Acorn electron android emulator

Continue ElectrEm is the emulator, an 8bit microcomputer first launched in 1983, which was once the fourth best-selling on the UK market. Although sold as compatible with BBC Micro, the only common component is the 6502 processor. All other compatibility is achieved with a well-documented firmware interface to customize the graphics mode, generate sound, and input the keyboard/joystick. While the number of programs that directly use electron hardware is enough to be incompatible with the BBC's small, Electron is subject to variable bus speeds, making most Electron software run at the wrong speed at the BBC and making the implementation of emulation based on the existing BBC emulator or almost any other 6502 emulation code impractical, if not impossible. ElectrEm strives for first-class simplicity. In general, it is enough to point the emulator on the image of the tape or disk, and it automatically adjusted the emulation equipment in a compatible form, and then will run the program contained in the image. The first phase of significant work on ElectrEm took place between 2000 and 2002. This codebase is now known as electrEm Classic and has been ported to Windows, DOS and , supporting a wide range of graphics release libraries including Allegro, SVGALib, GGI, SDL and DirectX. For personal reasons, there was a break in development. By 2002, a number of problems with the architectural design of the emulator had become apparent. So began a new codebase, which is now called ElectrEm Future. This is actually a re-overlay, so it lacks a lot of testing and still lacks some functionality of the old code. However, it offers better OS integration than the previous version, better code modularity, and therefore moves towards more accurate emulation, which is easier to optimize. There is a mailing list attached to Yahoo! Group for Electron and ElectrEm related chat - i.e. bugs, bug fixes, announcements of new releases, which games work, which don't work, where to get them, etc. See this page on Yahoo! for more information. Released in 1983, Acorn Electron was the most popular home computer of the acorn and for a time was the third best-selling home computer in the UK. Electron is an 8-bit microcomputer based on a 6502 processor with 32k RAM and used by BBC Basic as a programming language. ElkJS is a javascript-based emulator for Acorn Electron. I was inspired to write this after making some work into the JSSpeccy project by Matt Westcott. Sinclair Spectrum and Acorn Electron were two machines from my younger years, so I decided to write the Javascript Electron emulator because it didn't exist yet. ElkJS aims to emulate the electron accurately enough to be able to play many classic games made for this The source code for this emulator is available in my github repository Please visit my forum to leave feedback, report bugs, talk about these (and other) JavaScript EmulateJS Emulators For the most part this should be pretty clear. There are a few keyboard cards that you might need to be aware of: FUNC and ALT COPY - HOME BREAK - F12 Emulation is accurate enough and most games should work. Firetrack is not 100% and displays some minor graphic damage. The exile seems to freeze after downloading the game. All the other games I tried to work normally. The view button allows you to open UEF files that contain pictures or tape images. You can also select the qIP files and the first uef file found in the zipper will be opened. Most if not all games are easy to get in UEF format online. Some of my favorites are the Citadel Repton series Dunjunz Click here to download the latest version of Elkulator for Windows (version 1.0) (source code included). Click here to download the latest version of Elkulator for Linux (version 1.0) (source code included). Click here to download the previous version of Elkulator for Windows (version 0.6). Click here to download the latest version of Elkulator for DOS (version 0.6). July 17, 2010 Elkulator v1.0 is released. Changes from v0.7: Improved stability of CSS Sound Expansion Emulation Plus 1 and First Byte Joystick Emulation Sound Pitch Fixed Support Drive FDI Save States added Debugger added Redefinable Keyboard Bugfix Master Memory Emulation Board A few other Linux port fixes November 11, 2007 Elkulator v0.7 released. Changes from v0.6: Complete rewrite Now cycle accurate Emulates Elektuur / Slogger Turbo board Emulates Slogger / Jafa Master RAM board Altered tape emulation, Evening Star and Southern Belle now run Firetrack now the perfect tape emulation is now very fast More video filters It is much slower than v0.6, so v0.6 is still available. March 13, 2005 Elkulator v0.6 released. Changes from v0.5: Significantly improved disk emulation - 2 drives, plus spelling and support DFS Fixed bug with saving config in Windows Fixed crash error in Windows XP February 20, 2005 Elkulator v0.5 released. Changes from v0.4: Improved time - steady raster splits in Spy vs. Spy Fixed Bug, which slowed down at least Arcadians and Killer Gorilla Better GUI - Sound in Windows Joe Blade - other game players must now work significantly improved support support support H'-UEF for ROM cartridges Added Screenshots added June 23, 2004 Elkulator v0.4 released. Changes from v0.3: Updated to the latest standard UEF Hi Res 800x600 video mode - full detail in modes 0/3 Blur filter returned Super 2xSaI filter 6502 bug