DOCSLIB.ORG

La Influencia De Los Diferentes Grupos Religiosos Judíos En La Política Interna Israelí Y Su Repercusión En Las Negociaciones De Paz (1993 – 1995)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
La Influencia De Los Diferentes Grupos Religiosos Judíos En La Política Interna Israelí Y Su Repercusión En Las Negociaciones De Paz (1993 – 1995) Universidad ORT Uruguay Facultad de Administración y Ciencias Sociales La influencia de los diferentes grupos religiosos judíos en la Política Interna israelí y su repercusión en las Negociaciones de Paz (1993 – 1995) Entregado como requisito para la obtención del título de Licenciado en Estudios Internacionales Paula Braga- 151603 Lucía Pérez Walter- 151650 Karen Zimmermann – 145497 Tutor: Embajador Carlos Gianelli 2013 2 Agradecimientos Agradecemos a nuestras familias y amigos por su apoyo incondicional durante este largo período. También agradecemos a nuestro tutor, el embajador Carlos Gianelli, quien fue una guía de suma importancia para la realización del presente trabajo. Deseamos agradecer asimismo al Embajador Ricardo Varela, a Ernesto Kreimerman, al Dr. Alberto Spectorovsky y al Lic.David Telias, por sus valiosos aportes y críticas que nos han servido para mejorar la calidad de la monografía; así como por su amable disponibilidad y trato para la conclusión de la misma. 3 Abstract El presente trabajo busca investigar la influencia de los grupos judíos religiosos más importantes de Israel en los partidos políticos de dicho Estado, y a su vez analizar la reacción de estos grupos ante la política implementada por Isaac Rabin basada en la premisa Tierras por Paz, para luego finalmente estudiar si la postura y la reacción de estos actores políticos, se tornaron una piedra de tropiezo para las negociaciones de paz emprendidas durante el período 1993 – 1995. Para lograr esto, se estudiarán los grupos de interés religiosos enmarcados en el sistema político israelí, analizando el sistema de coaliciones de partidos, en especial lo que respecta a la dinámica de los partidos políticos de filiación religiosa. Asimismo, se estudiará la relación entre la política interna y la política externa en Israel, y finalmente, cómo todos los factores anteriores influyeron en las negociaciones de paz entre Israel y Palestina. La primera hipótesis de la presente monografía establece que las diferentes agrupaciones religiosas vieron amenazadas sus preferencias e intereses bajo la fórmula de Tierras por Paz, evaluando negativamente la iniciativa de Rabin. Asimismo, la segunda hipótesis es que los grupos religiosos influyen en los partidos políticos de Israel, y éstos a su vez participan en la conformación de la política interna y externa del país para intervenir en la elaboración de la estrategia de negociación de los procesos internacionales de paz. Por lo tanto, la tercera hipótesis es que la reacción de las diferentes facciones del judaísmo israelí, enmarcado en su sistema de gobierno, condicionó el proceso de la negociación para la paz. Para realizar el estudio de caso, se adoptó la teoría de Actores influyentes en la política exterior. Seguida a esta se enmarca la investigación en la teoría de Los grupos de interés y su influencia en los partidos políticos, para continuar con la teoría de la Influencia de la política interna en la política exterior, culminando el marco teórico con el Modelo de la Política Burocrática de Graham Allison. De esta manera, se pudo constatar que si bien los grupos religiosos no fueron el factor determinante en el fracaso de las negociaciones de paz, sí se vieron amenazados sus intereses por el concepto de Tierras por Paz, y a través de su accionar en los puntos claves como el ejército y la influencia en los partidos tradicionales, terminaron condicionando en cierta forma, la política exterior en relación a los Acuerdos de Oslo. Palabras clave: Israel, Religión, Partidos Políticos, Negociaciones de Paz. 4 Índice INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................ 8 JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL TEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN............................................................................................. 9 PLANTEO DEL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN .......................................................................................... 10 MARCO TEÓRICO .................................................................................................................................... 10 Actores Influyentes en la Política Exterior ........................................................................................ 11 Los grupos de interés y su influencia en los partidos políticos ........................................................ 12 Influencia de la política interna en la política exterior ....................................................................... 