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Landscape Design LANDSCAPE DESIGN Brad Pedersen, Lynn McNaughton, Julie Weisenhorn, Tom Haugo and Mark Madsen The term landscape design may mean different things Sustainability and Landscape Design to different people, however, landscape design is Millions of dollars are spent each year designing, generally the art of creating and sensitively implementing, and maintaining urban landscapes. organizing the outdoor environment for human use Unfortunately, long-term problems are caused when and enjoyment. It is solving problems that may exist these processes are not carried out properly. Many of on a site, emphasizing the good points, minimizing these problems can be avoided or reduced by the conflicts, and ultimately creating a series of utilizing sustainable landscape practices. outdoor spaces that meet the needs of the customer. Good design concerns itself with the customer’s Sustainability has many different meanings. It can be property and any surrounding property so that they defined as an approach to landscaping that function in unison. emphasizes plant health and longevity. Sustainability does not mean the elimination of inputs into the Landscape design requires creativity, knowledge of landscape such as fertilizers, pesticides, labor and design principles, drawing skills, and the ability to financial investment. It includes the creation of work with people. It requires a knowledge of outdoor spaces that attempt to utilize fewer inputs, environmental conditions such as soil, wind, sun, and that are environmentally friendly, and that are self- precipitation, as well as knowledge of landscape perpetuating over a period of time. This requires a materials such as wood, stone, brick, concrete, and harmonious relationship among all components in the plants. In terms of plant material, the landscape landscape. Such a landscape will improve the architect and designer must be familiar with the environment by conserving resources, reducing cultural requirements of specific plants, their chemical applications, as well as labor inputs, which aesthetic characteristics, and how these make it less expensive to implement and maintain. characteristics can be used to fulfill a particular design function. Landscape design differs from Creating a sustainable landscape requires that the other art forms because the completed results design process should be considered first. Plant constantly change with each season and with yearly selection, implementation, and maintenance build on plant growth. the design process, each having sustainability as a major consideration. By utilizing these concepts, Landscape architects, professionally trained homeowners, business owners, and related industry landscape designers, or those who have many years personnel will be able to create outdoor spaces that of on-the-job experience are qualified to develop are functional, maintainable, environmentally landscape designs. Architects and designers must sound, cost effective and aesthetically or visually listen carefully and ask detailed questions to insure pleasing. The sustainable design process is based that the design meets the needs of the customer and on, and affected by, the order of these five main not those of the designer. Many benefits are obtained objectives. from good professional landscape design. First, a good design will solve functional problems that may Having a visually pleasing landscape is usually the exist on the site, such as screening bad views, most important objective and is addressed first in the enhancing good views, creating privacy from close design process. This is understandable since it is the neighbors, eliminating conflicts that may exist primary concern for most clients. Similar or equal between different use areas on the site, providing importance to a client is cost. Often, functionality, shade to cool the site or developing outside sitting maintenance and the environment receive less areas. Second, it can enhance the architecture of a attention or are neglected altogether until a problem building and its surrounding property, unifying it and arises in the completed landscape. The visually creating a pleasant setting. This conveys a favorable pleasing and cost effectiveness objectives should impression of the site and the people who occupy it. be the last to be evaluated. This in no way These values result in customer pride and will diminishes the importance of a "good looking" or potentially increase the value of the property. cost effective landscape, but it does challenge the 44-1 1106 designer to create that beauty from a more Visually Pleasing – A Visually Pleasing landscape is sustainable approach. These five key Design what everyone strives for. The objectives of Objectives are described below. functionality, maintainability, environmental soundness, and cost effectiveness provide the Functionality – Sustainable designs need to be functional. A functional landscape allows for the framework needed to create a visually pleasing easy accomplishment of movement, work, recreation landscape. Designing a sustainable landscape and leisure that occurs in and around the landscape. requires the integration of more variables, but should These functions are related to the actual activities not affect the aesthetic value of the landscape. It is associated with a family, a business, or a public important to note that none of these objectives are setting. mutually exclusive in the design process. The development of any design requires that each piece Maintainability – The functional and maintainable be revisited several times relative to the others before objectives are closely related. A functional design the best solution can be reached. has more to do with the users of the landscape, while a maintainable landscape is critical to landscape managers that care for the landscape. However, a The Base Plan landscape should be functional from both the user The Base Plan is developed from the information and the maintenance standpoint. A maintainable collected about the site by the landscape designer or landscape lowers labor costs and makes maintenance landscape architect. Base Plan information is the operations easier. It also reduces the need for starting point in the development of landscape fertilizers, pesticides, equipment, water and other design. Information is obtained from many places inputs. A sustainable landscape only reduces the and should involve communicating with many amount of input needed; it does not eliminate it. people. The development of a Base Plan is necessary to design residential, commercial, and public landscapes. Depending on the size and complexity of Environmentally Soundness – An environmentally the landscape project, segments of the process used to sound landscape design must first be functional and create a Base Plan may be combined or eliminated. maintainable. In addition, the proper design of plants Larger and more complex projects will require and related hardscaping or features such as walks, separate documents and a greater number of maps, fences and retaining walls, greatly affect the quality plans, and other informational pieces. Base Plan of any landscape over its entire life. For example, a development involves the following requirements. philosophy of "right plant, right place" as well as "right plant, right purpose" will ameliorate the Interview – In a residential landscape design amount of environmental, disease, and insect stress program, the information gathering procedure is that a plant must tolerate. A plant continually in simply called the client or family Interview and stress will require more maintenance, which means frequently involves the landscape designer or more labor, fertilizer, pesticides, and ultimately cost. landscape architect and the owner(s) of the residence. In commercial designs, the process is somewhat more Cost Effective – Cost effectiveness is impacted by involved and may include a Needs Assessment the processes, plants, and hardgoods used in the process. Owners, managers, supervisors, implementation of a landscape design, and by the maintenance personnel, and city or county officials quality of each of these factors. Cost should not may be involved along with a landscape designer, dictate whether the landscape is functional, architect or engineer in the preparation of a Needs maintainable, or environmentally sound; rather, these Assessment document. requirements should be met regardless of the budget. A simple, low cost landscape should be just as The Interview and Needs Assessment are very sustainable as an extensive high-cost landscape. In important parts of the design program that stress many cases, the installation cost of a sustainable sustainability. They should be completed as a "self landscape may be less. Also, the ongoing evaluation" when home or business owners are maintenance costs of a functional, maintainable, and designing their own property, and the Needs environmentally sound landscape is usually lower, Assessment should be a prerequisite to working with which can mean considerable savings throughout the a landscape designer or architect. This is very life of the landscape. difficult for individuals without formal training to do, because many of the questions may seem unrelated to 44-2 1106 the project they visualize. Enclosure (1) at the end of to the actual design sequence and is a combination of this chapter provides a Landscape Design sketches, plans, and notes. Many professionals find it Questionnaire for use in obtaining information during productive to begin
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