fixed, currently running November 10, 2003 Elkulator v0.3 is released. Changes from v0.2: Updated emulator 6502 - faster, more accurate New line by line graphic emulation, supporting split palettes and Firetrack Plus 3 emulations Sound now supports supports The new version of GUI Win32 is now available on October 12, 2002 Elkulator v0.2 released. Changes from v0.1: Some 6502 fixes and more opcodes Some acceleration Blurring filter added September 8, 2002 Elkulator v0.1 released. Features: Emulates the basic 32k Electron Emulation of all modes - some basic palettes of cleavage tape emulation Sound through PC bleeper and SoundBlaster Standard BBC Micro Model A BBC Micro, also known as the BBC Microcomputer System or Beeb, as it is affectionately called, was a series of microcomputers created by Acorn Electronics for the BBC Computer Literacy Project. They have been designed to be durable, stable and easy to use. Nine models were produced with the BBC brand, the phrase BBC Micro tends to refer to the first six (Model A, B, B-64, B-128, Master 128, and Master Compact), the last three are called . Some of the other model options that followed follow include the Master Turbo and Master 512. The system has been mainly used in schools across the UK, but has also found success in home computer markets in the UK, US and West Germany. Acorn Electron is a budget version of BBC Micro; it uses the same processor and compatible software (albeit slower) for programs that use hardware abstractions and video modes provided by Acorn, but uses incompatible hardware. As a result, it has a very different set of emulators. While BBC Micro had fewer games than modern systems such as X Spectrum, Amstrad CPC or , it was a powerful machine and created several well-known titles, including Elite and Starship Command. BBC Micro Name Platform (s) Latest version of BBC Micro BBC Active Featured PC /x86 BeebEM 4.15b5 B, BH, M128, B-Em 2.2, Git A, B, B, BH, M128, MC MT, M512 - Model B 10-04-04 B, BH ✗ ✗, Jsbeeb Web, Git B, M128 MT M128 ✗ ✗ - BeebItJ 1.03 B, B, M128 ✗ ✗ - Horizon 1.4.0 B ✗ ✗ - B2 b2-2020324 B, B, M128 ✗, BK, M128, M128, M128, M128, MT, M512 ✗ - PSSB 1.10 B ✗ ✗ - Ressources'edit: Acorn BBC (2012-04-23) Acorn ElectronDeveloperAcorn ComputersType8-bit microcomputerRelease dateAugust 25, 1983; 37 years ago (1983-08-25)MediaCassette tape, floppy disk (optional), ROM cartridge (optional) Akorn MOS v1.0CPUSynertek SY6502A clock speed 2 MHz when access to ROM and 1 MHz with access to RAMMemory32 CB composite video modulator, RGBGraphics160×256 (4 or 16 colors), 320×256 (2 or 4 colors), 640× 256 (2 colors), 320×200 (2 colors - 2 colors - 2 blank horizontal lines after every 8 pixel lines), 640×200 (2 colors - ites with two empty horizontal lines after every 8 pixels 640× 200 (2 colors - snouth display)InputKeyboard Acorn Electron is a budget version BBC Micro Educational/Home Computer introduced Ltd on August 25, 1983. It has 32 kilobytes of RAM, and its ROM includes BBC BASIC v2 along with the operating system. Electron was able to save and download the software to the audio cassette using the supplied converter cable, which connected it to any standard tape recorder that had the right sockets. It was capable of basic graphics, and could be displayed on a TV, color (RGB) monitor or green screen monitor. Electron was reportedly the best-selling micro in the United Kingdom for a short period of time. Basic history tip after switched on or hard reset (the soft reboot was similar but did not contain the Acorn trademark). After Acorn Computer released BBC Micro, executives believed the company needed a less expensive computer for the mass market. In May 1982, when asked about the recently announced potential of Sinclair X Spectrum to harm BBC Micro sales, at a cost of 125 pounds for a 16K model compared to about twice as high, Acorn co-founder said that in the third quarter of the same year, Acorn would release a new computer costing 120-150 pounds, which is likely to be called Electron, a form of miniaturized BBC Micro, with 32 KB of RAM and 32K ROM, with a higher resolution graph than the Spectrum offers. Acorn's Chris Curry also highlighted Electron's role as designed to compete with Spectrum... to get the starting price very low, but does not rule out expansion in the long run. In order to reduce component costs, the company has reduced the number of chips in Electron by 90% with BBC Micro around 100, with most functionality on one Uncommitted Logic Array (ULA). Problems with ULA delayed Electron, however, and Acorn repeatedly missed deadlines to send the computer. Reports in the second half of 1982 pointed to a potential December release, with Curry providing qualified confirmation of such plans, along with an accurate depiction of the machine's shape and capabilities, indicating that massive ULA would be the dominant factor in any pre-release. However, as the end of the year approached, when ULA was not ready for major production, the launch of Electron was to be postponed until the spring. Acorn officially announced Electron at the show in August 1983, a year after Hauser mentioned the computer, by which time its price had risen to 175 pounds, while Spectre was worth 130 pounds. The company expected to ship Electron before Christmas, and sell 100,000 by February 1984. Reviews were generally favorable, which indicates its excellent schedule compared to 