Centre. The aims of this paper are to present the their journeys. There are two districts whose high level of characteristics of trips surrounding the Terminal and to inter-connectivity infrastructure is high, i.e. Suhaid and know their potential of accepting Park and Ride system, and North Putussibau districts where they have high levels of to plan the program and policy regarding Park and Ride in connectivity between wharf and terminal. And one district Palembang. The Data was collected by doing Home with a very high level of connectivity, namely Jongkong Interview survey in Palembang, with 4000 sample of district, where the wharf and terminal are situated at one Households (Buchari, 2011). Method of Analysis is location thus making it easier for passengers to intermodal descriptive Analysis, Cross tabulation, matrices analysis and transfer. multimodal analysis. The data from previous study was used to analyze the interconnection Terminal location with (I214) An Analysis of Out of Home Non Work Activity trips from surrounding areas. The results showed the Time Use and Timing Behavior Based on Work potential shifting from private vehicle user to park and ride Schedule and Trip Time user. Melawaty Agustien (Indonesia); Ade Sjafruddin (Indonesia); Harun Al Rasyid S. Lubis (Indonesia); Sony S. (I216) The Importance of Human Resources Wibowo (Indonesia); Development and Its Impact in Increasing of National Port Productivity This paper attempts to integrate the discrete of activity Erika Buchari (Indonesia); Hasan Basri (Indonesia); timing and the continuous data of time allocation based on the concept of utility. The analysis combines the concept of Problems of Ports in Indonesia are very complex. One of the discrete-continuous simulation equations framework to problems is about Human Resources Development (HRD), represent the interactions between activity timing and time which is very fundamental issues that directly affect in allocation behaviour during the day. Activity timing choice many aspects. HRD in quality and quantity aspect has was modelled as a discrete choice variable involving three become the vision, listed in the Master Plan of National alternatives broad periods: home-to-work period, work- Ports. One of the most important things is the improvement based period and post home period. For fixed time workers, of human resources of handling equipments, because the it was found that the model in which activity time allocation technical workers in ports play important roles in is assumed to be determined first influence activity timing determining the productivity. Some sample of ports are show statistical measure of fit. Significant parameter of trip taken from secondary data and survey was done in characteristics and social economic variables also influence Boombaru Port, Palembang. The majority of workers of activity timing choice. Activity timing choice model based containers handling are from non-shipping/maritime school. on time-allocation data can be used to estimate the number Then, 80% of training system for new workers is only about of induced and reduce trips and evaluate the impacts of on the job training. The training system does not have good alternative transportation improvement projects to decision structure, which consists of theory and practice of using the to carry out the activities and trips. equipment. Infact, Boombaru Port in Palembang, operates two container cranes. When loading and unloading, operating processes are conducted by 20 workers, who 85

work together in handling one crane on the ship’s dock. assess the stiffness parameter of pavement layer, About 15 of workers operate equipment for loading and partcularly in conducting a quick assessment on soil unloading, while the rests supervise the workers. Then, the subgrade layer. The NDT method based on the seismic calculation of the needed workers at the Port to achieve surface wave measurement has been recently developed optimal loading and unloading, can be used from the and applied for material evaluation of road-pavement, i.e. assumed number of workers per gang times number of the shear wave velocity, Poisson’s ratio and dynamic elastic berth times number of cranes. This paper aims to (1) count modulus. In this paper, an improved technique of the number of workers for Handling Equipment and (2) to tomography surface waves measurement for plan the development of HR more effectively based on the simultaneously evaluation of stiffness and anomalies of production of National Ports. pavement soil-subgrade is presented. The method performs the time-frequency spectrum analysis on recorded seismic (I226) The Delays for Signalized Intersection Using wave data, which is non-destructively sampling the ATCS Data and Field Survey Method at Kerten- subgrade layers properties. An interactive wavelet analysis Intersection of Surakarta is used in the spectrum analysis to produce the real phase Alfia Magfirona (Indonesia); Nurul Hidayati (Indonesia); Ika velocity and its corresponding shear wave velocity. Using Setiyaningsih (Indonesia); Gotot Slamet (Indonesia); principal of stress-strain material in elastic behavior, the elastic modulus parameter of soil-subgrade layers is then The increasing of traffic volume in Surakarta has caused an generated. This method is improved for producing the 2-D increasing of congestion in several road networks. Traffic elastic modulus profile and at the same time, it shows the jam phenomenon at intersectionsduring peak hour can be structure anomalies in the investigated subgrade layers. found at some signalized intersections, especially at Kerten- The higher elastic modulus values can be found in the Intersection in Surakarta. The Local Government through subgrade layer with more homogeneous soil densities that the Communication, Informatics and Transportation may be produced from a good degree of compaction. While Department (Dishubkominfo) Surakarta is developing an the lower elastic modulus can be identified in the subgrade integrated traffic management control system named Area layers which are having many structural anomalies. From Traffic Control System (ATCS). The aim of ATCS is to enable this study, it can be shown that the tomography seismic the vehicle movement continuously and minimize the delay surface wave technique is able to simultaneously determine at an intersection. This research aims to determine the the stiffness and structure anomalies within existing road factors which are considered in the analysis by using pavement. Thus, this method can be potentially advanced Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM 1997) and field and developed as an innovative material evaluation device survey methods, to calculate the delay of each method, and for pavement structures. then to compare both values. The implementation of manual traffic counts survey carried out for a day in the (I268) The Effective Strategy in the management of morning peak hour. It is sourced from traffic counting data “Pantura” Lane road, Java - Indonesia from ATCS detector of Dishubkominfo Surakarta after Hary Agus Rahardjo (Indonesia); Dwi Dinariana converted in passenger cars unit. The obtained data from (Indonesia); Fitri Suryani (Indonesia); field observation for calculating field delay are: number of waiting vehicle every15 second, stopped (in red and amber Pantura lane road, which is located in north coast path of time) and not stopped vehicles (in green and amber time). Java islands - Indonesia, with a length of 1300 km is a Findings so far, the average delay calculated by IHCM 1997 major transportation route used for the movement of goods method is 105.50 sec/pcu, while the average field delay is and passengers. This road connects the westernmost side 16.19 sec/pcu. Based on the comparison, it can be known to the easternmost side region of the islands. From year to that the field delay is lower than IHCM 1997 delay. It is year, the condition of the road is always damaged. The caused by the differences in withdrawal traffic flow data that cause of the damage was partly because of unstable base will be used in delay calculation analysis. Inaccurate of layer, which is consisted of clay with elastic properties. determining the adjustment factors (which are: effective Other causes are due to rain puddles, vehicle load which width, city size, side friction, turning movement, vehicles exceeds the capacity, and the volume of vehicles that reach stopped ratio and turn at each approach) will also cause 45,000 vehicles per day. This large amount of vehicles inaccurate in the delay value. passing frequency is related to its functions as a main road in north side of Java islands. For maintenance purpose, it is (I250) Simultaneous In-situ Stiffness and Anomalies always incurred costs to repair the roads which are Measurement on Pavement Subgrade Using constantly increasing in number every year. In 2013, the Tomography Surface Waves Technique budget for repairs reached 1.28 trillion (IDR), in 2014 Sri Atmaja Rosyidi (Indonesia); increased to approximately 1.8 trillion (IDR), an increase of approximately 38%. In practice, performance-based Non-destructive testing (NDT) has been developed as a contract method had been tried for road maintenance in effective tool in road evaluation system in order to in-situ addition to the traditional method of a contract. This action, 86

beside of the technical aspects approach, was taken to (I329) Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Airport Networks ensure that such damage will not happen again. But until in Java Island, Indonesia Based on Cargo Volume and now, the damage is still going on and returned require Freight Ratio corrective measures annually. Therefore, it is necessary to Gito Sugiyanto (Indonesia); Purwanto Bekti Santosa study on the implementation of the contract method of (Indonesia); Aris Wibowo (Indonesia); Mina Yumei Santi repair work that has been done so far, and it also needs to (Indonesia); study the alternative solutions with a strategic approach, in addition to pay attention to the technical and juridical In recent years, air transport network in Soekarno-Hatta aspects. The purpose of writing this paper is to examine the International Airport have become congested, leading to factors causing damage to roads; the effective method of delays for business travelers, and freight shipments. One of road maintenance contracts that could be implemented, i.e. the alternative solutions for this problem is to evaluate the between traditional contract method and the method of hub-and-spoke airport networks. Hub-and-spoke airport performance-based contracts; and to produce an networks enable carriers to supply transport services to alternative strategic decision that is an effective way of many combinations of origin and destination zones at high managing Pantura lane road in order to minimize the frequencies and low costs. The disadvantage for the damage which usually happens every years. Study traveller is of course that they have to make a detour via conducted in this paper is literature study and interviews as the hub airport implying an extra stop. For many tools of data collection which is obtained from the experts combinations of origin and destination zone, travellers can and stakeholders related to the management of Pantura choose between more than one main carrier and airport. lane road. The conclusion is that a holistic view is needed to The aim of this paper is to analysis of hub-and-spoke airport make sure all necessary, interrelated aspects are covered networks in Java Island, Indonesia based on cargo volume and dealt with. It must be much more than just an action and freight ratio. Based on freight ratio value, airport can plan to reach a single goal. be classified in four types: full passenger airport, freight interest airport, freight specialist airport, and mixed (I269) Railway Track Subgrade Failure Mechanisms passenger and freight airport. This study shows that the Using a Fault Chart Approach flight route in Indonesia has not been fully developed in Kristianto Usman (United Kingdom); M.P.N. Burrow (United accordance with the concept of hubs-and-spokes. All of the Kingdom); G.S. Ghataora (United Kingdom); six airports in Java Island (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Jakarta, Juanda International Airport Surabaya, Adi Railway track subgrade failure induced by climate related Sucipto International Airport Yogyakarta, Adi Sumarmo softening, may lead to unplanned maintenance costs and International Airport Surakarta, Husein Sastranegara consequential and costly train delays. The softening process International Airport Bandung, and Ahmad Yani can be due to the presence of water in the upper parts of International Airport Semarang) for the domestic and the track foundation due to inadequate drainage system or international flight include in mixed passenger and freight poorly maintained railway track drainage. In order to better airport type. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport has the make use of scarce resources and plan railway track and highest of freight ratio value, 8.128 for domestic flight and associated drainage maintenance rationally it would be 24.738 for international flight. The percentage of cargo helpful to better understand and quantify the relationships volume in Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is 71.898% between the causes of poor subgrade and the railway track for domestic flight and 93.330% for international flight. The drainage system. The understanding of railway track growth of hub-and-spoke airport networks has allowed drainage associated failure can be further used to infer medium and large-size airports that limited in passenger engineering knowledge into railway performance models demand in the catchment area to become the primary hubs and associated risk analysis methodologies.To this end, this in their respective regions. paper describes the development of a fault tree analysis approach which considers the failure mode(s) for railway (I372) Traffic Flow Quality as Part of Network Quality track subgrade.The fault chart has been developed in two for a Sparse Road Network stages, in the first stage, failure mechanisms are diagnosed Hitapriya Suprayitno (Indonesia); utilizing a cause-effect diagram, and in the second stage a fault tree analysis (FTA) is performed. Sparse Road Networks are dominant in Indonesia, e.g. the regency, the provincial and the national road network. For these cases, measuring the network quality, apart from the physical qualities of the road segments and the intersections, is very important. The quality measure must be based on how the network can perform its function. Three main road network function as a measure of network quality are : to connect different points, to flow the traffic 87

