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HIV/AIDS and Terministic Screens: a Pentadic Interrogation of the Claims to Origin

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HIV/AIDS and Terministic Screens: a Pentadic Interrogation of the Claims to Origin HIV/AIDS and Terministic Screens: A Pentadic Interrogation of the Claims to Origin, Cure, and Economics in the Rhetoric of Yahya Jammeh A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Prosper Y. Tsikata August 2015 © 2015 Prosper Y. Tsikata. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled HIV/AIDS and Terministic Screens: A Pentadic Interrogation of the Claims to Origin, Cure, and Economics in the Rhetoric of Yahya Jammeh by PROSPER Y. TSIKATA has been approved for the School of Communication Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Benjamin R. Bates Professor of Communication Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract TSIKATA, PROSPER Y., Ph.D., August 2015, Communication Studies HIV/AIDS the Terministic Screens: A Pentadic Interrogation of Claims to Origin, Cure, and Economics in the Rhetoric of Yahya Jammeh Director of Dissertation: Benjamin R. Bates In this dissertation, I interrogated the claims to origin and cure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the economics of Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVs) in the rhetoric of the Gambian President, Yahya Jammeh. This study was motivated by two research questions: (1) How does Jammeh’s claims fit into or depart from the known HIV/AIDS and ARVs discourses; and (2) to what extent can Kenneth Burke’s terministic screens, in conjunction with the dramatistic pentad, be applied to Jammeh’s claims to distill the values embedded in them for Jammeh’s motives and their articulation? Regarding the origin of the HIV virus, I unearthed three competing theories—the natural transfer, the conspiratorial, and the Congo-jungle accident. Concerning the therapeutic landscape of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, I unraveled four predominant treatment models—the biomedical, Christian, Islamic, and traditional. For the economic views on ARVs, I synthesized four paradigms—the postcolonial, the avant-garde, the humanitarian, and the activist—for the explication of ARVs. I distilled five pentadic acts from Jammeh’s claims. The first pentadic act is dominated by agency with pragmatism as its philosophical mooring. This is followed by two pentadic acts dominated by purpose with mystical philosophical inclinations, while iii another two of the pentadic acts are dominated by agent with idealistic philosophical outlook. The pentadic mapping of Jammeh’s claims revealed that, with regard to the origin of the HIV virus, Jammeh—Allah’s agency—speaks from a conspiratorial terministic screen. For the therapeutic map, it revealed Jammeh speaks from the Islamic-prophetic terministic screen; while for the economic map, it points to Jammeh’s claims as postcolonial terministic constructions, whereby a purposeful neocolonial West employs ARVs to exploit and dominate Black African bodies. For the most part, Jammeh’s claims lack evidence in the known scientific ways. Jammeh employs fear appeals, equivocation, and identification and disassociation to attract PLWHAs to his treatment sessions. With health-dictatorship in the Gambia, there is the need to reset the pentad in ways that encourage civil participation in the HIV/AIDS and ARVs discourse in the Gambia. KEY WORDS: Rhetorical values; Yahya Jammeh; the Gambia; Conspiracy theory, Islamic-prophetic; Postcolonial. iv Dedication This research is dedicated to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) in the Gambia whose opportunities for discourse about their own health have been foreclosed by a dictatorial agent. “So that ye may know that the world has not abandoned thee in these trying times.” Prosper Yao Tsikata v Acknowledgments Like the lizard that jumped from the high “iroko” tree, I could now humbly praise myself if no one else would (as in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart). This journey has been a long but not lonesome one. I owe tons of gratitude to many whose support has let me in through the front door and not the backdoor in the silence of the night when it appeared I was at a dead end—indeed times when the mountains of this undertaking seemed insurmountable. First and foremost, I would like to candidly express my deepest gratitude to my chair, Professor Benjamin R. Bates. This day could not have arrived without his unbridled support, sage-like guidance, and the unparalleled expedited feedback throughout this process. While many Ph.D. candidates complain about the frustrations they face with their committees and chairs, especially long delays by their chairs in offering them feedback, it is heartening to reveal that my chair had always provided timely and meaningful feedback every time I submitted my scripts to him. On one particular instance, I emailed my work to him a few minutes past midnight before leaving my office. By midday, when I returned to my office, he had read the work —which ran into 70 pages—thoroughly with attention to details and placed it with insightful feedback in my mailbox. It will be an understatement to say that I have been pampered, throughout the process, by my chair. However, it has evoked in me a sense of responsibility to pay this forward in my future academic engagements. When once it took about five days or more to receive a feedback for a script I had submitted in previous “incarnations”, I only vi needed to remind myself that beyond my own ability any roadblocks would not be that I have a disengaged chair or committee as other candidates often complained about. With regard to the writing process, whenever I wandered far afield, my committee was there to remind me of the boundaries within which to stay and the urgency of completion of the work. My committee alerted me to the implications of choice of terminologies and nomenclatures any time my arguments triggered other consequences. Even though the process looked as if my entire educational experience—from first grade through the 21st grade—had come under intense scrutiny, I am convinced that I am a better intellectual today than when this process began. My ideas, writing skills, the spirit to persevere, the patience to postpone graduation, and the tenacity to view ideas from other terministic screens have been reshaped and enlarged in profound ways. To you Professor Austin Babrow, Dr. Yea-Wen Chen, and Dr. Edna Wangui, I am sincerely thankful that you helped shape this work in ways that have not only added significant value to the work itself but deeply enriched my educational experience in overwhelming ways. Even though there were frustrations, disappointments, and self-questioning along the way, I am truly glad we have come to the end of the road. I can say without doubt that should there have been the possibility of traveling this road again, I would have definitely kept and worked with this winning team. In my local Ewe language let me say to you my indomitable committee “akpe nami kaka” (many heartfelt thanks to you all). To you my daughter, Chantel Selikem Tsikata-Gillison, it is for this commitment that I was an absentee father. I hope it pays off one day soon, and the time lost can be compensated for in other ways. Most importantly, this should serve as an encouragement vii to you to be guided by the phrase “No matter what, yes I always can.” To my family in Ghana—especially my mother, Faustine Ahiatroga; my brother and sisters, Hope Tsikata, Philomena Tsikata, and Mabel Agbemabiese; and F.K. Kuebunyah and the wife—I hope this achievement puts a broad smile on your faces. And to you folks in Seattle, Paul Hynds and Deborah Reagan, a big thanks for all the support. I also wish to express my appreciation to Dr. and Mrs. Godwin Dogbey and their family for the moral support on this academic odyssey. For those of us without families in Athens, during the down times when we seem to have hit a snag, it can be doubly difficult with nowhere to turn. You and your family opened your doors to me, provided words of encouragement, and conduits to refresh and recharge throughout the process. I am very grateful to you for this invaluable support. For those too many to mention, I have not forgotten your inputs. I thank you for your various contributions and support on this journey. Above all to God be the glory, great things He hath done. viii Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables…… ........................................................................................................... ..xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Statement of Problem ........................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 5 1.3. Rational for Research ……………………………………………………………....7 1.4. The Rhetor ................................................................................................................. 8 1.5. Stage/Audience ........................................................................................................ 13 1.6. Purpose
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