64. Although its speed was acceptable compared to the Commodore and competing computers, Electron was, however, much slower than BBC Micro; Popular computing calculations reported, for example, that BBC Micro Games ran less than half the speed, with a very significant impact on their attractiveness. The reduction in processor speed was due to the use of a 4-bit wide memory system instead of a 8-bit wide BBC Micro memory system to reduce costs. Electron used only 4 64kbit RAM devices instead of 16 16kbit ram devices deployed on BBC Model B. In BBC Micro, RAM ran twice as fast as the (4MHz) processor (2 MHz), allowing video (screen update) and access to CPU memory to be intertwined with every accessory running at 2 MHz. At Electron, two accesses must be made to get an 8 bit word (albeit with a single RAS), providing an effective 2 MHz RAM access frequency. In display modes that use most of the screen's memory, the processor cannot access its RAM while screen access updates occur, and in other modes the processor and video accesses are intertwined with each accessory running at 1 MHz. Outside of screen update periods, the processor can only access RAM at 1 MHz. This reduces the efficient CPU speed by four times in more demanding display modes, and as much as twice otherwise. ULA continued to cause problems, delaying large-scale production. By October 1983, Acorn had received orders for more than 150,000 units and was expected to produce 25,000 units a month before Christmas; it will take more than six months to complete the existing backlog. Demand for Electron was high, but only two of WH Smith's London branches had inventory. However, as the company increased production in 1984, the British home computer market weakened significantly; Acorn's chief executive later said: After Christmas 1983, they were just delivering and the company was getting 43 million pounds of non-sale shares. Acorn's Christmas sales in 1984 were well below expectations, and in January 1985 the company lowered the price of Electron to 129 pounds. Due to the unsuccessful expansion in the United States by February, Acorn's market capitalization decreased by 85% compared to the previous year. Olivetti acquired the company in the same year, and Dixons Retail acquired the remaining Electron stock for less than production costs, resulting in this specific attempt to target the home computing market through. Acorn subsequently released Master Compact - a model of the Master microcomputer series with fewer BBC Micro-style ports and a similar expansion connector - with a specific home audience. In hindsight, the large on-screen memory required too much processing power to control and left too little room for software to you could take on the prevailing Spectre (with less than 7K screen memory) and Commodore 64 (with hardware sprites) in games. Despite this, several features that would later be associated with the BBC Master and were the first features of Electron's expansion units, including ROM cartridge slots and the Advanced Disk Feed System, a hierarchical improvement of the original BBC disk filing system. Although it may not have been as popular as Spectre, the Commodore 64 or the Amstrad CPC, it was sold in sufficient quantities to ensure that the new software was produced until the early 1990s. This meant that Electron's lifespan was not much shorter than that of the more popular chips, and much longer than that of competitors such as Oric-1 and Dragon 32. The popular Acorn Plus 1 Acorn Electron update with plus 1 expansion unit attached by Acorn Plus 1 added two ROM cartridge slots, an analog interface (support for four channels) and a parallel Centronics port. The analog interface was usually used for joysticks, in parallel for the printer. Game ROM cartridges will be downloaded automatically. The languages in paged ROM cartridges will take precedence over BASIC. (The slot at the front of the interface takes precedence if both were inhabited). Access to ROM memory occurred at 2 MHz until access to RAM was required, so theoretically programs released on ROM could run twice as fast as programs released on tape or drive. Despite this, all the games released on ROM were packaged in rom file cartridges, from which micro downloaded programs into the main memory just as if they were loaded with tape. This meant that the programs did not have to be modified for their new memory location and could be written in BASIC, but did not give the advantage of speed performance. The Cartridge slots provided additional control lines (compared to the lines available through the Edge connector at the back of the Electron) to facilitate the implementation of ROM cartridges. Additional peripheral cartridge holders by companies such as P.R.E.S. (through their ARA/ARA2/ASR products) have enabled the Sideways ROM to be displayed for alternative EPROMs, either physically through the qIF Sockets, or virtually through ROM images uploaded to (battery-supported) RAM in the same space. This allowed Electron to achieve the same functionality as the Expansion-ROM slots under the keyboard and in the bottom left corner of the BBC Micro B keyboard. Plus 1 requires a q D memory page for your workspace, and some games have used that space. To disable Plus 1, after you've clicked BREAK, you could issue the following commands: FX163,128,1? 212»D6 ? ?» 213»F1 ?» 