and to cover the area in a certain density. This paper is designated to present the research result on formulating the traffic flow quality as part of network quality and on developing its calculation method. It can be concluded that the research objectives have been attained, the traffic flow quality has been formulated and its calculation method has been also developed. Two type of measure of traffic flow quality : the flow itinerary quality and the flow fluidity quality. The fluidity quality deals with traffic engineering, which is already a lot developed. On the other hand the flow itinerary quality still has to be formulated. The flow itinerary quality is about whether for doing trip from point A to point B, the existing itinerary is say direct or going around. Thus the quality is formulated by a ratio between the existing itinerary length to the direct distance and a ratio between the existing vehicle-km flow to the direct distance vehicle- km. It needs a special calculation method to be practical. A special matrix calculation has been developed, based on a special matrix form. Bangkalan Regency Road Network has been taken as a trial case.

(I379) Effect of Habit and Car Access on Student Behavior Using Cars for Traveling to Campus Rudy Setiawan (Indonesia); Wimpy Santosa (Indonesia); Ade Sjafruddin (Indonesia);

This study reports an investigation of psychological factors influencing this behavior from the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model, with the addition of habit and car access. Students from three different university campuses in Surabaya, Indonesia, (n = 312) completed a survey on their car commuting behavior. Results indicated that habit and ascription of responsibility were the strongest factors that influence personal norm, perceived behavioral control and personal norm were the strongest factors that influence behavioral intention, and habit was the strongest factors that influence actual behavior, while car access only significantly influence habit, rather than both perceived behavioral control and actual behavior. Habit, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility explain 54% variance of personal norm. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and personal norm explain 50% variance of the behavioral intention. In turn, behavioral intention, habit, and car access explains 55% of the variance of the actual car use. Implications of these findings are that in order to alter the use of car, university should implement both structural and psychological interventions. Effective interventions should be designed to raise students’ awareness of consequences and sense of responsibility of negative aspects of car use.

Structural and Construction Engineering (S016) Development of Cold Formed Steel – Timber Composite for Roof Structures: Compression (S010) Beam Column and Footings Connection of Members Simple Prefab Housing Ali Awaludin (Indonesia); K. Rachmawati (Indonesia); M. Sentosa Limanto (Indonesia); Johanes Indrojono Suwono Aryati (Indonesia); A.D. Danastri (Indonesia); (Indonesia); The application of cold-formed steel on roof structures in To meet the urgent need for transmigration and to Indonesia has become very popular in construction displacements due to natural disasters, prefab housing practices, especially for single- or multi-family dwellings. system is required for fast construction. This study Compared to timber roof structures, cold-formed steel roof proposed a joint system to connect footings, concrete structures may require less or even no maintenance column / pedestal, and the tie beams. From four types of programs as they are absolutely durable against termite connections two were deemed appropriate. A prototype, 2 and wood-decay fungus attacks. However, lesson learned m x2 m x2m, was built for this purpose and tested for the from recent building failures due to earthquakes indicated reliability of the connections. It appears that the connection that cold-formed steel structures are susceptible to buckling could resist a horizontal force of 10% the column load and failure. This study attempts to improve buckling able to withstand a diiferential settlement of2cm.Erection performance of cold-formed steel members by combining with simple tools to assemble the components of the them with timber laminas to obtain cold formed steel – prototype only needs less than 6 hours by three laborers. timber composite. This composite member is obtained by Factory made components will speed up the installation. attaching 15-mm thick timber laminas (Swietenia mahagoni) to the web part of cold-formed steel Z-, C-, and (S015) Testing of Kriging-based Finite Element to double C-sections using screws at regular spacing of 100 Shell Structures with Varying Thickness mm. Compression tests were conducted for five different Wong Foek Tjong (Indonesia); Yosua Christabel effective lengths, and the increase in compressive load (Indonesia); Pamuda Pudjisuryadi (Indonesia); Worsak capacities of the composite members was validated by the Kanok-Nukulchai (Thailand); results of compression test of cold formed steel (without timber laminas). The test results showed that the failure of A variant of the finite element method with Kriging basis composite members was progressive and it was initiated by functions has been recently developed and applied to plane, flange local buckling followed by flexural buckling at the plate bending, and shell elastostatic problems. The main final stage. This failure mode is different from the observed advantage of this novel method is that high degree of basis common failure mode of the cold formed steel member functions can be easily constructed without additional finite which is instantaneous and is a combination of local element nodes (such as mid-side and inner nodes). This buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. The increase in paper revisits the formulation of the Kriging-based finite compressive load capacity was significant for short element method for analysis of curved shell structures, members but then decreases as the member length referred to as K-Shell, and presents new numerical tests to increases. A proposal to predict the compressive load shell structures with varying thickness. The K-Shell was capacity of cold formed steel – timber composite is formulated based on degenerated 3D elasticity theory. The presented for practical application. basis functions were constructed using a set of nodes covering several layers of triangular elements and were (S019) A Chart Based Method for Steel Beam Design employed to approximate both the displacement and Using the Indonesian Section geometry. The quartic polynomial basis was chosen to Wiryanto Dewobroto (Indonesia); Lanny Hidayat alleviate shear and membrane locking. The K-Shell has (Indonesia); Yeltsin (Indonesia); been tested using a series of shell benchmark problems with constant shell thickness. The tests showed that K-Shell The high strength of steel material yields the more slender performed very well in analyzing moderately thick smooth structural elements, so that the beam design is governed shells. In this paper the K-Shell is tested using two modified by stability. In other hand, there is a variation in dimension shell benchmark problems with varying thickness, i.e. the of steel sections and their availability in the market. Those modified pinched cylinder and the modified hemispherical things will lead to a complex procedure in obtaining the shell with 18 degrees cut-off. The converged results of optimum steel beam design. Actually, computers will help three-dimensional finite element model using commercial to overcome the complexity of the problems, but the software Abaqus were used to assess the convergence of solution is generally limited to a specific steel section and the results. The tests show that the performance of K-Shell specific unbraced length configuration. So it needs trial and in analyzing shells with varying thickness is satisfactory. error several times to obtain a comparison to determine the optimum steel sections. To overcome this, strategies using AISC-LRFD's chart based method, which plots the 89

relationship between flexural capacities of steel sections, (S026) Flexural Behaviour of Steel Reinforced the unbraced length of lateral bracing and weight, will be Lightweight Concrete Slab with Bamboo Permanent helpful in determining the lightest steel sections in term of Formworks lateral bracing requirement and its capacity. So the most Akmaluddin (Indonesia); Pathurahman (Indonesia); optimum steel sections can be obtained without a specific Suparjo (Indonesia); Zaedar Gazalba (Indonesia); trial-and-error. However, the chart based method for steel beam design is not yet popular due to the absence of a One-way steel reinforced pumice lightweight concrete slabs choice of steel sections common in the Indonesian market. with bamboo permanent formwork to support building This paper will present how to make the design curve of structure system are discussed. This paper aims to study those steel sections; therefore the chart based method for the behavior and strength resistant of the slabs under steel design can be implemented. Examples of its usage will flexural loading test. Eleven slab specimen divided into four also be presented. So if the design with a chart based groups namely BSN, BSL, BSM and BSH were considered. method using Indonesian steel sections can be provided, The slabs cross section was 550 x 120 mm with steel then it can be used to design steel beams quickly and reinforcement ratio of 0% (BSN), 0.39% (BSL), 0.48% economically. (BSM) and 0.77% (BSH). The slabs of 2.7 m length were supported at 2.5 m clear span. BSN was used as control (S023) Dynamics of Reinforced Concrete Girders specimen. The slabs were tested under two symmetrical Taking into Account of Rheological Properties of a point load acting on 1/3 clear span. The results showed that Material the first cracking load of BSH, BSM and BSL were generally Mirzakhid Miralimov (Uzbekistan); Almenov Khudoybergan higher than that of BSN. The present of steel reinforcement (Uzbekistan); in the bamboo slab proportionally increased its capacities. Normalized ultimate load of BSL, BSM and BSH to BSN were In this paper on the basis of a Volterra integral equations of 2.27, 2.64 and 4.04 respectively, where the average the second kind are constructed the basic dependences a ultimate load capacity of BSN was 15.575 kN. Service load weakly-singular kernel of Rjanitsin-Koltunov for the finite to ultimate load ratio of the slab with steel reinforcement number of degrees of freedom of girder structure. Having were obtained varies between 0.37 and 0.57. Increasing the use of variational Lagrangian principle under various number of reinforcement ratio, it was found to decrease the boundary conditions for a beam is made the integro- slab ductility. The ductility index of BSL, BSM and BSH were differential equation through the heredity kernel of type of 2.84, 2.09 and 1.34 respectively while BSN ductility index Abel. Also the numerically-analytical solution scheme of was 1.71. The effect of additional lateral reinforcement in developed equation is given by a method of decomposition the slab increased the slab ductility of 3.85, 2.15 and 1.56 to free vibration shapes. Besides at the solution of not for BSL, BSM and BSH respectively. divided integro-differential equation of the forced oscillation systems with the finite number of degrees of freedom is (S027) Fragility Curves for Low- and Mid-rise given the conditionally stable Wilson’s method. The Buildings in Malaysia developed decision algorithm of a hereditary problem of Siti Nur Aqilah Saruddin (Malaysia); Fadzli Mohamed Nazri viscoelasticity of reinforced concrete girders has allowed (Malaysia); obtaining the results of investigation of the stress-strain state, shapes and frequencies of free vibrations under In this paper, a study is presented on development of changing the design characteristics and physico-mechanical fragility curve for Malaysian low- and mid-rise buildings that properties of a material. The given results are shown that are reinforced concrete and steel moment–resisting frames. under constant external action of dynamic loading the beam Two prototype models, which include three- and six-story vibration damps around curve function of creep. The frame structures with different types of material, were vibration of stresses occurs around the relaxation. Speed of designed based on Eurocodes. Incremental dynamic damping essentially depends on rheological properties of a analysis (IDA) was conducted under seven sets of ground girder structure. The analysis of results has shown, that motion records, and scaling peak ground acceleration taking account of internal friction is directly related to increased every 0.05 g until it achieved 0.6 g. The software hereditary properties of a material of concrete which leads SAP2000 was used to perform IDA. Five levels of to damping of own oscillations of a beam. For consideration performance based seismic designs, namely, operational of non-stationary vibration taking into account of physical phase, immediate occupancy, damage control, life safety, properties of a girder structure is investigated effect of a and collapse prevention, were considered to assess speed of moving load on the motion of a beam. structural performance. Seismic fragility curves were developed for structural models with different types of material and height.

