DOCSLIB.ORG

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Complex Mediated Amplification Assay (Procleix, Novartis)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Complex Mediated Amplification Assay (Procleix, Novartis) Japanese Encephalitis Virus Complex mediated amplification assay (Procleix, Novartis). The same patient was negative when tested with the Cobas Taqscreen Disease Agent: (Roche) WNV PCR assay. • Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Usutu virus Common Human Exposure Routes: (USUV) • Vector-borne (Culex mosquitoes) Disease Agent Characteristics: Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: • Family: Flaviviridae; Genus: Flavivirus • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, icosahedral nucleo- • For JEV, absent except for rare intrauterine transmission capsid symmetry, spherical particles, 40 to 60 nm in recorded diameter • Undocumented for USUV • Nucleic acid: Linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA At-Risk Populations: genome, ~11.0 kb in length • Physicochemical properties: Infectivity inactivated and • Widely distributed in Asia destroyed by heating for 10 minutes at >56°C; half life of 7 • Affects all ages, but especially children and the elderly hours at 37°C; sensitive to treatment with lipid solvents, Vector and Reservoir Involved: detergents, ether, trypsin, chloroform, formaldehyde, heat and b-propiolactone; infectivity reduced after exposure to • Main epidemic JEV vectors are mosquitoes of the Culex irradiation and inactivated at pH 1-3 species, especially C. tritaeniorhynchus, which is an evening- and nighttime-biting mosquito that feeds preferentially on Disease Name: pigs and birds and infrequently on humans. Culicine mos- • Japanese encephalitis quitos are also the vectors for USUV. • In temperate regions, pigs and birds (principally ardeid Priority Level: species, such as egrets and black-crowned night herons, and • Scientific/Epidemiologic evidence regarding blood safety: possibly ducks) are effective amplifying hosts for JEV. USUV Theoretical; because of the similarity to West Nile virus circulates in birds. (WNV), transfusion risk during JEV outbreaks may occur. Blood Phase: • Public perception and/or regulatory concern regarding blood safety: Absent • Virus can be isolated from the blood infrequently after the • Public concern regarding disease agent: Absent appearance of symptoms. It is unknown whether a biologi- cally relevant viremic phase occurs during asymptomatic Background: infections. • Recognized in horses and humans in 1871; severe epidemic Survival/Persistence in Blood Products: occurred in Japan in 1924; isolated from human brain in 1935 • Unknown • Increasing in India, Nepal, and South East Asia while declin- Transmission by Blood Transfusion: ing in Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan, and China since 1970 because of widespread vaccination programs and other preventive • No cases documented; however, because of similarity to measures. Most recently detected in Australia. WNV (i.e., mosquito-borne flavivirus that results in com- • 35,000-50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths occur annually in munity epidemics), transfusion transmission is plausible Asia, but the disease is greatly underreported. during JEV and USUV outbreaks. • A closely related member of the JEV complex, USUV, was Cases/Frequency in Population: implicated in the development of neuroinvasive disease in two immunosuppressed patients in northern Italy; one who • JEV is widely distributed in Asia; infection rates may exceed was viremic immediately prior to orthotopic liver trans- 1% during periods of peak transmission, which usually plantation and the other who became infected following occurs from June to November chemotherapy. Virus-specific RNA was detected by RT-PCR • Where vaccination programs are not in place, nearly all in the plasma of both patients and virus was isolated from persons in endemic areas have been infected (antibody- the blood in one patient and CSF in the other patient; in positive) by young adulthood. both cases, sequencing revealed 98% identity with known • JEV is not endemic in the US but imported by travelers USUV isolates. Transmission in both cases occurred while returning from endemic areas with an estimated risk of one USUV was circulating in the area; prior to these two case per million travelers; risk increases with a prolonged cases, USUV had not been associated with neurological stay in a rural area where active JEV transmission is occur- disease in humans. In one of the cases, the patient was ring. From 1973-2008, 55 cases of travel-associated JE identified due to low-level reactivity in a WNV transcription- were reported from 17 countries (15 from the US). Thailand, December 2010: update to TRANSFUSION 2009;49(Suppl):116-117S. Indonesia and China were where the disease was most com- Agent-specific Screening Question(s): monly acquired. • No specific question is in use. • USUV is found in sub-Saharan Africa, central and southern • No sensitive or specific question is feasible. Europe. Laboratory Test(s) Available: Incubation Period: • No FDA-licensed blood donor screening tests exist. • 6-16 days from exposure to onset of symptoms • Virus can occasionally be isolated in cell culture from the Likelihood of Clinical Disease: blood of symptomatic cases. Isolation possibilities are better from the CSF (up to one-third of cases). • Inapparent-to-apparent infection rate ranges from 200-300 • Serology on paired serum samples showing fourfold rise in to 1 titer by neutralization, CF or HI is diagnostic. • An IgM-capture EIA test is helpful in diagnosing JEV by Primary Disease Symptoms: detection of serum and intrathecal antibody. • JEV • PCR and viral sequencing are used for both JEV and USUV Febrile headache syndrome Aseptic meningitis Currently Recommended Donor Deferral Period: Encephalitis characterized by rapid onset with a 2- to • No FDA Guidance or AABB Standard exists. 