2AC0 Acorn Plus 2 Acorn Plus 2 was supposed to provide Econet. interface without reaching the market. However, the Econet interface was created by Barson Computers in Australia and possibly other and business. The Acorn Plus 3 Acorn Plus 3, featuring the Acorn Plus 3 connector and disk drive, was a hardware module that connected independently of Plus 1 and provided a 31/2 dual-density drive connected via the WD1770 drive controller and the ADFS ROM drive. Two versions of Plus 3 were released: a one-way and two-way version of the disk. Because WD1770 is capable of a single density mode and uses the same IBM360 floppy disk format as the Intel 8271 found in BBC Micro, it was also possible to launch a DFS application system with alternative ROM, such as the P.R.E.S AP4 interface. Plus 3 reset page to 1D00, reducing the amount of free RAM available to the user. The ADFS system can be temporarily disabled (and the PAGE is reset to q E00) through the NOADFS command. Alternative DFS and ADFS interfaces based on WD1770, such as P.R.E.S AP4 and 'ADFS E00', left the PAGE at the E00 level and do not require the YSYSHELP file (see below) drives to be installed manually and dismantled with the MOUNT/ DISMOUNT commands or with the CTRL-A combination. Discs can also be downloaded from through the standard ⇧ Shift-BREAK key combination if ! The BOOT file was present on the drive. This behaviour was the same as on BBC Micro. Plus 3 included an uprated square black power supply with a cord, manufactured by STC, designed and manufactured in England for the BS 415 and BS 5850, which was designed to power The Plus 3, in addition to the Electron and Plus 1 interface as well. This replaced the original cream-colored wall of warts style food, designed for the BS 415 and manufactured in Hong Kong. The original; Part no: unknown; Entry 220/240 v AC/50 Hz; Exit 19 V AC/0.737 A/14 W: Use: Electron, Electron-Plus1 Uprated Part No: 865-010; Entry 240 v AC/50 Hz 50 W; Exit 21 V AC/1.75 A/36.75 W: Use: Electron-Plus3, Electron-Plus3-Plus1 The original electronic edge connector was repeated on the back of Plus3, in addition to the secondary smaller edge connector, allowing additional drives (Shugart-compatible connection) to be connected. This required its own supply of electricity. The secondary edge-connector could not power the external discs. Repair note: If the internal power connector, used to power the existing internal 3.5 disk is damaged, and needs to be replaced, then the original AMP 800-930 4-pin connector, which was already in short supply during the initial production launch, can be replaced by the Molex 5264 50-37-5043 Mini-SPOX connector as an alternative. When you use Plus3 in 0-3 screen modes, the pseudo-variable TIME will be discarded because the interruptions were disabled while accessing the disk in these modes. For the News article on the page of october 9, 1984 question acorn user, Plus 3 was originally designed to use the Intel 8272 drive controller, (rather than the 8271, which in short supply at the time). ADFS fad file format ADFS used Hugo bytes to distinguish between the names of directories on a disc named after ADFS author Hugo Tyson. Another quirk was the presence of the SISSHELP file, which was required by the system and created during the formatting. It was kludge. Acorn's v1.0 ADFS implementation on the electron was unreliable when writing the first few tracks of the floppy disk, so it was corrected and just involved in writing a file full of debris in the suspected part. ADFS then skip it. Disk corruption can also occur when you try to use the COMPACT command without disabling the flashing cursor with the following command: VDU23,1,0;0;0;0; This was due to the fact that the COMPACT team used screen memory (default) as a workspace during the operation, and the software implemented flashing cursor spoiled this memory space. The alternative would be to make arguments to force him to use non-screen memory for workspace, such as COMPACT 40 20 in MODE 6. Tyson recalls that this error was detected during late testing, but is not fixed in the original ROM release to avoid later changes because there are workarounds. The disk formatting was done with the EFORM command, compared to the more familiar FORM40/FORM80 DFS commands. Note also that the EFORM team differs from the equivalent team AFORM for ADFS 1770 on the BBC microcomputer. This may be the result of the need to create a Y-ASHELP file on an electron. The EFORM command was only put on The Welcome, which was sent from Plus3 and was not included in the ROM. The first interface of Byte Joystick As a game machine Electron shares the same failure as Sinclair Spectrum's non-having joystick port. This was quickly fixed by First Byte Computers, which developed an interface and software that allowed the switched joystick to be used with most software titles. This interface became very popular and was sold to W.H. Smiths, Boots, Comet and hundreds of independent computer dealers. P.R.E.S. Advanced Plus 3 The P.R.E.S. Advanced Plus 3 with 31/2 Advanced Plus 3 was very similar to the Acorn Plus 3, but is packaged as an ADFS ROM cartridge for Plus 1 with a disk connector at the head. This made it possible to connect a 51/4floppy drive drive used by BBC Micro owners or a more common 31/2 drive. P.R.E.S. Advanced Plus 5 AP5 is provided with a custom port (all lines), 1 MHz bus and 'Tube' bus capabilities, allowing second processor use. For