(S031) Experimental Investigation of Reinforced homogeneities of these concrete properties can be Concrete Column Embedded with the Angle Steel observed, and further controlled and adjusted properly, the Shapes potential for a design optimization could be aimed. This Ade Lisantono (Indonesia); Agung Budiman (Indonesia); study was performed to produce intentionally, and further Paulinus Haesler Boantua Sidauruk (Indonesia); analyze, the actual behaviors of a concrete member with a gradation in concrete compressive strength. The Column is an important structural element in a building, compressive strength of the test specimens ranged from 20 because it carries some loads from the beams and the floors MPa to 60 MPa. The cylindrical specimens sized 100 x 200 connecting to the column. Sometimes it needs to millimeters were tested under uniaxial compression, and strengthen the existing column for some reasons. For the strains in different layers were recorded, as the load was example the load capacity of the column must be increased increased. The developed method and equipment was due to the compressive strength of the concrete column proven excellent in artificially creating a graded concrete does not comply with the specified requirement. specimen. The resulting specimens were visually inspected Investigation of the reinforced concrete column with angle and tested using a rebound hammer to study the gradation steel shapes embedded at the corner of the column is of the material in the transition zone between the two limited. Therefore, it needs to investigate before developing different types of concrete strength mixes. The resulting the analysis for practical purpose design. This research concrete is negatively influenced by the disparity between conducts the experimental program of the reinforced the two concrete strengths since the cracking and fracture concrete column with equal-leg angle steel shapes of the lower concrete strength part will signature the embedded at corner of the column. Eight specimens were strength of the overall graded material. The brittle behavior tested in this experimental program. Four columns were of the resulting material is due to a combination of subjected to the concentrically load and the others were premature micro-cracking, and the stress differentiation in subjected to eccentrically load. The specimens which the material, that leads to stress concentrations in the embedded with angle steel shapes have various stiffeners corresponding layer. spacing of 50 mm; 100 mm, and 150 mm. The column has length of 750 mm with sectional dimension of (75 mm x 75 (S038) Nonlinear Static Analysis Procedures for mm). The column has four longitudinal reinforcements of 8 Seismic Performance Evaluation of Existing Buildings mm and stirrup of 5 mm. The equal-leg angle steel shape – Evolution and Issues has size of (22.1 mm x 22.1 mm x 2 mm). The results of Fawad Ahmed Najam (Thailand); the experimental program show that compare to the reference specimen, the increment load of concentrically For a quick performance evaluation of existing buildings loaded column embedded with angle steel shape with under anticipated ground shaking, nonlinear static stiffener spacing 50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm were procedures (NSPs) are always an attractive option for 210.4447 %, 235.5426 %, and 185.6640 %, respectively. practicing engineers. Compared to these NSPs, full While the increment load of eccentrically loaded column nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) for a embedded with angle steel shape with stiffener spacing 50 sophisticated 3D finite element model requires far more mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm were 85.5607 %, 34.6697 %, computational and modeling effort. Sometimes a and 42.9479 %, respectively. performance evaluation of large number of buildings is required in order to access the vulnerability and loss (S036) The Behavior of Graded Concrete, an estimation for a particular area against seismic hazard. The Experimental Study application of NSPs becomes even more relevant in such Buntara Sthenly Gan (Japan); Han Aylie (Indonesia); M. scenarios. Over last 2 decades, NSPs have passed through Mirza Abdillah Pratama (Indonesia); a course of proposed modifications and improvements which kept the interest awakened among practicing In structural analysis, a concrete element is assumed engineers and academicians. This paper is a review of all homogeneous in terms of strength and physical properties such attempts and provides a brief account of various throughout the entire section or member. In reality, approaches in NSPs and their inherent assumptions or concrete is a composite material composed of mortar matrix sources of uncertainties, starting from pre-ATC 40 times to and coarse aggregates. The actual composition of a member the currently used ASCE 41-13 procedure. is therefore less likely to be uniform along its height. The presence of coarse aggregates will result in a higher (S048) Designing Optimum Locations and Properties density, reaching the extreme lower layers of the member, of MTMD Systems leading to a disparity in strength, elastic modulus, and Richard Frans (Indonesia); Yoyong Arfiadi (Indonesia); Poisson’s ratio. Other factors influencing this phenomenon are bleeding, and initial cracking due to the hydration heat Reducing vibration of buildings during earthquake is of the on the exposed surfaces. However, if the non- primary concern to most structural engineers. Several 91

methods have been proposed including the use of damper concrete beams can be used compared to timber beams. systems. This paper considers the optimization procedures The cost savings of using concrete for the boat frame in lieu of multi tuned mass damper (MTMD) systems. A number of of timber frame is estimated to be around 15%. researches have considered designing MTMD systems to Construction time to build a boat using reinforced concrete reduce structural response during earthquake. However, frame can be reduced by almost half compared to most of the research considered only the properties of the conventional timber frame boat of the same size. The MTMD, while the locations of MTMD are decided beforehand. findings of this exploratory study can contribute to enrich This paper considers the optimization both the properties innovations in civil engineering construction, sustain the and location of MTMD in structures. The hybrid coded traditional purse seine boat building industry, and genetic algorithms (HCGAs) are used to optimize the ultimately the livelihood of fishermen in NAD region. dampers. The HCGAs are the optimization method that Findings can also be potentially further explored for utilize binary coded GAs (BCGAs) and real coded GAs application to other type of traditional timber boat (RCGAs). The RCGAs are used to optimize the properties of construction for inter-island sea transportation services of MTMD, while the BCGAs are utilized to optimize the location goods and people in Indonesia, and perhaps also for other of the dampers. Numerical examples are then carried out to archipelago developing nations as well. see the ability of the proposed method in optimizing the locations and the properties of the dampers. Numerical (S064) Dynamic Responses of a Steel Railway Bridge examples are carried out to a three, ten-, and forty-story for the Structure's Condition Assessment buildings. For the three- and ten-story buildings, the Agung Budipriyanto (Indonesia); Tri Susanto (Indonesia); location of the MTMD is obtained at the top of the buildings, whereas for forty-story building the location of the dampers We investigated dynamic responses of a steel truss railway is depending on the mass ratio of the dampers. For 1% bridge under damage and intact (no damage) conditions as mass ratio, the locations of the dampers, are at the 39th the train was passing through. The responses were utilized and 40th floors, respectively. For 2% mass ratio, the for identifying the damage and establishing acceleration dampers locations are obtained at the 38th and 40th floor, sensor locations. The method applied in this study was respectively; while for 4% mass ratio, the dampers intended for monitoring the health of the bridge structure locations are at 37th and 40th floors, respectively. under the train loadings. The bridge investigated in this Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of MTMD study is an old steel truss bridge located in Sidoarjo, East systems in reducing response of structures due to Java, Indonesia. Numerical models of the bridge were earthquake. developed. Then the responses of the bridge in intact and simulated damage conditions were computed under the (S058) Innovative Use of Reinforced Concrete for passing train forces. The bridge responses in the Sustainability of Purse Seine Boat Building in Aceh investigated conditions were examined and employed for Nusa Setiani Triastuti (Indonesia); Noraya Soewarno identifying the damages. In addition using the first five (Indonesia); fundamental modes having frequencies below 6.5 Hz. the locations of sensors optimally mounted on the structure Indonesia is an archipelago with only 30% landmass, hence were determined. Results of the study were promising. They inter-island transport and fisheries are important sectors. showed that the methods employed in this study enabled to Boats used by fishermen and to transport goods as well as detect the existence of damage took place on the structure people across Indonesia’s many islands are mainly small to and establish the optimal sensor locations. medium sized timber boats of up to 30 gross weight tonnes (GWT). Large sized timber beams are needed for the boat (S070) Brittle Shear Failure Prevention of a Non- keel and frames. However, since 2007 logging was banned Ductile RC Columns Using Glass Fiber Reinforced in the Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam (NAD) region. This has Polymer (GFRP) resulted in scarcity and increased timber costs for Kittipoom Rodsin (Thailand); conventional timber boat builders in the area. Hence other suitable substitute materials, in lieu of timber, should be The objective of the research is to improve the seismic explored to build fishermen’s purse seine boats. In this behaviour of a non-ductile column failing in a brittle shear study, we explore an innovative use of reinforced concrete using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP). Two non- as substitute for large size timber keel and boat hull frames ductile columns with similar size, concrete and cross- of purse seine fishermen boats. As far as we are aware, sectional properties were tested under lateral cyclic loading. this type of exploration study specific for purse seine boats The first column (G1) possesses longitudinal reinforcement in NAD is unprecedented. Our analysis indicates that using ratio of 2.76% with 0.25x0.35m in size and 1.1 m in height. concrete frame provides better stability and adds to the The minimum requirement for the amount of stirrup was boat’s strength as well as extends its life use. Further, used in these columns. For the second column (G2), the reinforced concrete can be a more cost efficient material to column was wrapped by 3-layer GFRP 500mm from the substitute for boat timber frame. Leaner reinforced base. When column G1 was subjected to lateral cyclic 92