15 Modelo de la Política Burocrática de Graham Allison ...................................................................... 17 HIPÓTESIS .............................................................................................................................................. 19 METODOLOGÍA Y FUENTES ...................................................................................................................... 20 CAPÍTULO 1- ANTECEDENTES DEL CONFLICTO PALESTINO-ISRAELÍ ......................................... 21 1.1 PRESENTACIÓN DEL CONFLICTO ......................................................................................................... 21 1.2 REFUGIADOS PALESTINOS ................................................................................................................. 24 1.3 FÓRMULA TIERRAS POR PAZ .............................................................................................................. 26 CAPÍTULO 2- LA RELIGIÓN EN RELACIÓN A LOS PROCESOS DE PAZ ......................................... 32 2.1 NACIONALISMO Y RELIGIÓN ................................................................................................................ 34 2.2 CONVICCIONES QUE “AMPARAN” LA GUERRA Y LA OCUPACIÓN .............................................................. 36 CAPÍTULO 3- EL SISTEMA POLÍTICO Y LA ESTRUCTURA DE GOBIERNO DE ISRAEL ................ 39 3.1 SISTEMA DE PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS ...................................................................................................... 41 3.2 LAS COALICIONES Y SU IMPORTANCIA EN LA FORMACIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA ISRAELÍ .................................. 43 3.2.1 El sistema electoral en Israel antes de la reforma ................................................................. 45 3.2.2 El sistema electoral en Israel luego de la reforma .................................................................. 46 CAPÍTULO 4- EL ESTADO Y LA RELIGIÓN .......................................................................................... 49 4.1 LA LEGISLACIÓN RELIGIOSA Y LA POLÍTICA DE GOBIERNO ..................................................................... 53 4.2 EL ASPECTO RELIGIOSO EN EL ÁMBITO POLÍTICO ................................................................................. 55 4.3 LOS GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS JUDÍOS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS ISRAELÍES .................. 58 4.4 ALCANCE DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LOS GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS EN LA CONFORMACIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR ............................................................................................................................................... 66 CAPÍTULO 5- ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LOS PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS RELIGIOSOS EN LOS PROCESOS DE PAZ ................................................................................................................. 72 5.1 LA DECIMOTERCERA KNESSET ........................................................................................................... 76 5.1.2 La correlación de fuerzas parlamentarias en torno a los acuerdos de paz ............................ 78 5.1.2.1 La Knesset frente a la firma del Acuerdo de Oslo I ........................................................................ 78 5.1.2.2 Acuerdo de Paz entre jordano-israelí .............................................................................................. 81 5.1.2.3 Acuerdo de Oslo II ........................................................................................................................... 83 5.2 EL MAGNICIDIO DE ISAAC RABIN: CIERRE TRÁGICO DE LAS NEGOCIACIONES DE PAZ ENTRE 1993-1995 .. 84 5 CONCLUSIONES ..................................................................................................................................... 87 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................................................ 91 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................................... 97 ANEXO A: CRONOLOGÍA DE LOS PROCESOS DE PAZ .............................................................................. 97 ANEXO B: LA SOCIEDAD ISRAELÍ Y LAS DIFERENTES FACCIONES DEL JUDAÍSMO .................................... 105 ANEXO C: PRESENTACIÓN DE LOS PRINCIPALES PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS ISRAELÍES .................................. 116 ANEXO D: POSICIÓN DE LOS PARTIDOS TRADICIONALES RESPECTO A LOS TERRITORIOS ........................ 128 ANEXO E: DATOS SOBRE LA DECIMOTERCERA KNESSET ...................................................................... 134 ANEXO F: ENTREVISTAS ................................................................................................................. 138 - Entrevista Guiada al Rabino Eliezer Shemtov – Representante para Uruguay de Beit Jabad .... 138 - Transcripción de entrevista al Embajador Dr. Ricardo Varela – Subdirector General para Asuntos Políticos de Uruguay ...................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Israel's National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
