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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências De Florestas Tropicais Davi Pinh

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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências De Florestas Tropicais Davi Pinh INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais ESTRATÉGIA DE COLONIZAÇÃO DE URICURI (Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. ARECACEAE) EM ÁREAS ANTROPIZADAS POR ATIVIDADE PECUÁRIA NO LESTE DO ACRE Davi Pinheiro de Souza Sopchaki Manaus, Amazonas Março, 2014 I Davi Pinheiro de Souza Sopchaki ESTRATÉGIA DE COLONIZAÇÃO DE URICURI (Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. ARECACEAE) EM ÁREAS ANTROPIZADAS POR ATIVIDADE PECUÁRIA NO LESTE DO ACRE ORIENTADOR: Dr. Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira CO-ORIENTADOR: Dr. Evandro José Linhares Ferreira Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais do INPA, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais. Manaus, Amazonas Março, 2014 III Parecer IV Sinopse: Foi feito o teste da hipótese de Janzen-Connell, censo de indivíduos e verificação do banco de sementes da palmeira Attalea phalerata (uricuri) para que fosse possível a realização de inferências sobre o elevado adensamento desta espécie em pastagens do leste do Acre. Palavras chave: Censo, Banco de sementes, Dispersão, Predação S712 Sopchaki, Davi Pinheiro de Souza Estratégia de colonização de uricuri (Attalea phalerata mart. ex spreng. Arecaceae) em áreas antropizadas por atividade pecuária no leste do Acre / Davi Pinheiro de Souza Sopchaki. --- Manaus : [s.n], 2014. xi, 40 f. : il. color. Dissertação (Mestrado) --- INPA, Manaus, 2014. Orientador : Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira. Coorientador : Evandro José Linhares Ferreira. Área de concentração : Manejo Florestal. 1. Uricuri. 2. Banco de sementes. 3. Palmeira. I. Título. CDD 584.5 V Aos meus pais José Carlos Sopchaki e Moema Pinheiro de Souza Dedico VI AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador e coorientador, Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira e Evandro Linhares Ferreira, respectivamente, pelo apoio científico, diretrizes e conselhos em relação a este trabalho, demonstrando ampla disposição em ajudar. Ao senhor Oliveira e ao senhor Julião, em gentilmente cederem suas fazendas para a realização desta pesquisa. Aos bolsistas do INPA – Acre: Antônio Ferreira, Renato Lima, Geliane Mendonça, Luiara Paiva, Cleison Cavalcante e ao técnico José de Ribamar (Có) pela solidariedade em ajudar na alocação das parcelas, identificação e coleta das sementes sem receberem nada em troca por isso. Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, em especial ao curso de Ciências de Florestas Tropicais pela oportunidade que tive em realizar este curso de mestrado. À Coordenação de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa. Aos professores do curso que se dedicaram a passar seus conhecimentos da melhor forma possível para a formação de um mestre em ciências de florestas tropicais. Aos membros da banca examinadora pela disposição em analisar esse trabalho. VII RESUMO Este estudo objetivou a análise da elevada concentração da palmeira urucuri (Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng.) em áreas de pastagens em uso e abandonadas no leste do estado do Acre. Três áreas com presença desta palmeira foram avaliadas: um pasto em uso para a criação de gado, um pasto abandonado em estágio de regeneração natural e um fragmento de floresta primária. inicialmente no fragmento de floresta foi testada a hipótese de Janzen-Connell para observar se há aumento na quantidade de plântulas de A. phalerata em distâncias maiores da planta-mãe. Isso não se confirmou, pois foi verificado um decréscimo significativo das plântulas. A próxima etapa foi a realização de um censo na área de influência dos adultos nas três áreas. Foi constatado que tanto o total de plântulas quanto a quantidade total de indivíduos de A. phalerata foram significativamente maiores na área de pastagem em uso. Por fim, foi avaliado o banco de sementes e os danos causados por insetos e roedores. A quantidade total de sementes foi maior nas áreas mais antropizadas, que por sua vez apresentaram maiores percentuais de danos causados por insetos. Nas áreas menos antropizadas a quantidade total de sementes foi menor e o maior percentual de danos foi causado por roedores. Estes resultados contribuíram para afirmar que a possível causa da elevada quantidade de indivíduos reprodutivos encontrada na área de pastagem se deve, provavelmente, a um período de abandono que ela sofreu e que favoreceu o recrutamento de plantas nas diferentes categorias etárias. A posterior recuperação do pasto mediante o uso de fogo na região não afeta os indivíduos de maior porte, que podem atingir o estágio adulto. Palavras-chave: Censo, Banco de sementes, Dispersão, Predação. VIII ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the high concentration of the palm Attalea phalerata in pastures located in the east of Acre state. For this, three areas with the presence of this palm were evaluated: a pasture in use for livestock, an abandoned pasture in stage of natural regeneration and a fragment of primary forest. It was first tested in the forest fragment the theory of Janzen-Connell to check if there is an increase of individuals of A. phalerata with the increase of the distance from the parent plant. It was found that there was a significant decrease in the total number of individuals as there is a distance from the parent plant and also taking into consideration only the seedlings. The next step was to estimate population structure of this palm in the three areas, then it was found that both the number of seedlings as the total amount of individuals uricuri were significantly higher in grassland in use. Finally, the seeds were evaluated in relation to distance from the parent plant in relation to the total quantity, predation by insects, consumed by rodents, by both and intact ones, then these values were faced between each of the three environments. It was found that there was significant difference in seeds consumed by rodents and eaten by insects in these places. These results contributed to assert that the possible cause of elevated reproductive individuals in grassland is probably due to a period of neglect it suffers up to the point that it’s already in the stage of natural regeneration which is favorable to its establishment, and when it is cleared to create a new pasture, the high concentration of adults becomes apparent since they are not overturned and are resistant to fire. Keywords: Census, Seed bank, Dispersion, Predation. IX SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................. VII ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ VIII LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................. X LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................ XI 1 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................. 12 2 OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 OBJETIVO GERAL ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS .......................................................................................... 13 3 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ............................................................................................ 14 3.1 INFORMAÇÕES GERAIS SOBRE ATTALEA PHALERATA .......................................... 14 3.1.1 Aspectos da taxonomia ............................................................................................... 14 3.1.2 Distribuição geográfica e habitat ................................................................................. 14 3.1.3 Morfologia ................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4 Utilização .................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS .......................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Predação e dispersão ................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Banco de sementes .................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 Estrutura populacional ................................................................................................ 22 3.2.4 Recrutamento ............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.5 Hipótese de Janzen-Connell ....................................................................................... 24 3.3 ANTROPIZAÇÃO NO LESTE DO ACRE ....................................................................... 25 3.4 PALMEIRAS E A OCUPAÇÃO DE ÁREAS ANTRÓPICAS NA AMAZÔNIA .................. 26 4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................. 27 4.1 ÁREA DE ESTUDO ....................................................................................................... 27 4.2 DELINEAMENTO AMOSTRAL ...................................................................................... 29 4.2.1 Censo dos indivíduos de Attalea phalerata..............................
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