loading, the column failed in shear at the lateral drift of specimen with extra hoop in the compression zone than that 3.5%. For column G2, the GFRP could increase column with extra cross ties. shear capacity and also confine the concrete in the plastic hinge region. Consequently, the column maximum (S093) Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Soft displacement was dramatically increased up to 12% drift Story Irregular Buildings Using Pushover Analysis and the column eventually failed in flexure mode associated Adrian Fredrick C. Dy (Philippines); Andres Winston C. with longitudinal reinforcement yielding, compression bar Oreta (Philippines); buckling and crushing of concrete inside the GFRP. It is evident that the GFRP could effectively improve the Preliminary seismic risk assessment tools are used to screen unfavourable column shear failure of non-ductile columns existing buildings against potential seismic hazards. by increasing column shear strength and concrete ductility Buildings that perform poorly are prioritized for detailed in the plastic hinge region. evaluations to determine its condition. The risk of a building can be defined as the product of Hazard, Vulnerability, and (S079) The Behavior of Slender Circular Steel Tube Assets. Hazard is the earthquake itself. Vulnerability are (CFST) Columns Filled with Self-Compacting Concrete building characteristics that make it more susceptible to the Incorporating Bottom Ash hazard. Assets are elements that add value to the structure Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim (Malaysia); Norul Ernida Zainal such as building population. Vertical irregularities such as Abidin (Malaysia); Norwati Jamaluddin (Malaysia); Kartini soft stories are considered in assessments but is much Kamaruddin (Malaysia); Ahmad Farhan Hamzah (Malaysia); generalized. The National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) defines soft story irregularities based on the This paper presents an experimental study on the behavior reduction of stiffness in adjacent stories. Since the study is of slender, concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns filled used for an ocular preliminary risk assessment of existing with self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating bottom buildings, the soft story definition is simplified. In the study, ash (BA), which were tested in compression to failure. Six it is assumed that the properties and number of structural specimens were tested to investigate the effect of SCC members for each story is constant. Thus, soft stories may incorporating BA as an infill. Depth-to-wall thickness ratios be defined by simply determining the height of the stories. of between 28 to 32 were investigated. The ultimate The study is also limited to a single soft story at the first strength results were compared to the current specimens story. The severity of the soft story is varied by increasing governing the design of concrete filled steel tube columns. the height of the soft story. A static pushover analysis is The experimental results suggested that the CFT column utilized to determine the performance of the building under filled with SCC incorporating BA gave good performance in different irregularity conditions. The output of the study terms of strength. The local buckling of the steel tube was may be used to improve existing level 1 seismic risk delayed by the restraint of the concrete and the strength of assessments. Due to the limitations of a static pushover the concrete was provided by the confinement effect of the analysis, the study only covers low-rise buildings as steel tube. permitted by the NSCP. Though it is recognized that a dynamic time history is more suitable, a pushover analysis (S080) The Effect of Different Shapes of Confinement is sufficient due to the preliminary assessment nature of the in Compression Zone on Beam's Ductility Subjected to objective. The study has found that one of the primary Monotonic Loading concerns in vertical irregularities is the localization of Yulita Arni Priastiwi (Indonesia); Iswandi Imran seismic demand. For soft story buildings, the concentration (Indonesia); Nuroji (Indonesia); of seismic demand is where the soft story is located. Data from the pushover analysis is translated into score modifiers This paper explains the experimental study on beams for the varying soft story severity which may be used for confined in compression zone with different shapes of extra preliminary risk assessment tools confining reinforcement. The types of extra confining reinforcement considered are hoop reinforcement and cross (S096) Earthquake Response of RC Infilled Frame ties. Three half-scale beam specimens (including the with Wall Openings in Medium-Rise Hotel Buildings specimen with no extra confining reinforcement in the Made Sukrawa (Indonesia); compression zone) have been tested under increasingly monotonic loading. The test results show that the presence During recent years, supply chain has become a major of extra confinement in compression zone of beam section subject of management research and manufacturing increase the ductility of the beam. However, no substantial theory. The impact of various supply chain management increase are observed in the strength capacity of the beam practices on project performance has been measured specimens with extra confinement. In addition, more through a combination of a survey and the development of significant increase in ductility is obtained in the beam simulation models. Supply chain performance measurement on the road project has not been much discussed much 93

today. As it is known that the road project is one of the very concrete constructions in infrastructure, non-residential and high construction project roles. Performance measurement industrial buildings. The panel has two functions: 1. During using the Supply Chain Operations References (SCOR) will the construction phase, the panel functions as formwork. 2. analyze how the supply chain management of contractor. During the user phase, the panel functions as a fire resistant The aim of the study is to analyze supply chain performance protective layer for the underlying main Load-bearing in road projects. This measurement using the SCOR model structure. In order to be approved for use as a fire resistant as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is calculated using the protective layer for main concrete load- bearing structure, weighted criteria Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). the FFL® must be able to withstand the temperatures Weighting and measurement results were analyzed using generated in the hydrocarbon fire test curve (Dutch Objectives Matrix (OMAX) and traffic light. The results of Directorate General for Public Works and Water the analysis and the measurement of supply chain Management). Three additional requirements must also be performance are medium score or good enough for road met:• The temperature of the main reinforcing elements projects. The factors that leads to the success of this supply may not exceed 250°C. • The temperature of the concrete chain are the readiness of the contractor, supplier partners, at a distance of 25 mm from the outside of the reinforcing supply chain strategy, and the ability of labors. elements may not exceed a temperature of 380°C. • The panel must remain intact for a period of at least two hours. (S109) Flexural Strength and Ductility of Concrete The paper describes the test carried out and the design tools Brick Masonry Wall Strengthened Using Steel used. The reason for developing this solution was the idea Reinforcement to save time during construction by omitting the fire Andreas Triwiyono (Indonesia); A.S.B.N Nugroho proofing of the construction. (Indonesia); A.D. Firstyadi (Indonesia); F. Ottama (Indonesia); (S119) Retrofit of Heat Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Ferrocement Jacketing In some areas, most of the damaged buildings caused by Danie Roy A.B. (India); U.K. Sharma (India); Pradeep earthquakes were residential houses. The damages affect Bhargava (India); the number of casualties and socio economic losses. Most of residential houses in some countries are made of This study deals with the influence of elevated temperature masonry walls. Because of the material cost and simple and resulting restoration of short square columns. The main construction method, concrete brick masonry walls become purpose of the present investigation is to examine the widely used in Indonesia. Improving the structural capability of commonly used Ferrocement techniques in performance of this kind of wall has become important. For restoring the structural capacity of heat damaged reinforced this reason, experimental test was conducted on the flexural concrete columns. A series of 21 reinforced concrete square strength and ductility of concrete brick masonry wall columns of size 150 x 450 mm were cast using normal strengthened by steel bar reinforcement. The concrete strength concrete. After 120 days of ageing, concrete bricks are in the form of cellular hollow concrete blocks specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures ranging which used for practical residential houses popularly. The from room temperature to 900 ºC in an electric furnace. The aims of the test were to determine the out of plane flexural rate of heating was 100C /min, which has been shown to be capacity and ductility of the strengthened masonry walls by reasonable for structures exposed to fire. Each target using some variation steel bars reinforcement ratio in temperature was maintained for three hours to achieve a horizontal and vertical directions of the walls. The results of thermal steady state condition. The overall response of the test showed that the variations of flexural strength of strengthened specimens was investigated vis-à-vis un- unreinforced wall specimen were very high. The flexural strengthened specimens in terms of axial compression, capacity and ductility of strengthened walls were increased axial displacement and axial stress strain behaviour. It was significantly, up to 5-16 times higher than that of non- observed that the columns exposed to different strengthened walls. Steel reinforcement could increase the temperatures experienced a reduction in ultimate load flexural strength close to the theoretical. Although they carrying capacity by 4%, 29%, and 79% respectively. The failed brittle, the both materials bataton bricks and steel residual stiffness was reduced in the range of 34%, 50% & reinforcements were non easily separate one to another. 92% respectively. The study shows that Ferrocement jacketing techniques though indicated only nominal (S115) Revolution in Building and Fireproffing of improvement in the strength capacities, however they were Infrastructures quite capable of restoring the secant stiffness capacity of Gerard H.P. Hol (Netherlands); Elwin Roelfsema heat damaged reinforced concrete square columns (Netherlands);

The paper will describe the development of a fire resistant prefab concrete panel called the Fire Fighting Layer® (FFL®). This panel can be used to provide fire protection for 94

(S121) Effect of End Anchorge in External CFRP rebar connector authenticates the effectiveness of Confinement on Shear Damaged RC Beams employed technique in structural engineering work. Franklin F.R Frederick (India); U.K. Sharma (India); V.K Gupta (India); (S123) Analysis of the Effect of a Local Uplift on the Behavior of the Structure In recent days many structures are strengthened or Nadia EL Abbas (Morocco); Bezzazi Mohammed (Morocco); restored to make use of the existing structure to the current Khamlichi Abdellatif (Morocco); needs. Upgrading a structure by restoration and strengthening eliminates the need of devastating and The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamic effects reconstruction also saves energy. In repair and retrofitting caused by the uplift of a foundation subjected to seismic of a structural elements or a structure, appropriate loading on the response of the structure it supports. The techniques has to be choose according to the damage level foundation is assumed to be flexible and support on a or the requirement. Epoxy or any polymer injection is a Winkler soil type. The soil-structure interaction has been kind of method to repair the cracked region. Fiber reinforced represented by a series of springs and damping elements polymer (FRP) wrapping is a kind of external strengthening distributed across the width of the foundation. The model techniques being in practice to retrofit a reinforced concrete considers the local uplift of the base, which generates a (RC) structure without increasing the dead load. In this non-linear contact type in the problem. The response of the study the effectiveness of externally bonded carbon-fiber- structure was calculated by integrating the non-linear reinforced polymer (EB-CFRP) system with end anchorage differential system of equations by using the Matlab on retrofitting of damaged RC beams has been examined. command ode15s. The maximum response has been To represent a severe damage condition, control beams are determined as function of based on the intensity of the tested to failure, retrofitted, and then retested to failure for earthquake, the slenderness of the structure, the ratio of a second time. The test results demonstrated that the mass of the foundation to the mass of the structure and retrofitting of severely damaged RC T-beams with EB-CFRP flexibility of the foundation. Taking account of the local uplift composite with proper end anchorage can fully restore the under seismic loading foundation was found to decrease original shear capacity of the beams without increasing the moderately the structural response spectrum. dimension of the structural member. Also this end anchorage system significantly restricts the delamination of (S129) Approximate Seismic Analysis of Multi-Story FRP during severe loading than EB-CFRP method. Buildings with Mass and Stiffness Irregularities George Georgoussis (Greece); Achilleas Tsompanos (S122) Performance Evaluation of Mechanical Rebar (Greece); Triantafyllos Makarios (Greece); Connector in RC Beams under Static Loading R. Siva Chidambaram (India); Pankaj Agrawal (India); An approximate analysis is presented for multi-story setback buildings subjected to strong ground motions. In retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete (R.C) structures Setback buildings with mass and stiffness discontinuities removing and replacement of damaged concrete with are common in modern architecture and quite often they reinforcement by new concrete is the conventional are asymmetric in plan. Such buildings are classified by technique. Basically concrete will be replaced by fresh Eurocode 8 (EC8-2004) and codes from other countries as concrete with additional additives to create better bond irregular structures, which specify a full 3-dimensional between the new and the old concrete. But in reinforcement dynamic analysis. There are no recommendations of how replacing or in providing additional reinforcement splicing the practicing engineer can assess the fundamental or welding is the major source till now. In some critical frequency by a simple formula or methodology and there regions of a structure welding may not be possible and are no provisions which allow the structural detailing by a splicing may not be advisable henceforth a new technique pseudo-static design against an equivalent lateral load. is required to address this issue. In this research a detailed Therefore, an approximate analysis which provides basic experimental program is conducted to explore the influence dynamic data (frequencies and peak values of base of mechanical rebar connector (MRC) with filler as a broken resultant forces) of setback buildings and furthermore an rebar connector. R.C beams with and without MRC are used overview of their response during a ground excitation is a and tested under static loading. Rebar connector in different useful tool at the preliminary stage of a practical design. location is used to examine the load distribution behavior of This methodology is based on Southwell’s formula and the connector. The load deflection behavior, energy dissipation, concept of the equivalent single story system. This has been stiffness behavior and failure pattern are the main introduced by the authors in earlier papers for assessing the parameters considered and compared with control response of uniform along the height of buildings. At specimens. The significant enhancement in post yield present, the accuracy of this procedure is examined in behavior and energy dissipation of R.C beam specimen with asymmetric tall buildings with a mass or stiffness irregularity. As basic data of the dynamic response of elastic 95

