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Total of 10 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) MIDDLE DORSET SETTLEMENT-SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS IN WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND: A VIEW FROM BROOM POINT BY <:@ Carol Frances Krol, B.A. A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology Memorial University of Newfoundland June 1986 Newfoundland Permission has been granted L'autorisation a ete accordee to the National Library of a la Bibliotheque nationale Canada to microfilm this du Canada de microfilmer thesis and to lend or sell cette these et de preter ou copies of the film. de vendre des exemplaires du film. The author (copyright owner) L' auteur ( ti tulaire du droit has reserved other d'auteur) se reserve les publication rights, and autres droits de publication; neither the thesis nor ni la these ni de longs extensive extracts from it extraits de celle-ci ne may be printed or otherwise doivent etre imprimes ou reproduced without his/her autrement reproduits sans son written permission. autorisation ecrite. ISBN 0-315-37030-0 i i ABSTRACT The reconstruction of Middle Dorset settlement-subsis­ tence patterns along the west coast of Newfoundland's Great Northern Peninsula has been hampered in the past by lack of information concerning variation in site types. Research has tended to concentrate on the intensive investigation of a single site type, the large semi-permanent base camp, and little is known about the smaller Middle Dorset sites of an apparently temporary or seasonal nature that exist in the region. Recent excavations at Broom Point, a small seasonal Palaeo-Eskimo site located in Gros Morne National Park, have succeeded in identifying at least two separate short-term Middle Dorset occupations in addition to an earlier, small Groswater phase component. The most prominent activity reflected in the Middle Dorset artifact assemblages from Broom Point relates to the manufacture and maintenance of stone tools, from the initial reduction of raw material (represented by a variety of local cherts) to the final stages of tool production. Other extractive pursuits, pri­ marily marine related, and processing activities are also represented at the site, and seasonality is suggested as 11 non-winter, 11 with Broom Point likely representing a repeat­ edly occupied summer site. With regard to Middle Dorset settlement-subsistence i i i patterns along the west coast of the Northern Peninsula, it is postulated that Middle Dorset populations in this region of Newfoundland represent northern coastal hunter­ gatherers, characterized by a settlement pattern that in­ cludes the establishment of semi-permanent base camps, from which a seasonal departure of at least a portion of the population took place in the summer to small, more mobile camps along the coast (in response to a combination of ecological as well as cultural factors), with populations returning to the large semi-permanent bases in the fall. It is suggested that Broom Point represents such a seasonal site, although the exact location of the large semi-perman­ ent site that it was connected to is unknown at present. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 1984 fieldwork at Broom Point was made possible through a research contract provided by Parks Canada, Atlan­ tic Region. I would like to thank Dr. James A. Tuck of Mem­ orial University for suggesting that I undertake the project, and Charles Lindsay of Parks Canada for his assistance in seeing the project through to its completion. I would also like to thank my three field assistants, Claire Allum, Wendy Holland-Macdonald and Kelvin Nelmes, who worked cheerfully and well during a sometimes hectic field season, as well as Douglas Robbins for the later drafting of the site excava­ tion plan. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance and general helpfulness of the Gras Marne Park personnel, whose genuine interest in the prehistory of the Park was refreshing and stimulating. I would especially like to thank my advisor, Dr. M.A.P. Renouf, for her encouragement during and after fieldwork, and her many comments on the ideas expressed in this thesis. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i v Chapter l INTRODUCTION l Objectives of the Research ....................... l Definition of the Study Area . 2 Summary of Palaeo-Eskimo Traditions in Newfoundland and Labrador . 4 Review of Palaeo-Eskimo Research in Newfoundland.. 7 Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY AREA . 14 Environmental Setting . 14 Geog ra phi cal Location . l 4 Climate . .. .. 15 Physiography and Geological Evolution ....... 16 Isostatic Reba u n d . l 8 Potential Resources . l 9 Terrestrial Mammals ......................... 19 Marine Mammals . 31 Other Marine Resources ...................... 