    Leap of Faith: Israel’s National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict Middle East Report N°147 | 21 November 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iv I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Religious Zionism: From Ascendance to Fragmentation ................................................ 5 A. 1973: A Turning Point ................................................................................................ 5 B. 1980s and 1990s: Polarisation ................................................................................... 7 C. The Gaza Disengagement and its Aftermath ............................................................. 11 III. Settling the Land .............................................................................................................. 14 A. Bargaining with the State: The Kookists ................................................................... 15 B. Defying the State: The Hilltop Youth ........................................................................ 17 IV. From the Hills to the State ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Audacity of Holiness Orthodox Jewish Women’S Theater עַ זּוּת שֶׁ Israelבִּ קְ Inדוּשָׁ ה
    ׁׁ ְִֶַָּּּהבשות שעזּ Reina Rutlinger-Reiner The Audacity of Holiness Orthodox Jewish Women’s Theater ַעזּּו ֶׁת ש in Israelִּבְקּדו ָׁשה Translated by Jeffrey M. Green Cover photography: Avigail Reiner Book design: Bethany Wolfe Published with the support of: Dr. Phyllis Hammer The Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA Talpiot Academic College, Holon, Israel 2014 Contents Introduction 7 Chapter One: The Uniqueness of the Phenomenon 12 The Complexity of Orthodox Jewish Society in Israel 16 Chapter Two: General Survey of the Theater Groups 21 Theater among ultra-Orthodox Women 22 Born-again1 Actresses and Directors in Ultra-Orthodox Society 26 Theater Groups of National-Religious Women 31 The Settlements: The Forge of Orthodox Women’s Theater 38 Orthodox Women’s Theater Groups in the Cities 73 Orthodox Men’s Theater 79 Summary: “Is there such a thing as Orthodox women’s theater?” 80 Chapter Three: “The Right Hand Draws in, the Left Hand Pushes Away”: The Involvement of Rabbis in the Theater 84 Is Innovation Desirable According to the Torah? 84 Judaism and the Theater–a Fertile Stage in the Culture War 87 The Goal: Creation of a Theater “of Our Own” 88 Differences of Opinion 91 Asking the Rabbi: The Women’s Demand for Rabbinical Involvement 94 “Engaged Theater” or “Emasculated Theater”? 96 Developments in the Relations Between the Rabbis and the Artists 98 1 I use this term, which is laden with Christian connotations, with some trepidation. Here it refers to a large and varied group of people who were not brought up as Orthodox Jews but adopted Orthodoxy, often with great intensity, later in life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel ______
    The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel ____________________________________________________________ NGO Report: The Status of Palestinian Women Citizens of Israel Contents Page I. ‘The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel’..........................2 II. Forward - Rina Rosenberg...........................................................................................5 III. Palestinian Women in Israel - ‘Herstory’- Nabila Espanioly......................................8 IV. Political Participation, Public Life, and International Representation - Aida Toma Suliman & Nabila Espanioly..........................................................18 V. Education - Dr. Hala Espanioly Hazzan, Arabiya Mansour, & A’reen Usama Howari.................................................................................23 VI. Palestinian Women and Employment - Nabila Espanioly.........................................31 VII. Palestinian Women’s Health - Siham Badarne..........................................................45 VIII. Personal Status and Family Laws - Suhad Bishara, Advocate, & Aida Toma Suliman...........................................................................................56 IX. Violence Against Women - Iman Kandalaft & Hoda Rohana..................................63 X. Recommendations - All Members..............................................................................75 XI. Selected Bibliography................................................................................................83
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds an End to Antisemitism!
    Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds An End to Antisemitism! Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman Volume 5 Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman ISBN 978-3-11-058243-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067196-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067203-9 DOI https://10.1515/9783110671964 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2021931477 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, Lawrence H. Schiffman, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com Cover image: Illustration by Tayler Culligan (https://dribbble.com/taylerculligan). With friendly permission of Chicago Booth Review. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com TableofContents Preface and Acknowledgements IX LisaJacobs, Armin Lange, and Kerstin Mayerhofer Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds: Introduction 1 Confronting Antisemitism through Critical Reflection/Approaches
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Ultra-Orthodox Political Parties in Israeli Democracy
    Luke Howson University of Liverpool The Role of Ultra-Orthodox Political Parties in Israeli Democracy Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy By Luke Howson July 2014 Committee: Clive Jones, BA (Hons) MA, PhD Prof Jon Tonge, PhD 1 Luke Howson University of Liverpool © 2014 Luke Howson All Rights Reserved 2 Luke Howson University of Liverpool Abstract This thesis focuses on the role of ultra-orthodox party Shas within the Israeli state as a means to explore wider themes and divisions in Israeli society. Without underestimating the significance of security and conflict within the structure of the Israeli state, in this thesis the Arab–Jewish relationship is viewed as just one important cleavage within the Israeli state. Instead of focusing on this single cleavage, this thesis explores the complex structure of cleavages at the heart of the Israeli political system. It introduces the concept of a ‘cleavage pyramid’, whereby divisions are of different saliency to different groups. At the top of the pyramid is division between Arabs and Jews, but one rung down from this are the intra-Jewish divisions, be they religious, ethnic or political in nature. In the case of Shas, the religious and ethnic elements are the most salient. The secular–religious divide is a key fault line in Israel and one in which ultra-orthodox parties like Shas are at the forefront. They and their politically secular counterparts form a key division in Israel, and an exploration of Shas is an insightful means of exploring this division further, its history and causes, and how these groups interact politically.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterscriptie Staats- En Bestuursrecht
    Masterscriptie Staats- en Bestuursrecht Het vrije mandaat: feit of fictie? Beperkingen aan fractieafsplitsingen getoetst aan het vrije mandaat van Tweede Kamerleden Auteur A. (Arie) Vonk Noordegraaf LL.B. Studentnummer 3675386 Begeleider prof. mr. R. Nehmelman Datum 22 maart 2017 Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos - Zon der Gerechtigheid, verlicht ons 2 Voorwoord Maartensdijk, 22 maart 2017 Met het afronden van mijn masterscriptie Staats- en Bestuursrecht komt er einde aan mijn studietijd aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Ik heb de afgelopen jaren enorm veel geleerd en ook genoten van de vele juridische vraagstukken die besproken werden. Na het afronden van de bachelor Rechtsgeleerdheid met een scriptie over de vrijheid van onderwijs was de master Staats- en Bestuursrecht een voor de hand liggende keuze. De master sloot goed aan op mijn (politieke) interesses. Hoewel ik zowel het staatsrecht als het bestuursrecht bestudeerde, ligt mijn hart toch echt bij het staatsrecht. Deze scriptie is daar een bewijs van. Het is mooi om juist in dit voorjaar mijn masterscriptie af te ronden. Het jaar 2017 is in het licht van het onderwerp van deze masterscriptie namelijk een bijzonder jaar. Het is dit jaar precies honderd jaar geleden dat in 1917 het stelsel van evenredige vertegenwoordiging werd ingevoerd. Het jaar 1917 is een keerpunt in de parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland. Enerzijds is dit het begin van de hedendaagse parlementaire democratie. Anderzijds is de invoering van het stelsel van evenredige vertegenwoordiging ook een bedreiging voor het vrije en persoonlijke mandaat van Tweede Kamerleden. De partijmacht wordt groter terwijl individuele Tweede Kamerleden ook in 2017 worden geacht zonder last te stemmen.