PRES5 and other similar interfaces, the user port is usually implemented using the 6522 VIA chip. Slogger/ Elektuur Turbo Board The Slogger and Elektuur Turbo Boards were born from a hack originally developed Acorn. When tracking the lowest 8 KB of RAM with a static RAM chip out of ULA's reach, the processor can always access it at 2 MHz. Compromise Compromise that the screen can't be located in that 8KB. In practice the ROMs operating system always put the screen in the top 20 kB and as a result it probably only broke compatibility with about 2% of the software. The Slogger Turbo Board was a professionally equipped upgrade, while the Elektuur modification was described in an article in the Dutch magazine Electronics Elektuur and is designed for users to perform at home. Accelerating the low part of memory is especially useful on 6502 derivative machines because this processor has a faster address mode for the first 256 bytes, and so the software usually puts any variables involved in critical sections of the program in that region. The cost of a 64 Kbit SRAM chip would be more than the doubling of four 64 KBit DRAM chips to give 8-bit access to RAM, fixing both modest memory and bad Electron performance problems. Slogger Master RAM Board A development Turbo Board, Master RAM Board duplicated the functionality of the Turbo Board and added another micro launch option with 32 kB static shadow RAM in addition to the usual 32 kB - giving 64 kB total. Some smart meter program catches meant that a conventional ROMs system and any software using OS calls could function without significant changes, making significantly more memory for BASIC, Browsing, Viewsheet and almost all other business applications. By providing additional storage, this modification also allowed some games and applications designed for BBC Micro to operate on Electron, despite the lack of native mode 7. Apps could not directly target the video game in shadow mode unchanged, so it was incompatible with most games, although there is no reason why the game could not be written to function in shadow mode. The switch, installed through the body, switches between normal, turbo and shadow modes. During its decline, Turbo boards and Master RAM boards were offered already installed on new electrons in an attempt to increase sales. Jafa Systems Mode 7 Display Unit of features present in BBC Micro, but absent in Electron, the teletext-style mode of 7 was particularly noticeable due to the very low memory usage in this mode (just under 1kB) and the large number of BBC programs that used it. Jafa Systems has presented a number of solutions to address this shortfall. (Note - The Jafa interface did not provide the Teletext interface itself, but it worked in conjunction with specific CEEFAX/Teletext/Prestel adapters from other manufacturers such as Morley ( ) The most basic solution was a clean software system supplied on the ROM cartridge, which drew the approximation of the low resolution of the 7 mode display in graphic mode mode. cheap and efficient in making use of some programs that used only the official ROM point for output, this solution proved very slow because Electron had to be placed in an 80-te-step display to be able to get anywhere near to play mode 7 and the processor spent a lot of time drawing the approximation of the 7 character mode and graphics that the hardware solution would be achieved without any processor processing. It also used 20KB of RAM for a graphics display rather than 1KB hardware mode 7. Two solutions with additional equipment were provided. The first used the same GPU as BBC Micro in 7 mode - SAA5050 - but used the software to ensure it was fed with the correct graph data. Rom software would put the machine in a conventional 40-te-step display. While ULA will read the display from memory in the usual way, the SAA5050 will listen to the data it has read and produce a 7 mode interpretation of the same information. If necessary, the hardware switches between the micro-produced graphic output and the release of the add-on. The downside of this system is that while the SAA5050 will be expected to be repeatedly fed the same 40 bytes of data for each display scanline of each character's string, ULA will read a different set of 40 bytes for each scanline display in order to produce a full graphic display. The ROM software worked around this by duplicating data designed for the 7 display mode in memory. Although it gave mode 7, which barely affected the performance of the processor and gave the same visual quality as BBC Micro, it remained compatible only with software that used ROM modes for text and graphics output and still used 10 kB of memory for display. The second version of the hardware add-on has fixed these problems. By adding CRTC6845 to the package, a complete hardware solution has been created that does not reduce processor performance and uses only 1c of memory for the display. The ROM software is still supplied, but it's nothing more than an expanded hardware ROM, so it knew mode 7 was now there and was able to switch to it. Electron Second Processor In recent years, PMS has released a second processor specifically for the electron. This provided an alternative to buying a combination of P.R.E.S. Advanced Plus 5 and Acorn 6502 2nd processor. The Merlin M2105 Unusual version of the Electron was sold by British Telecom Business Systems as