multi-story building systems can be derived by analyzing at 85,5 mm to 112,5 mm and a maximum crack width was simple (equivalent) single story systems, a structural layout 3.2 mm. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that of minimum elastic torsional response can easily be such partial prestressed concrete segmental slab was very constructed. The behavior of such structural configurations, good to be used as an alternative for the vehicle decks of which is basically translational in the elastic phase, is also steel truss bridges. examined in the post elastic phase when the strength assignment of the various bents is stiffness proportional. (S175) Flexural Strength Performance and Buckling Mode Prediction of Cold-Formed Steel (C section) (S133) Load Deflection Behaviour of Laterally Adi Susila (Indonesia); Jimmy Tan (United Kingdom); Restrained TVC/GPC Slab Strips Naresh Reddy G.N. (India); Muthu K.U. (India); One of the most common cold-formed steel shape is C section which can be used for roofing, framing partition and Many factors like nonlinear material properties, cracking of many more. To provide reliable and efficient cold-formed concrete, creep and shrinkage of concrete are the steel structures, the performance of the C section can be parameters which influence the deflections of slab strips. predicted by using bending test. Experimental and The literature review points out that analytical methods are numerical work have been highlighted to investigate the required to predict the entire load deflection behaviour of effectiveness of strengthening method on the web section. restrained slab strips under short term loading. A method is Bending test has been used to determine flexural strength proposed to predict the same for Traditionally Vibrated and buckling capacity which can be calculated by using Concrete (TVC) and Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) slabs. The either Effective Width Method (EWM) or Direct Strength results are compared with the prediction of Rankine et al Method (DSM). Both design methods were being specified and Eyre and Kemp. The results show that the proposed in the Australian/New Zealand Standards for Cold-Formed method is able to predict the load deflection behaviour Steel Structures AS/NZS 4600:2005 (Standards Australia satisfactorily of restrained TVC/GPC slab strips. 2005) or the North American Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI 2007) which can be applied (S158) Partial Prestressed Concrete Slab as an as stiffeners within the intermediate web section. Based on Alternative for Vehicle Decks of Steel Truss Bridges the experimental developed at the Curtin University I Nyoman Sutarja (Indonesia); Ida Bagus Rai Widiarsa Sarawak Malaysia, a numerical simulation by using Abaqus (Indonesia); has been employed to provide prediction of the behaviour of the C section under the four-point bending test Steel truss bridges with continuous reinforced concrete slab (validation to the experimental result). The numerical as vehicle decks are often found in Indonesia. The use of analysis of the completed testing indicates that the continuous reinforced concrete slab along the steel truss stiffening provided on the intermediate web sections are not bridges has still have some problems in the field such as the significantly increases the flexural strength capacity, occurrence of cracks. Cracks that occur on the concrete slab however performance of buckling mode provided was are required to be repaired, which is mostly done by slightly better. grouting method. However, the method are still unsuccessful in addition to costly expensive. Study on (S178) Behaviour of Macro Synthetic Fiber Reinforced partial prestressed concrete slab as vehicle decks of steel Concrete Columns Under Concentric Axial truss bridge was done. The system used was a partial Compression prestressed concrete segmental slab in one direction which Rosidawani (Indonesia); Imran I. (Indonesia); Sugiri S. was set transversely the bridge. Two concrete slab (Indonesia); Pane I. (Indonesia); specimens were cast which had a length of 7000 mm, a width of 1000 mm and a height of 250 mm, respectively. Previous studies have shown that fiber reinforced concretes Symmetrical reinforcement consists of four non-prestressed can improve post-peak behaviour, ductility and energy- steel bars and three strands, placed on the top and bottom dissipation ability of concrete elements under flexure, shear sides of the slab. The steel bars have a diameter of 18 mm and axial load. Ductile behaviour is one of the essential and the strands have a diameter of 0.5 inches. Plain steel characteristics that have to be possessed by structures bars with a diameter of 10 mm were used as stirrups, located in moderate to high seismic regions. This paper spacing at 200 mm. The slabs were then tested in the presents an experimental investigation of a series of nine laboratory with a gradual loading increament. At every macro synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete (MSNFRC) stage of loading, crack width and strain of steel circular columns. The objective of the studies was to reinforcement were measured. The test results showed that investigate the effects of the macro synthetic fibers on at the service load condition according to the BMS standard, strength and ductility of the columns. The test parameters no cracks was occurred on the concrete slab and the non- were the spacing of the spiral reinforcement and the volume prestressed reinforcing steels were still under compression. fraction of the macro synthetic fibers. In two-thirds of the At maximum load condition, cracks occurred evenly spaced specimens, when macro synthetic fibers were added to the 96

specimens, spiral reinforcement was reduced. The obtained results have shown that both the pulse period and remaining specimens were detailed in accordance with the the pulse shape have a drastic effect on the buckling code minimum requirement for spiral reinforcement in order strength. For the considered boundary conditions, pulses to examine the influence of the fibers on strength and having periods that are comparable to two times the period ductility. A concentric axial compression load was applied of the first natural mode of vibrations were found to reduce monotically on the column specimens. The results show that the static buckling strength up to 66% in the elastic regime the addition of macro synthetic fibers leads to improved and 33% in the elastic plastic regime. ductility and strength. Futhermore, based on this study, the code required spiral reinforcement can be reduced (S209) Structural Behaviour of Cold-Formed Cut- whenever MSNFRC is used. Curved Channel Steel Section under Compression Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani (Malaysia); Fadhluhartini (S189) Evolutionary Structural Optimization as Tool Muftah (Malaysia); Cher Siang Tan (Malaysia); Mahmood in Finding Strut-And-Tie Models (STM) for Designing Md Tahir (Malaysia); Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Harianto Hardjasaputra (Indonesia); Cold-formed steel (CFS) with variety of shape, thickness and steel grade is becoming a popular choice of structure in Strut-and-Tie models are well-known worldwide as valuable civil engineering work and building, especially for roof truss tool in designing D-Regions of Reinforced Concrete system, pallet racking, wall panel and etc. Curved steel members. It has been adopted in many Concrete Structural element is important in the analysis that be suited by the Codes in many countries. Recently strut-and-tie-models architectural drawing and structural demand. CFS with a have been included in Indonesia Concrete Structural Code curved section for unique roof truss design is studied. The (SNI-03-2847-2012). In this paper, it will be shown how a CFS is curved by using the method of cut-curving in which Strut-and-Tie Model can be developed for various structural the CFS section is cut at a certain length and then curved concrete deep beams using Evolutionary Structural into desired profile. The experiment for determining the Optimization. As a tool for this study the author used Bi- mechanical behaviour of the section is by using the Directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO2D) compression strength of the column. The height of column computer programs, developed by X. Huang and Y.M. Xie is fixed at 600mm but the method for strengthening the cut- [1]. Three tested concrete beams with small, medium, and curving is varied. There are four types of cut-curving with a large opening [2] will be taken as the case study. It will be variation of strengthening method. The method for shown the optimal topology of a plane stress of continuum strengthening the cut-curved section is by using welding, structures produced from BESO2D can be taken as the basic plate and self-drilling screw. From the compression strength strut-and-tie-model. For design process the best strut-and- experiment, the cut-curved with full weld and plate is tie-model can be delivered from the optimal topology recorded, 21.26 % less than the normal straight column. structure only with the deep knowledge of the basic load transfer from loading to support point (S210) Mechanical Behaviour of the Cold-Formed Steel Channel Stub Column under Post Elevated (S190) Dynamic Buckling of Stiffened Panels Temperature Ouadia Mouhat (Morocco); Khamlichi Abdellatif (Morocco); Fadhluhartini Muftah (Malaysia); Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani (Malaysia); Ahmad Rasidi Osman (Malaysia); Design of stiffened panels requires evaluating their behavior Shahrin Mohammad (Malaysia); under any loading circumstances by considering initial geometric imperfections and the altering effects resulting Cold-formed steel (CFS) is the popular structural material from eventual material degradation. Both static and used in the building nowadays due to a variety of dynamic loading scenarios are to be investigated in order to advantages in its manufacturing, fabrication and erection. assess safety for buckling strength of these vital structures. CFS with the shape of the channel is selected and formed In this work, dynamic buckling under in-plane uniform axial to be a stub or short column with a height of 240 mm. The compression loading having the form of finite duration pulse main objective of the study is to determine the mechanical is analyzed through nonlinear finite element modeling of the behaviour of the CFS channel stub column at post elevated structure. Welding induced defects that consist of initial temperature from normal to 1000 0C. The CFS stub geometric imperfections modifying the skin plate curvature columns are exposed to fire at the furnace and let it cool at in the longitudinal direction were incorporated. Material room temperature. After 24 hours, the CFS is tested by degradation in the heat affected zone was also taken into using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for ultimate load. account. The Budiansky and Roth buckling criterion was When this material is exposed to fire the steel material employed to predict instability under a given dynamic load properties are degraded. The strength of the CFS stub pattern. Various profiles including rectangular, triangular, column is recovered to its original normal strength when double-triangular and half-sine were considered. The heated below 600 ºC; beyond this temperature the strength 97