    [Show full text]
  • Czech-Israeli Intergovernmental Consultations Joint Statement Prague, May 17, 2012 Today, May 17, 2012, the Government of the C
    Czech-Israeli Intergovernmental Consultations Joint Statement Prague, May 17, 2012 Today, May 17, 2012, the Government of the Czech Republic and the Israeli Government are holding their intergovernmental consultations in Prague. The Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, Mr. Petr Ne čas, and the Prime Minister of the State of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, note with satisfaction the friendship and the historical partnership between the two countries, the unrelenting reciprocal support, the mutual respect for each other's sovereign status and the joint recognition in the political, defense and economic requirements of the two countries. The Prime Ministers emphasize their aspiration to further strengthen the close relations between the two Governments and the unique ties between the two peoples, based on a thousand-year-old affinity between the Czech people and the Jewish people. The Prime Ministers wish to thank all those who work tirelessly to advance the ties between the two countries. The following are the Government members participating in the consultations: On the Czech Republic side: Prime Minister Petr Ne čas First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs , Karel Schwarzenberg Minister of Industry and Trade, Martin Kuba Minister of Education, Youth and Sports, Petr Fiala Minister of Labor and Social Affairs, Jaromír Drábek Minister of Transport, Pavel Dobeš Minister for Regional Development, Kamil Jankovský Minister of Culture, Alena Hanáková On the Israeli side: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Deputy Prime Minister
    [Show full text]
  • Rocument RESUME ED 045 767 UD 011 084 Education in Israel3
    rOCUMENT RESUME ED 045 767 UD 011 084 TITLE Education in Israel3 Report of the Select Subcommittee on Education... Ninety-First Congress, Second Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, E.C. House Ccmmittee on Education and Labcr. PUB DATE Aug 70 NOTE 237p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MP-$1.00 BC-$11.95 DESCRIPTORS Acculturation, Educational Needs, Educational Opportunities, *Educational Problems, *Educational Programs, Educational Resources, Ethnic Groups, *Ethnic Relations, Ncn Western Civilization, Research and Development Centers, *Research Projects IDENTIFIERS Committee On Education And Labor, Hebrew University, *Israel, Tel Aviv University ABSTRACT This Congressional Subcommittee report on education in Israel begins with a brief narrative of impressions on preschool programs, kibbutz, vocational programs, and compensatory programs. Although the members of the subcommittee do not want to make definitive judgments on the applicability of education in Israel to American needs, they are most favorably impressed by the great emphasis which the Israelis place on early childhood programs, vocational/technical education, and residential youth villages. The people of Israel are considered profoundly dedicated to the support of education at every level. The country works toward expansion of opportunities for education, based upon a belief that the educational system is the key to the resolution of major social problems. In the second part of the report, the detailed itinerary of the subcommittee is described with annotated comments about the places and persons visited. In the last part, appendixes describing in great depth characteristics of the Israeli education system (higher education in Israel, education and culture, and the kibbutz) are reprinted. (JW) [COMMITTEE PRINT] OF n.