the BT Merlin M2105 terminal. This consisted of a de-badged Electron plus a large extension unit containing a 32k-supported RAM battery (a total of 64 kB of RAM), 48 kB ROM, Centronics printer port, modem and speech generator previously proposed for BBC Micro. THE ROM firmware provided communications. They were used Interflora florists in the UK for more than a decade. This common product product Electron and the accompanying extension appear to have been known as the Chain during development, with British Telecom intending the M2105 to be a product supporting access to an online healthcare service known as Healthnet. The BBC Micro Technical Information Was Emulated by one individual ULA chip developed by Acorn in conjunction with Ferranti. It had features such as the inability to produce more than one channel of sound or to provide teletext mode. In contrast, BBC Micro was capable of triangular polyphony (plus one noise channel). The edge connector at the back of the Electron exposes all address and data lines from the CPU, including the top eight bits of address, as opposed to the limited selection available through THE Micro expansion ports, with one Megahertz bus as the main mechanism for overall target expansion on BBC Micro only providing the lower eight bits of the address boo. , the various control signals provided by the processor and ULA are exposed through the Electron extension connector. For the Issue 1-4 motherboard, ULA had a problem similar to that faced by other processors. Over time, thermal heating and cooling can cause ULA to rise slightly out of the socket enough to force the machine to start hanging or other failure problems, such as continuous beep launch. This is despite the metal cover and bar locking mechanism designed to prevent this. Pressing down on a metal lid to transplant ULA is usually enough to fix these problems. The issue of 5 and 6 boards used a variety of epoxy resins covering directly above the ULA, which solved the problem. The keyboard included a quick keyword input form similar to the one used on Sinclair Spectrum, using the 'Func' key in conjunction with other keys tagged with BASIC keywords. However, unlike Spectra, this method of quick keyword input was optional, and keywords can be entered manually if preferred. ULA controlled access to memory and was able to provide 32K × 8 bits of targeted RAM using 4 × 64K × 1-bit RAM chips (4164). Due to the need for two access to each chip instead of one, and the complications of video equipment also needing access, reading or writing RAM was much slower than on BBC Micro. This meant that although ROM applications worked at a similar rate, there was a significant decrease in speed on applications running from RAM. Electron used the Synertek variant of the 6502 processor, as it allowed the watch to stop for all 40 microseconds, ULA required exclusive access of DRAM to the raster line in modes with bandwidth. Equipment Acorn ALF03 Data Recorder Processor: Synertek SY6502A 36 Hours Speed: Variable. The processor works at 2 MHz when accessing ROM and access to RAM. The processor also stops periodically. The electron is widely incorrectly cited as running at 1.79 MHz after measurements obtained from a speed test against 2 MHz BBC Micro for various parts of the general software. Logic glue: Ferranti Semiconductor Custom ULA RAM: 32 kB ROM: 32 kB Text modes: 20×32, 40×25, 40×32, 80×25, 80×32 (all text outputs produced by the software in graphic modes) Graphic modes: 160×256 (4 or 16 colors), 320×256 (2 or 4 colors), 640×256 (2 colors), 320× 200 (2 colors - swag display with two empty horizontal lines after every 8 pixel lines), 640×200 (2 colors - common display) Colors: 8 colors (TTL combination RGB primaries) - 8 flashing versions of the same color Sound: 1 channel of sound, 7; built-in speaker. Noise channel emulation software supported Dimensions: 16×34×6.5 cm i/O ports: Port expansion, The tape connector (1200 baud CUTS variations on the Kansas City standard for data coding, through the 7-pin circular DIN connector), air TV connector (RF modulator), composite video and RGB power outlet monitor: External PSU, 19V AC queirx Exile is an example of a game where developers have left no graphic data visible in the display buffer to get additional memory space. Like BBC Micro, Electron was limited to limited memory resources. Of the 32 KBs of RAM, 31/2 KBs was allocated for the OS at launch and at least 10 kB was taken by the display buffer in adjacent display modes. Due to the interruption time, you could disable either the top 100 or the bottom 156 display lines with palette changes. Many games took advantage of this by receiving storage, leaving no graphic data in the disability zone. Other games upload non-graphic data to the display, leaving them visible as areas of apparently randomly colored pixels. Although turning the page was a hardware feature, limited memory forced most applications to make all their drawings directly onto the visible screen, often leading to graphic flickering or apparently redrawing. A notable exception is the Joe Blade series of players. Tricks FireTrack: Smooth vertical scrolling Although programs can change the position of the screen in memory, the non-linear display format means that vertical scrolling can only be done in blocks of 8 pixels without further work. FireTrack uses separation in how Electron handles its display - of the seven available graphics modes, two are configured so that the last two out of every ten scanlines are empty and not based on RAM content. If 16 lines of continuous graphic data scan are written on a part of the screen aligned with the symbol, they will be as a continuous block in most modes, but in two non-continuous modes they will be displayed as two blocks of eight scanning lines separated in the middle of the middle blank crawl lines. In order to track your position in the display, Electron maintains an internal display address counter. The same meter is used in both continuous and continuous graphics modes, and switch modes in the middle of the frame do not cause any adjustment of the counter. FireTrack switches from continuous to continuous graphic mode part of the way down the display. Using the palette to mask the top of the display and taking care of when it changes mode, it can shift the continuous graphics at the bottom of the display down by two pixels in a step, because the internal display counter is not incremented on empty scanlines during continuous graphics modes. Exile: Exile's trial speech turns the output of one Electron channel into a digital speaker for PCM output. The speaker can be software-enabled or turned off at any time, but is permanently attached to the hardware counter so usually only able to get out of the square wave. But if you set the frequency outside the human sound range, the ear can not perceive the square wave, only the difference between the speaker is on and off. This gives the effect of simply switching the speaker similar to the one seen in the 48 kB Sinclair X spectrum. Exile uses this to display 1-bit audio samples. Frak, tailcoat! and Layaga: Polyphonic Music As Part of Their Copy Protection, Illegal Copies of Aardvark Software in Frak! and The Zagaga will cause a pseudo-polyphonic rendition of the Hornpipe trumpet, Captain Pugwash-themed melody, play endlessly rather than downloading the game properly (Pugwash being a pirate). On the electronic version of Frak!, the melody was the main theme from Benny Hill (Randolph Boots Yakety Sax). Polyphony was achieved by quickly switching notes to achieve the necessary chords. Popular Games See also: Acorn Electron's list of games Although not as well supported by major software publishers like competitors like the Commodore 64 and Sinclair X Spectrum, a good range of games were available for Electron. Traditional BBC Micro publishers, such as , Superior Software and Micro Power, have offered broad support. Notable popular games especially associated with Electron include: Crystal Castles is an example of a popular arcade game officially ported to electron (US gold). Starship Command (Acornsoft, 1983) Chucky Egg (A'n'F, 1984) Elite (Acornsoft, 1984) Repton Series (Superior Software, 1985-1989) Thrust (Superior Software, 1986) Exile (Superior Software, 1988) There were also many popular games officially converted into Electron from arcade machines (including Crystal Castles, Tempest, Commando, Paperboy and Yie Ar Kung-Fu) or other home computer systems (including Impossible Mission, Jett, Sety. , Tetris, The Last Ninja, Barbarian and SimCity). In spite of themselves effectively racking racks in 1985, the games continued to develop and produced by professional software houses until 1991. There were about 1,400 games released for Acorn Electron, several thousand additional public domain titles were released on the drive through public Domain libraries. The well-known businesses that produced the drives of such software are BBC PD, Electron User Group and HeadFirst PD. Emulation There are several machine emulators: ElectrEm for Windows/Linux/macOS, Elkulator for Windows/Linux/DOS, ElkJS is a browser-based emulator (JavaScript/HTML5), and multi-stage emulators MESS and Signal Clock. The electronic software is mostly archived in the format of the UEF file. There are also two famous FPGA-based recreating of Acorn Electron equipment. ElectronFPGA for Papilio Duo and Acorn-Electron cores for FPGA Arcade Replay board. The design team operating system ROM locations 0xFC00-0xFDFF contain the following text, which differs from the thank you list in the original model BBC B: (C) 1983 Acorn Computers Ltd. Thanks for the following contributions to the development of electron (among others too much to mention): - Bob Austin, Astec, Harry Barman, Paul Bond, Allen Boothroyd, Ben Bridgewater, John Cox, Chris Curry, 6502 designers, Jeremy Dion, Tim Dobson, Joe Dunn, Ferranti, Steve Ferber, David Gale, Andrew Gordon, Martin Gilbert, Hardwick, Herman Hauser Hitachi, Andy Hopper, Paul Jeffkot, Brian Jones, Chris Jordan, Computer Lab, Tony Mann, Peter Miller, Trevor Morris, Steve Parsons, Robin Payne, John Thackray, Topexpress, Chris Turner, Hugo Tyson, John Umney, Alex van Someren, Jeff Vincent, Adrian Warner, Robin Williamson, Roger Wilson. In addition, the latest bytes of both BASIC ROM and ADFS v1.0 ROM 'Plus 3 Interface' include the word Roger, which is considered a reference to Roger Wilson. The case was developed by industrial designer Allen Butroyd of Cambridge Product Design Ltd. See also Electron User, the most popular Acorn Electron focused magazine Links - Spectrum toppled. An electronic user. Database publications. 3 (5): 7. February 1986. Received on November 1, 2015. Sinclair Spectrum stuns the BBC. Popular computing weekly. May 6, 1982. page 5. Received on September 28, 2020. Chris Curry of Acorn (PDF). Practical calculations. October 1982. 