39 Riverine/Lacustrine Resources ............... 45 Avian Resources . 46 Flora 48 Raw Material ................................ 48 vi Chapter 3 S I T E DESC RI P T I 0 N AND EX CAVA T I 0 N· . • . • . 50 Site De scription . 50 Previous Investigations at Broom Point ........... 52 1984 Investigations at Broom Point ............... 56 Excavations . • . 57 Meth ado 1 ogy . 57 Results of Excavations ................. 59 Testing of the Marsh .......................• 67 Survey Component . 68 Chapter 4 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS 69 Meth ado 1 ogy . • . 69 Too 1 Descriptions . • . • . • . 70 Middle Dorset Component . • . • . 70 End b 1 a des . 70 Ground Stone Lance . • . • . 73 Endblade Preforms . 74 Bif aces . • . 77 Biface Preforms ........................ 79 Ends crape r s . 80 Concave Sidescrapers . 83 Unidentifiable Tool Fragments .......... 84 Mi c rob 1 a des . • . 84 Microblade Cores • . • . • . • • . • . 87 Burin-like-tools 89 vi i Tip Flute Flakes . 90 Retouched/Utilized Flakes .............. 92 Hammerstones . 94 Early Palaeo-Eskimo Component ............... 95 Deb i tage . l 0 l Discussion of Lithic Types . l 03 Results of the An a lysis . l l 5 Chapter 5 INTERPRETATION OF BROOM POINT ......................... 121 Site Ex tent . l 22 Site Fu net ion ( s) . l 24 Summary of Site Function(s) ................. 131 Intra-site Variability . l 3 l Duration of Occupation (Chronological Range) ..... 138 Site Seasonality ................................. 144 Environmental Changes in the Study Area ..... 147 Discussion . l 49 Chapter 6 SUMMARY AND SPECULATIONS .............................. 165 Summary of Middle Dorset Sites from the West Coast of the Northern Pen ins u 1 a . l 65 Northern Coastal Hunter-Gatherers ................ 187 Significance of the Broom Point Site ............. 191 Middle Dorset as Northern Coastal Hunter- Gatherers . 192 vi i i Significance of Broom Point ............ 196 Hypothesis l . l 96 Hypothesis 2 197 Hypothesis 3 201 Concluding Remarks ............................... 209 REFERENCES CITED . 2 l 3 TABLES ................................................ 225 FIGURES . 243 ix LIST OF TABLES 1. Resource Availability for the Broom Point Study Area ......................................... 226 2. Combined Tool Assemblage from Broom Point (Middle Dorset Component) .......................... 229 3. Tool Assemblage, Areas 1 and 2 (Middle Dorset Component) .......................... 232 4. Tool Assemblage, Area 3 (Middle Dorset Component) 235 5. Combined Debitage Assemblage from Broom Point ...... 238 6. Debitage Assemblage, Areas 1 and 2 ................. 240 7. Debitage Assemblage, Area 3 ........................ 242 X LIST OF FIGURES 1. The west coast of Newfoundland's Great Northern Peninsula, showing the location of Middle Dorset sites and other place names ........................................ 244 2. The Broom Point headland, showing the location of the Broom Point site ................................... 246 3. Broom Point (DlBl-1), plan of excavations .......... 248 4. Broom Point (DlBl-1) soil profiles ................. 250 5. Artifact distributions, Area 3 (Operation 19) ...... 252 6-17. Broom Point debitage distribution ............... 254 6. Opaque Cow Head chert, Areas 1 and 2 ............ 254 7. Opaque Cow Head chert, Area 3 ................... 256 8. Translucent Cow Head chert, Areas 1 and 2 ....... 258 9. Translucent Cow Head chert, Area 3 .............. 260 10. Grainy grey chert, Areas 1 and 2 ................ 262 11. Grainy grey chert, Area 3 ....................... 264 12. Opaque green chert, Areas 1 and 2 ............... 266 13. Opaque green chert, Area 3 ...................... 268 14. Mottled grey chert, Areas 1 and 2 ............... 270 15. Mottled grey chert, Area 3 ..................•... 272 16. Other chert, Areas 1 and 2 ...................... 274 17. Other chert, Area 3 . 2 76 18. The Broom Point site (DlBl-1) as viewed from ...... 278 Highway 430, to the south of the Broom Point headland 19. View to the southwest of the Broom Point site (DlBl-1), xi showing the location of a small Palaeo-Eskimo site on the next promontory and the Long Range Mountains in the background ................................ 280 20. Overview of Operation 19 (Area 3) ................ 282 21. Hearth feature located in Operation 19 (Area 3) .. 284 22-31. Artifact P 1 ate s . 286 22. Endblades and Tip Flute Flakes ................ 286 23. En db 1 a de Preforms ............................. 288 24. Bifaces and Biface Preforms ................... 290 25. Ends crape rs . 2 92 26. Concave Sidescrapers and Burin-like-tools ..... 294 27. Mi c rob 1 a des . 296 28. Micro b 1 a de Co res . 298 29. Retouched/Uti 1 ized Flakes and Hammerstones .... 300 30. Hammerstones
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