    [Show full text]
  • OCTOBER 15, 1981 the Sell-Out Which Is Taking Place in Gr.Owing Concern for Jewish Communities Europe
    === =--========:--==-~ R. I. Jewish Historical I Association 11 130 Sessions Street j Providence, RI 02906 l I I I I I Support I Jewish Read By J Agencies More Than j With Your 40,000 I People I Membership I THE ONLY ENGLISH-JEW/SH WEEKLY IN R. /. AND SOUTHEAST MASS. ' VOLUME LXVIII, NUMBER 47 THURSDAY,OCTOBERl~l~l 30¢ PER COPY Kreisky Angered Over PLO Reaction To Death Of Sadat BONN - Chancellor Bruno Kreisky of Austria , who has often angered.Israel and Western leaders for his open relations with the Palestinian Liberation Organization might suspend contacts with the organiza­ tion or even close its office in Vienna because of the PLO's jublilant reaction over the death of President Anwar-el Sadat of Egypt, it was announced this week by a spokesman for the chancellor. In a radio interview over the weekend , Kreisky said that " unbridgeable dif­ ferences" exist in his and the head of the PLO , Yasir Arafat's, estimation of the assassination. He said it was "incom­ prehensible that anyone could praise a murder, that anyone could be happy over a murder." Kreisky said the organization's outbursts of joy might have consequences for Austria's ties with the PLO and he suggested that he considered "personal consequences" as a result of Arafat's ex­ pression of joy at the death. Kreisky did stress his belief that the PLO factor is at the "core of the Mideast THE WORLDWIDE SEARCH CONTINUES for Dr. Josef Mef!gele (left) "The Angel of Death," and Walter Rauff (right), mur­ problem and it is a " hard, cruel political derer of 250,000-Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • A Half Century of Occupation
    A Half Century of Occupation Israel, Palestine, and the World’s Most Intractable Confl ict gershon shafir university of california press A Half Century of Occupation This page intentionally left blank A Half Century of Occupation Israel, Palestine, and the World’s Most Intractable Confl ict gershon shafir university of california press University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2017 by Gershon Shafi r Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Shafi r, Gershon, author. Title: A half century of occupation : Israel, Palestine, and the world’s most intractable confl ict / Gershon Shafi r. Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2016046910 | ISBN 9780520293502 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520966734 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Arab-Israeli confl ict—1993– — Peace. | Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes. | Security, International—Economic aspects—Israel. | Security, International— Economic aspects—Palestine. | Israel—Foreign relations—Palestine. | Palestine—Foreign relations—Israel. Classifi cation: LCC DS119.76 .S526 2017 | DDC 956.9405—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046910 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Anya, Zev, and Anyu This page intentionally left blank contents List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Commission
    Information Paper #2 ISRAEL'S WATER DILEMMAS; WATER AND WATER-RELATED AGENCIES IN ISRAEL; ISRAEL'S WATER LAWS 25 April 1988 Associates for Middle East Research, Inc. 2400 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 INFORMATION PAPER Israel's Water Dilemmas A severe water shortage looms on the horizon for Israel. To meet its water needs, Israel has, in the recent past, consistently used over 100 percent of its renewable resources. The situation has become par ticularly acute with subpar rainfalls in recent years. In 1985/86 Israel's aquifers were overdrawn by 247 Mem, or more than 40 percent over the renewable amount (#3911). In that year Israel consumed a total of 1987 Mem (#3697), while we have determined that Israel's total renewable water resources is around 1800 Mem. Israel, therefore, used over 110% of its water in 1985/86. The total groundwater deficit that has accumulated since Israel began overpumping has been estimated at around 1700 Mem 1300 from Israel's coastal plain aquifer which as a result has become dangerously saline, and 400 Mem from the Yarkon-Taninim aquifer Israel s aquifers, especially the coastal aquifer, are nearing the "red line , the point at which further pumping will do irreversible damage And should this line be crossed the aquifers would be destroyed and be come useless to future generations (#3911). Last year, 1987, was an exceptionally good rain year for Israel, but this has done little to relieve the huge groundwater deficit. It would take several such good years in a row to begin to improve Israel's water situation without con servation measures being taken.
    [Show full text]
  • National Coalitions in Israel, 1984-1990
    NATIONAL COALITIONS IN ISRAEL, 1984-1990: THE POLITICS OF "NOT LOSING" A Thesis for the degree of Ph.D. Presented to the University of London By Dan Korn London School of Economics May 1992 1 - UMI Number: U549931 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U549931 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 o ON CA lA N Abstract For six years since 1984 Israel underwent a unique p o litic al experience: i t was ruled by national coalitions supported by more than 75% of the members of parliament. Larger-than-minimal coalitions have always been problematic for traditional coalition theory. The Israeli case provides therefore an opportunity to examine the various actors' motivations and behaviour, as they reflect on coalition theory at 1arge. The assumption that actors are driven by "win maximization" is central to formal models of coalition theory. This assumption led to predictions of winning coalitions which are minimal in size, membership or ideological scope. Non-minimal coalitions were regarded as suboptimal choices, explainable on an ad hoc basis, e.g.
    [Show full text]