62-63, 69, 71. Received on October 18, 2020. The electron is designed to compete with Spectrum. The idea is to get the starting price very low, but does not rule out expansion in the long run. B with D Smith, Tony. Acorn's would-be X Spectrum Killer, Electron, 30. 2013-08-23. Register. Received on January 12, 2015. Acorn drops hints of an electron. User acorn. September 1982. Received on October 18, 2020. Electron to use additional modules. User acorn. October 1982. page 3. Received on October 18, 2020. The electronic launch is delayed. User acorn. November 1982. page 4. Received on October 18, 2020. The E-Service Manual (PDF). January 1987. Received on February 24, 2019. Acorn gives birth to the Master Compact. User acorn. October 1986. page 7. Received on September 4, 2020. The philosophy of Acorn is to aim for a compact in a home environment with parents buying a computer that their children can grow up in. - Electronic Extended User Guide - Appendix E - Electron receives microdrives in a Plus 3 box. User acorn. October 1984. page 9. Received on September 27, 2020. b Minus plus 2. User acorn. June 1986. page 45. Received on October 18, 2020. The Acorn Electron econet interface. BeebMaster. Received on September 27, 2020. Acorn Disc Electron Drive Connector - Internal Memo. Received on May 28, 2013. Stairwaytohell.Com - Equipment. Portices.fr. received on May 28, 2013. On the BBC Micro flashing cursor, if it is turned on, was superimposed on the output of the display 6845 CRTC and video Acorn ULA, without changing any screen memory. Acorn Electron did not have this additional equipment and had to change the memory of the screen in the software to blink the cursor. kupers_electron_6. 8bs.com. received on September 17, 2015. Andy's guide to using BBC software on 64K modified Acorn Electron. Received on July 4, 2008. - the ASB Computing Review. Acornelectron.co.uk. received on May 28, 2013. Acorn Electron World - Equipment, information and link Archives. Acornelectron.co.uk. received on May 28, 2013. - b c Healthy link for acorn. User acorn. June 1984. page 7. Received on October 8, 2020. Merlin M2105 information. Acornelectron.co.uk. received on May 28, 2013. Chris's acorns: BT Merlin M2105. chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk January 16, 2008. Received on October 1, 2015. Acorn considers ABCs. User acorn. May 1985. page 127. Received on August 30, 2020. Chef, Mike (October 1983). An expanding electron. An electronic user. page 12. Received on September 3, 2020. The bus address signal range available on the Electron edge connector is more than available on BBC Micro with its collection of connectors and sockets. Andrew C. Bray; Dickens, Adrian K.; Mark A. Holmes (1983). An extended user guide to the BBC microcomputer. Cambridge Centre for Microcomputers. page 437. ISBN 0946827001. The data buffer bus and the bottom 8 bits of address beads are connected to this outlet along with a series of useful signals Dickens, Adrian K.; Mark A. Holmes (September 1984). An extended user guide for Acorn Electron. Adder Publishing, Cambridge. page 207. ISBN 0947929037. In fact, Electron has more room to expand than the BBC BBC Why? Because all the necessary system buses go to the expansion connector. Picture: 102688877.lg.jpg, (500 × 359 px). archive.computerhistory.org. received on September 17, 2015. Picture: DSCF3052. JPG, (1600 × 1200 px)». 3.bp.blogspot.com. Received on September 17, 2015. Picture: DSCF3055. JPG, (1600 × 1200 px)». 1.bp.blogspot.com. Received on September 17, 2015. Picture: electron_issue4.jpg, (350 × 221 px). bygonebytes.co.uk. received on September 17, 2015. Picture: electron_issue6.jpg, (350 × 220 px). bygonebytes.co.uk. received on September 17, 2015. Peters, Nigel (November 1983). Electron vs. Spectre. An electronic user. 10-12. Received on September 3, 2020. Acorn Electron Equipment. pastraiser.com. received on September 17, 2015. The Electron Maintenance Manual (p.7) also states: In screen modes, 0, 1, 2, and 3, the screen uses all available memory time slots during the display period. The processor is denied access to RAM for 40 microseconds of each 64 microseconds of 256 lines in 312, i.e. during the display period, and this is done to wait for RAM access until the end of the period. - BBC Micro RAM clocks 4 MHz, allowing for intertwined processor and access to 2MHz display schemes. Electronic RAM is divided into four DRAM chips each, providing one bit per access, with extraction byte therefore requiring two DRAM access. This scheme supports only finding one forte on a 2MHz loop, with this bandwidth memory sharing the CPU and display scheme. ElectrEm. Electrem.emuunlim.com. received on May 28, 2013. The elculator is an acorn electron emulator. Elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk. received on May 28, 2013. ElkJS. - JavaScript browser based on the Acorn Electron and Hart emulator, Thomas. The hour-long signal. Github. Received March 31, 2019. ElectronFPGA. - Acorn Electron core for the Papilio duo - Acorn-Electron. - Acorn Electron Core for FPGA Arcade Replay Board Notes Acorn Electron Stories on 30 External Links Commons has media related to Acorn Electron. Ladder to Hell Acorn Electron World Electron MODE 7 Photos taken from

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