has reduced with recovery of strength less than 65 %. It (S220) Experimental Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced was observed the column would fail by a combination of Concrete Beams with Confinement local and some distortional buckling. The predictions using Han Aylie (Indonesia); Antonius (Indonesia); Aldyan W. Direct Strength Method (DSM) are conservative for all post Okiyarta (Indonesia); elevated temperature of the CFS stub column and the column were predicted to fail by distortional buckling. The This paper presents an experimental study to the CFS channels are able to remain the strength after exposing effectiveness of steel-fiber concrete in combination with the to temperature up to 400ºC. Beyond that, the capacity was confinement in the compression zone of a flexural member. reduced more than 40 % of the normal strength. The A range of stirrup configurations functioning as confining prediction with the EC3 yield for temperature up to 400 ºC elements, were evaluated. The study was aimed to analyze the prediction is overdesigned and considerably unsafe. But the effect of these confining reinforcement variations to the beyond temperature of 400 ºC, it was conservative similar load carrying capacity and cracking moment of a simply to the direct strength method. The columns are predicted to supported beam loaded in pure bending. Additionally, steel- fail in compression failure. fibers were added to the concrete mix to improve the mechanical properties of the material. Five steel-fiber (S219) The Influence of Graded Concrete Strength on beams were evaluated, having a variation in confining Concrete Elements reinforcement configurations. The variations in confining Arif Hidayat (Indonesia); Purwanto (Indonesia); Johan reinforcements were especially, but not exclusively, Puspowardojo (Indonesia); Farisi Abdul Aziz (Indonesia); concentrated in the compression zone of the beam. To monitor the influence of the steel-fibers, a controlling The integrated use of concrete in combination with element without the use of steel-fiber (conventional reinforcement has been acknowledged as a versatile concrete) was also produced, and tested in the laboratory. material for structures. The resulting concrete components, The beam test set up was designed to undergo a state of whatever their size and shape, are customary assumed to pure bending by the use of a two-point loading system. The have uniform compression strength and identical testing methodology under increasing monotonic loading mechanical properties over the entire structural component. was deformation controlled. The results showed that the This contradicts the reality, since in practice the mixing and variation in configuration of the confining reinforcement in casting of fresh concrete creates disparities in the mixture the compression zone played an important role to the and the material composition. The relatively heavier ultimate moment capacity of the beam. The experiments components, i.e. the coarse aggregates, tend to sink to the also demonstrated that the type of confinement has major bottom of the cast, while on the upper surface, however the impact to the cracking moment of the element. The addition attempt, bleeding will occur. Further, the concrete surface of steel-fibers influenced the cracking moment positively. exposed to the air will undergo a higher evaporation rate when compared to the layers not in direct contact with the (S225) Collapse Behaviour Assessment of Precast air. Also, a relative low surface-area-to-volume ratio will Soft Storey Building experience a slower evaporation rate when compared to the Ari Wibowo (Indonesia); John L. Wilson (Australia); Nelson areas with a higher ratio, the more intense the evaporation, TK Lam (Australia); Emad F. Gad (Australia); the greater the risk for micro crack formations, and propagation. This research work is aimed to evaluate the Soft-storey buildings are considered to be particularly actual condition of a relatively deep concrete element, and vulnerable because the rigid block formed by upper levels look into the presence of a gradation in terms of the has limited energy absorption and displacement capacity, concrete compression strength. Further, the study was thus leaving the columns in the soft-storey to deflect and conducted to describe the influence of compression strength absorb the seismic energy whilst resisting the axial gravity gradation as function of element dimensions. For this loading. To investigate collapse mechanism of such purpose; two specimen`s panels sized 60 x 60 x 20 cm structures, a unique experimental field testing of a precast casted, cured and tested to obtain their compression soft storey building in Melbourne was then undertaken. Four strength at a variation of layers. The panels were tested at pull-over tests were conducted to measure the drift capacity the age 28 days. The testing method involved the rebound and load-deflection behaviour of such buildings. Detailed hammer readings, the UPV measurement and the direct theoretical models were developed that considered rocking cylindrical compression tests, performed on specimen`s, behaviour, connection behaviour, P-Delta effects and core drilled from the test panel. ground slab interaction effects. The experimental results together with a comparison with theoretical model predictions showed that the precast soft storey structure had considerable displacement capacity beyond the traditional definition of failure used in high seismic regions, where failure is deemed to occur when the horizontal resistance capacity of the system is reduced to 80% of the 98

nominal capacity. It is recommended that the nominal performance while DDBD use it as the designed target failure point could be reduced to a displacement limit set at performance. If the final displacement in FBD larger than the lesser of the displacement associated with 40% of the the value specified by the standard then the design peak strength or 60% of the column width to allow for some procedure should be recalculated. On the other hand, under conservatism. This preliminary definition is considered more some common practices the procedure of DDBD is more realistic, particularly for regions of lower seismicity where straight forward compared to FBD. Unfortunately, the the ground shaking is more modest in terms of prospective use of DDBD is not applied well, especially in displacement demand and duration and P-delta effects are Indonesia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to not as significant. evaluate the performance of DDBD on a regular concrete special moment resisting frame compared to two varians of (S227) Performance of Square Reinforced Concrete FBD, equivalent lateral force procedure and response Columns Externally Confined by Steel Angle Collars spectrum analysis. All methods are designed using the under Combined Axial and Lateral Load Test latest Indonesian seismic code and verified using the exact Pamuda Pudjisuryadi (Indonesia); Tavio (Indonesia); Priyo method nonlinear time history analysis. All design method Suprobo (Indonesia); are run in a single cycle of design without any effort to improve the performance level to experience the Providing good ductility has become research interest in the effectiveness of the each metod in predicting seismic area of seismic resistant structures. Particularly in demand. The parameters used for evaluating structural Reinforced Concrete (RC) structure, such ductility is performance are story drift, damage indices, and structural commonly achieved by providing good confinement. failure mechanism. As the results, DDBD performed better Confinement can be conventionally provided by internal than FBD in predicting story drift. All methods experience stirrups, and also additional external elements which are excellent damage indices level. Although all methods show commonly used as strengthening or retrofit works. tendency poor mechanism, DDBD needs no improvement Attaching external steel collars on concrete columns is one because the structures fulfill the targeted peformance while of many techniques in enhancing the ductility. In this study, FBD needs extra effort to improve the structural performance of such retrofitting method is investigated performance due to the design procedure should be through laboratory experiment. Totally five specimens are repeated from the beginning. In this point of view, DDBD built for this investigation. The first two specimens (CS1-1, procedure is more effective compared to FBD. and CS1-2) are control specimens, which are conventionally confined by stirrups. The other three specimens (S1-3, S1- (S241) Direct Displacement Based Design on Moment 4, and S1-5) are only confined externally with the steel Resisting Frames with Out-of-Plane Offset of Frame angle collars. All five specimens are tested under combined Ima Muljati (Indonesia); Amelinda Kusuma (Indonesia); axial and lateral load. The axial load is kept constant at 30% Fonny Hindarto (Indonesia); of plain concrete axial capacity to model the gravity load. The lateral load given is according to ACI 374.1-05 quasi- Direct displacement based design (DDBD) has been widely static cyclic loading protocol. Lateral load resistance is applied in several structural systems including moment recorded throughout the cyclic loading, and plotted against resisting frame (MRF), the most common type of structures the corresponding lateral displacement. Results show that used in design practices. Due to architectural demand, specimens with smaller volumetric ratio of confining recently many buildings involving some out-of-plane offset element suffered brittle failure (poor ductility). Specimens of frames in MRF system. The existence of out-of-plane with adequate confinement show good deformability and offset in frame system raises differences force distribution ductile failure. In conclusion, the retrofitting method by among frames compared with the regular one without the providing external steel angle collars is very promising. offset. This study will observe the effect of out-of-plane offset of frame in a concrete regular MRF designed using (S240) Performance of Force Based Design vs Direct DDBD method for two different earthquake level. Nonlinear Displacement Based Design in Predicting Seismic time history analysis is used to verify the structural Demands of Regular Concrete Special Moment performance based on three parameters: story drift, Resisting Frames damage indices and structural failure mechanism. The Ima Muljati (Indonesia); Fransiscus Asisi (Indonesia); Kevin offset frame is assumed to be in-plane with the adjacent Willyanto (Indonesia); frame, the existence of offset is ignored, and the structure is designed as a regular MRF. The study shows that the main As an approximate method in seismic design, direct structural problem arises from the beams at the offset area displacement based design (DDBD) has been widely due to high shear demand. DDBD procedure enable to accepted in conjuction with the former method, force based adjust the ductility demand of these beams in order to design (FBD). In its procedure FBD uses building improve the structural performance without involving displacement as the final check to determine the structural design repetition as usually done in traditional seismic 99

resistant design. In conclusion, DDBD performed well in that this reinforcement provided additional strengthening as predicting the seismic demands of the MRF system with out- mandated in the ACI 440 standard. In this study, the of-plane offset of frame. The existence of offset frames in combination of FRP flexural and u-shaped shear MRF system can be ignored during the design process as strengthening in accordance to this ACI 440 is studied to long as the ductility demands of beams at the offset area is evaluated the enhancement in capacity of the beam. well adjusted. (S257) UHPC Compressive Strength Test Specimens: (S242) Identification of Aerodynamic Derivatives of Cylinder or Cube? Two Box Girder of Cable Stayed Bridge Yuliarti Kusumawardaningsih (Germany); Ekkehard Fehling Sukamta (Indonesia); Ireng Guntorojati (Indonesia); (Germany); Mohammed Ismail (Germany);

Motion or self-induced forces can cause the aeroelastic Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a new cement- instability phenomenon called flutter. Flutter stability is an based material developed in the era of modern concrete important design criterion for long span bridges, because technology. The present of fiber in UHPC composition is flutter leads to large vibration amplitudes or even the total necessary to increase strengths and durability, which then collapse of the bridge. The flutter derivatives are the lead to name the material as Ultra High Performance Fiber essential parameters in the estimation of the critical flutter Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). However, the exact wind speed. The aerodynamic derivatives, also known as determination of UHPC and UHPFRC have challenges due to flutter derivatives, are coefficients of the mathematical its very high compression strength. Some issues are the model for the aeroelastic forces. These coefficients are limited capability to purchase high load capacity testing expressed in a non dimensional form and used to determine machines, and the surface preparation requirement for the flutter analysis of flexible bridges. One of the cylinder specimens. In this study, three series of coefficients is A2*, this coefficient provides very useful experimental programs were conducted to investigate the information to judge and compare the aerodynamic compressive strength of UHPC and UHPFRC using cylinder stability. In order to determine the flutter derivatives, the and cube specimens, and to determine its converting factors wind tunnel tests using sectional model are very common. (ratio). The results show that the compressive strength In the present work, the free vibration test method is used relationships between specimens differ from those of to extract the flutter derivatives of the Musi III cable stayed conventional concrete. bridge. Estimated the A2* coefficient changes from negative to positive values around u/fb = 3.0, this value (S258) Tensile Strength Behavior of UHPC and indicates, that the bridge was in a stable condition at the UHPFRC value for u/fb below 3,0. To improve the stability of the Yuliarti Kusumawardaningsih (Germany); Ekkehard Fehling bridge, the shape of this bridge deck should be modified. (Germany); Mohammed Ismail (Germany); Attitou Amen Mohamed Aboubakr (Germany); (S246) An Experimental Study to the Influence of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Confinement on UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete) and UHPFRC (Ultra Beams Subjected to Bending and Shear High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete) are Sri Tudjono (Indonesia); Han Ay Lie (Indonesia); Banu Ardi remarkable materials which exhibit many enhancements Hidayat (Indonesia); when compared to the properties of conventional concrete. Besides having a very high compressive strength, this The changing of the Indonesia National Code provision for material possess a high tensile strength as well. The high accommodating the earthquake responses which previously value of tensile strength in UHPC and UHPFRC leads to more was the SNI 03-1726-2002 to the new SNI 03-1726-2012 ductile behavior. A recent research at Kassel University, a had a significant influence to the design criteria of concrete fracture mechanics based study have been developed to structures. One of the most underlining necessities of this determine the postcracking tensile behavior of UHPC and revision was the tsunami and earthquake disasters affecting UHPFRC. The outcome indicates that despite the successful Indonesia, leading to the differentiation in the earthquake application studying the postcracking tensile behavior of zones used to designing the 2002 SNI code. The new mature conventional concrete, however, similar results of introduced code has a predominant influence on the UHPC and UHPFRC specimens are still premature due to the amplification of the designed earthquake load. As a limitation of related literatures. The tensile strength value consequence, building designed based on the 2002 SNI is improved by the efficiency of fibers. This value is close to code requires re-evaluation and strengthening. One method Japanese recommendation, namely 5 MPa (for UHPC). for strengthening concrete structural elements is by using However, smaller than the proposed values by SETRA/AFGC Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) components. Previous guidelines of France namely 8 MPa (for UHPC) and 7-15 MPa research work on short beams loaded in flexure and (for UHPFRC). Investigating the tensile strength behaviors reinforced with FRP u-shaped shear strengthening around of UHPC and UHPFRC is significant to support the the perimeter of the beam, beneath the slab demonstrated 100

documentation writing of standard norms for structural (S261) A Study on Effects of Creep and Shrinkage in design needs. High Strength Concrete Bridges Altho Sagara (Indonesia); Ivindra Pane (Indonesia); (S259) Finite Element Modeling of UHPC Beams under Pure Torsion The last three decades have been marked by remarkable Mohammed Ismail (Germany); Ekkehard Fehling growth of high strength concrete applications in building (Germany); Yuliarti Kusumawardaningsih (Germany); and bridges. Both types of construction will benefit from the Attitou Amen Mohamed Aboubakr (Germany); positif effetcs such as reductions in member sizes and amount of reinforcement, when using high strength This paper presents finite element modelling of Ultra High concrete. However, bridges are often made with long spans Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams subjected to pure resulting in significant dead weight which combined with the torsion. The beams have two cross sections (180 mm * 180 creep and shrinkage properties of concrete, leads to mm) and (280 mm * 280 mm). Different combinations of significant deformation and loss of prestressing force in the traditional bar reinforcement (longitudinal and transverse) long term. In this study, the effects of creep and shrinkage and steel fibers have been used in the test program. The of high strength concrete used for prestressed concrete nonlinear cementitious material model used in the F.E bridge girder is investigated. The aim is to quantify the loss package implements a combined Fracture-Plastic model to of prestress in high strength concrete bridge and to find describe the material behavior which employs Orthotropic- justfications on increasing usage of high strength concrete Smeared crack formulation and Crack-Band approach in for bridges. A continuous-span bridge built using span by tension and Hardening/Softening plasticity model in span method (movable scaffold system) is chosen as a case compression. Material laws such as the tensile and study. Three grades of concrete strength are investigated, postcracking softening behavior, compression behavior, 40 MPa, 80 MPa, and 100 MPa, each representing normal, effect of lateral compression on tensile strength, effect of moderately high and high strength concrete. These are lateral tensile strain on compression capacity and grades that can be routinely produced by concrete industry postcracking shear strength and stiffness and others have without significant alteration in current production/process been defined. Results of axial tensile experimental tests on technology. As part of this study, a literature survey has small notched UHPC prisms have been calibrated first. also been conducted. It suggests that high strength Models to describe the postcracking degradation of the concrete requires modification of current creep and shear strength and stiffness have been extracted from test shrinkage code (applicable only for normal concrete). Thus, results conducted for this purpose. The comparison between the initial part of this study deals with determination of the test and F.E results shows very good agreement. proper creep and shrinkage code. Then, a finite element analysis of the bridge case is performed. The result (S260) Rational Analytical Model for UHPC Beams indicates that reduction in girder size and amount of under Pure Torsion prestressing is not simply governed by concrete strength, Mohammed Ismail (Germany); Ekkehard Fehling but by the comlplex effects of strength, creep and shrinkage (Germany); Torsten Leutbecher (Germany); Yuliarti behavior of high strength concrete. Kusumawardaningsih (Germany); (S276) A Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment on Buildings In this paper, the development of a rational analytical model in Padang city for the prediction of the ultimate torsional capacity of Ultra Rini Mulyani (Indonesia); Raudhan Ahmadi (Malaysia); High Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams subjected to Kypros Pilakoutas (UK); Iman Hajirasouliha (UK); Taufik pure torsion is presented. The beams can be reinforced with (Indonesia); different combination of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in addition to steel fibers. The model is based The main purpose of an earthquake risk assessment is to on the well-known thin-walled tube analogy for torsion. assess the potential loss of buildings in earthquake prone Equilibrium of forces along a cracking surface was regions and to provide enough information to employ considered in deriving the nominal torsional capacity suitable mitigation strategies. The Mw 9.1 great Sumatra governing equation. Shear and tensile forces acting on the earthquake in 2004 and the Mw 9.0 Japan earthquake in cracking surfaces were taken into account. The magnitude 2011 have highlighted the importance of a multi-hazard risk of the effective tube wall thickness was determined assessment framework that includes the effects of both according to definitions available in the current codes of earthquake and its associated hazards such as tsunami. The practice. Determination of the effective postcracking tensile multi-hazard risk assessment of buildings requires several strength of the UHPC was based on axial test results on stages including earthquake and tsunami hazard analyses, notched prisms. Comparison between the predictions of the the vulnerability analysis of buildings, building inventory as model and the experimental results shows very good well as the risk estimation of buildings in the investigated agreement. area, which are discussed in this paper. The method on how 101

to incorporate these stages into a multi-hazard risk needed to minimize the expense and the time by avoiding assessment framework is also presented. The developed unnecessary or unneeded tests. This paper elaborates a risk assessment framework is then used for the city of practical component integrity assessment using finite Padang that has a considerably high earthquake and element ductile fracture simulation based on local approach, tsunami hazard with great exposure to population and and estimates the ultimate energy dissipation capacity of infrastructures. The estimated risk obtained in this study is steel pipe dampers using energy based damage model. expressed in terms of Pure Risk Premium (PRP) for different Ductile fracture in steel components that happens in fewer building categories commonly found in Padang including than twenty constant amplitude loading cycles is known as unreinforced brick masonry (UBM), confined brick masonry Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue (ULCF). Under ULCFs load steel pipe (CBM), reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill (RCI) dampers experienced large scale cyclic yielding. Accurate and steel structures. The earthquake PRP(s) obtained in this preliminary prediction of ductile fracture is critical to study are comparable with the latest insurance rates estimate the performance of steel pipe dampers. The released by MAIPARK. MAIPARK is an insurance company hysteretic behavior and ultimate energy dissipation capacity specialized in earthquake reinsurance, which also provides are investigated via finite element simulation after the earthquake statistics and sets a benchmark for earthquake component integrity assessment has been done. A insurance pricing in Indonesia. Tsunami PRP(s) for different micromechanics-based model which provide accurate building categories in the area are also presented in this criteria for predicting ductile fracture and an energy-based paper; however, no comparison can be made due to the damage model to quantify the ultimate energy dissipation unavailability of tsunami insurance premium data for capacity of steel pipe dampers are applied. Using these Indonesia. Based on the results, it can be concluded that approaches, ultimate energy dissipation capacity of steel building risk associated with tsunami in Padang is pipe dampers can be estimated under various patterns of considerably lower than that of earthquake, due to loadings. The approaches described here can also be infrequent occurrence of tsunamis in the area. The applied to other steel dampers subjected to randomly earthquake and tsunami risk of buildings in Padang is flexural/shear stress reversals. predicted to be £54.5 million and £30.8 million per annum, respectively. (S301) Response Surface Application in Vibration- Based Damaged Detection of a Railway Bridge (S289) Flexural and Torsional Strength of Sofyan (Indonesia); Ferrocement with Polypropylene Fiber Fathoni Usman (Malaysia); Syazwan Shaharudin Environmental and operational variables and their impact (Malaysia); on structural responses have been acknowledged as one of the most important challenges for the application of the The concept of reinforcing concrete actually was come from ambient vibration-based damage identification in the invention of ferrocement. Merely, application of structures. The damage detection procedures may yield ferrocement in structural members is mostly limited as poor results, if the impacts of loading and environmental secondary or as strengthening of reinforced concrete conditions of the structures are not considered. The structural members. This paper presents study on flexural reference-surface-based method, which is proposed in this and torsion strength of ferrocement with polypropylene paper, is addressed to overcome this problem. In the fiber (PPF) to investigate further potential application of proposed method, meta-models are used to take into ferrocement. In this study, torsion test apparatus have been account significant effects of the environmental and developed to suit the development of torsion in operational variables. The use of the approximation models, ferrocement. The PPF has been utilized as materials used to allows the proposed method to simply handle multiple non- control the shrinkage of early setting of hardened mortar. damaged variable effects simultaneously, which for other It also gives certain improvement behavior. Different methods seems to be very complex. The inputs of the meta- amount of PPF by weight of cement and fractions of steel model are the multiple non-damaged variables while the wire reinforcement are used in the development of output is a damage indicator. The reference-surface-based ferrocement. Improvement in flexural and torsions strength method diminishes the effect of the non-damaged variables of ferrocement are expected and its behavior on its torsion to the vibration based damage detection results. Hence, the and shear modulus are presented. structure condition that is assessed by using ambient vibration data at any time would be more reliable. (S300) Estimating the Ultimate Energy Dissipation Immediate reliable information regarding the structure Capacity of Steel Pipe Dampers condition is required to quickly respond to the event, by Junaedi Utomo (Indonesia); M. Moestopo (Indonesia); A. means to take necessary actions concerning the future use Surahman (Indonesia); D. Kusumastuti (Indonesia); or further investigation of the structures, for instance shortly after extreme events such as earthquakes. The Steel pipe damper specimen tests are very important but proposed damage identification method is applied to a expensive and time consuming. Therefore efficient tools are numerical finite element model, which is a concrete filled 102

beam bridge that is excited by an ICE train series. The train comprehensive efforts to promote and socialize this new speed and ambient temperature are chosen as scheme to all stakeholders including convincing internal environmental and operational variables respectively. In government key personnel in the Ministry of Public Works, addition to the natural frequencies, wavelet energy damage in the Ministry of Finance, and the legislative indicator is used. The results of the numerical study show that the proposed damage identification method is able to (S343) Analyses of RC columns in a Variety of Sizes discriminate the damaged and undamaged scenarios of the Koji Kinoshita (Japan); Shogo Yamamoto (Japan); bridge model. The results also show that the wavelet energy damage indicator is sensitive to small change of structure. Large-scale RC column tests have been performed in Japan However, it does not always have a monotonic trend with at both the E-defense and JR-Tokai test facility and in respect to damage severity. United States at the University of California, San Diego Large Outdoor Shake Table Testing Facility. Such recent (S321) Damage Detection on Bridge Structure Using large-scale RC column tests have been compared with Neuro Genetic Hybrids results of small-scale RC column tests. As a result, results Reni Suryanita (Indonesia); Harnedi Maizir (Indonesia); of these large-scale model experiments show shortcomings in small-scale model experiments. At least one study Many countries over the last decade, have used showed that the small-scale model does not reproduce the performance-based contracting (PBC) to manage and observed damage on the large-scale model. Therefore, in maintain roads. In theory, because of the long-term order to develop small-scale model experiment results, relationship between an owner and a contractor, the experiment tests of small-scale model which might agree implementation of PBC provides additional benefits for the well with large-scale model should be undertaken. In an government/public such as cost savings and improved authors’ previous study, experimental cyclic loading study conditions of contracted road assets. In Australia, PBC is on 0.1- and 0.2-scale RC column models was carried out already being implemented on all categories of roads: and results have been compared with full- and 0.5-scale RC national, state, urban and rural. Australian PBC column models performed in the JR-Tokai test facility. arrangement is designed to turn over control and Although the authors’ experimental study clearly shows responsibility for roadway system maintenance, agreements and differences between large-scale model and rehabilitation, and capital improvement projects to private small-scale model, the results still remain to be validated contractors. Contractors’ responsibilities include with respect to bond behavior between longitudinal steel determination of treatment types, the design, programming bars and concrete. This study analyses full-, 0.5-, 0.2-, and and the undertaking of works needed to maintain road 0.1-scale RC columns models using fiber model analyses to networks at predetermined performance levels. Prior to investigate the bond behavior analytically. This analytical letting long•term performance based contracts, Australia study focuses on differences in hysteresis curves. Validity started with pilot projects in 1990 by the Roads and Traffic of the analysis results was determined by comparing Authority (RTA) of New South Wales. Indonesia also experimental results of full- and 0.5-scale model. It is initiated two PBC pilot projects in 2011, the Pantura Section shown that fiber model analysis results agree well with the Demak-Trengguli (7.68 kilometers) in Central Java Province full- and 0.5-scale model. Although results of 0.1-scale and Section Ciasem-Pamanukan (18.5 kilometers) in West models, which are scaled correctly for not only steel bar Java Province. Both sections are categorized as national radius but also steel bar ribs, are capable to full- and roads. The contract duration for both of these projects is 0.5scale model, analytical results of 0.2- and 0.1-scale four years. Four more pilots are underway. To facilitate a model with different steel bar ribs seem to be less possible way forward, it is proposed to conduct a study to agreements. Therefore, it is shown that one of the causes understand Australia’s experiences of advancing from pilot of shortcomings in small-scale models is the difference of projects to nation-wide programs using PBC. The study bond behavior between longitudinal steel bars and concrete. focuses on the scope of contracts, bidding processes, risk allocation, and key drivers, using relevant PBC case studies (S371) Finite Element Analysis for Torsion Behavior from Australia. Recommendations for future PBC of Flat Web Profile Beam Steel Section With Opening deployment nation-wide should be based on more research Fatimah De'nan (Malaysia); Hazwani Hasan (Malaysia); associated with risk allocation. This will include investigation Duaa Khaled Nassir (Malaysia); Mohd Hanim Osman of standard conditions of contract. Implications of the (Malaysia); Sariffuddin Saad (Malaysia); contract clauses for the risk management strategy to be adopted by contractors. Based on the nature of risks, some The construction of modern commercial buildings should are best managed by the project owner. Also, it is very always incorporate building services while reducing the cost important that all parties involved to be open to the new of steel. A frequently used solution is to provide openings rules of contract and to convince themselves about the at the web of the beams and girders to enable services to potential increased benefits of the use of PBC. More pass through. The main objective of this paper is to 103

determine the angle of torsion of a flat-web (FW) profile (S380) Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel steel section with openings of different shapes and sizes Based on SNI 03-1729-2002: Built-Up Sections using LUSAS software. A model consisting of a FW profile Effendy Tanojo (Indonesia), Pamuda Pudjisuryadi beam steel section of five shapes and three sizes of (Indonesia), Billy Prawira Candra (Indonesia), Welly openings has been developed. The shapes of opening are Williama (Indonesia) circle, square, regular octagon, C-hexagon, and regular hexagon. The sizes of the opening are 0.5 D, 0.6 D and 0.8 Structural steel is commonly used as construction material. D; D is the height of the web. Based on the results of the In designing structural steel, practitioners typically use the analytical investigations, the best shape of the opening is steel section properties table to obtain the necessary data C-hexagon, and best size is 0. 5 D in resistance torsion needed to calculate the nominal strength of the selected compared with a FW profile section without opening. When section. The commercially available section properties the length of the beam section becomes longer, the value tables in Indonesia typically list the weight, section area, of the rotation angle increases. In general, the value of the inertia, radius of gyration, and section modulus of the angle of rotation for all shapes and sizes is close to the value commercially available steel sections. In many cases, it is of the angle of rotation for a FW profile without opening. not uncommon for built-up sections to be used as structural Hence a flat-web section with opening is suitable in many members. The section properties of these built-up sections cases to reduce cost and weight of steel. are not readily available in the aforementioned section properties table. A series of tables have been developed to (S375) Numerical Study of Buckling Behaviour of enlist the section properties of the built-up sections that are Cold-formed C-Channel Steel Purlin with Perforation commonly used in Indonesia. Moreover, these tables also Fatimah De'nan (Malaysia); Jin Ying Ling (Malaysia); Shin provide the nominal strength of the built-up sections with Lin Kong (Malaysia); respect to several loads, i.e. tension, compression, bending, and shear. These nominal capacities will enable the Cold-formed C-channel steel purlins are widely used in practitioners to design built-up structural steel sections construction industry. Since the cost of the steel is the main more easily and efficiently. consideration in design, the concept of introducing web opening has been applied in the construction. A numerical (S383) Effect of Geometries on the Natural study was undertaken to investigate the lateral-torsional Frequencies of Pratt Truss Bridges buckling behaviour of cold-formed C-channel purlin with Jack Widjajakusuma (Indonesia); Helen Wijaya web opening. For this purpose a finite element model was (Indonesia); developed using LUSAS software. It was then used in a detailed parametric study to simulate the lateral-torsional Pratt type truss bridges are in human history since 1844 buckling and capacity of cold-formed steel purlins under through the early twentieth century and until today. The varying perforated conditions. Five different shapes of bridges are built all over the world and the materials were opening were established to investigate the shape that developed from wood and iron to iron and eventually to gives the least reduction in buckling moment. Opening in steel. In this paper, the natural frequencies and mode the form of C-hexagon opening shape was used to develop shapes of Pratt type truss bridges are determined. The models with different edge distance, different numbers of changes of these natural frequencies with respect to openings, different opening spacing and also different size parametric changes, such as spans and the kind of support of openings. For 3 m span, 0.5D opening size, where D is connections, in the bridge are analyzed. These vibrational 175 mm, 750 mm edge distance with a total number of 13 parameters can be used to detect the damage of the truss openings with spacing 125 mm is found to reduce buckling bridges and they are also fundamental to the solution of its moment by 3.56% but at the same time reducing the dynamic responses due to seismic, wind and traffic loads. volume of the section by 5.16%. For the same span, edge This paper gives the numerical values of natural frequencies distance, number of openings and spacing with 0.75D as assessment values of a bridge’s state of health. opening size, buckling moment reduced significantly by 9.16% while volume reduction by 11.61%. For all different size of openings, spacing and edge distance, the deformation pattern are similar. In conclusion, perforation do affects the buckling moment capacity of the C-channel purlin.

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