4-day prodrome of headache, fever, chills, nausea, • Prudent practice would be to defer for 1 year after resolution vomiting, dizziness, and drowsiness followed by nuchal of symptoms based on limited data regarding persistence in rigidity, photophobia, altered states of consciousness, PBMC. seizures, hyperexcitability, and focal neurologic signs of CNS involvement. Impact on Blood Availability: Acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis can • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable occur • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable • USUV Clinical illness is unusual and described only in case Impact on Blood Safety: reports. In immunocompromised hosts, it appears • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable capable of causing neuroinvasive disease broadly • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable similar to JEV. Leukoreduction Efficacy: Severity of Clinical Disease: • Unknown, but PBMC isolation study mentioned previously • Severe manifestations of the disease can occur with accom- suggests that leukoreduction might lower a theoretical risk panying mortality. from JEV • Neuropsychiatric sequelae are frequent (45%-70% of JEV sur- vivors) often with thalamic or other lesions on MRI. These Pathogen Reduction Efficacy for Plasma Derivatives: include a Parkinsonian syndrome, convulsive disorders, • Multiple pathogen reduction steps used in the fractionation paralysis, mental retardation, and psychiatric disorders. process have been shown to be robust in removal of envel- Mortality: oped viruses. • Children and the elderly are at the highest risk for JEV mor- Other Prevention Measures: tality, which ranges from 5%-40% (2%-11% reported in US • Formalin-inactivated vaccines for humans have an efficacy military personnel) with the highest frequency usually of 91%; a live attenuated vaccine is in use in China yielding associated with poor medical care. seroconversion in 95% after one dose. Genetically engi- Chronic Carriage: neered vaccines are in development. • Mosquito control • Evidence for persistent/latent infection in humans is based on recovery of JEV from PBMC of asymptomatic children 9 Suggested Reading: months after acute JEV as well as in children developing 1. Berenson MW, Top FH Jr, Gresso W, Ames CW, Altstatt LB. recurrent disease. JEV was also recovered from CSF 4 months The virulence to man of Japanese encephalitis virus in Thai- after onset of symptoms. The relevance of these data remains land. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24:974-80. to be elucidated. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Japanese encephalitis virus. Recommendations of the Advisory Com- Treatment Available/Efficacious: mittee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly • Supportive treatment Rep MMWR 2010;59:1-27. 3. Chang GJ, Kuno G, Purdy DE, Davis BS. Recent advance- 9. Lindenbach BC, Thiel HJ, Rice CM. Flaviviridae: the viruses ment in flavivirus vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. 2004;3:199-220. Fields virology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & 4. Chaturvedi UC, Mathur A, Chandra A, Das SK, Tandon HO, Wilkins; 2007. p. 1101-52. Singh UK. Transplacental infection with Japanese encepha- 10. Mackenzie JS. Emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: litis virus. J Inf Dis 1993;168:1520-3. lessons from Southeast Asia and Oceania. J Neurovirol 5. Gaibani P, Pierro AM, Cavrini F, Rossini G, Landini MP, Sambri 2005;11:434-40. V. False-positive transcription-mediated amplification assay 11. Pecorari M, Longo G, Gennai W, Grottola A, Sabbatini AM, detection of West Nile virus in blood from a patient with Tagliazucchi S, Savini G, Monaco F, Simone ML, Lelli R, viremia caused by an Usutu virus infection. J Clin Microbiol Rumpianesi F. First human case of Usutu virus neuro-inva- 2010;48:3338-9. sive infection, Italy, Aug-Sept 2009. Euro Surveill 2009;14: 6. Gubler
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B
    Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B. Hayes Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus related to yellow fever, est (4). Serologic studies indicated that humans could also dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In be infected (5). Transmission of ZIKV by artificially fed 2007 ZIKV caused an outbreak of relatively mild disease Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to mice and a monkey in a labora- characterized by rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis on Yap tory was reported in 1956 (6). Island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This was the first ZIKV was isolated from humans in Nigeria during time that ZIKV was detected outside of Africa and Asia. The studies conducted in 1968 and during 1971–1975; in 1 history, transmission dynamics, virology, and clinical mani- festations of ZIKV disease are discussed, along with the study, 40% of the persons tested had neutralizing antibody possibility for diagnostic confusion between ZIKV illness to ZIKV (7–9). Human isolates were obtained from febrile and dengue. The emergence of ZIKV outside of its previ- children 10 months, 2 years (2 cases), and 3 years of age, ously known geographic range should prompt awareness of all without other clinical details described, and from a 10 the potential for ZIKV to spread to other Pacific islands and year-old boy with fever, headache, and body pains (7,8). the Americas. From 1951 through 1981, serologic evidence of human ZIKV infection was reported from other African coun- tries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, Central African n April 2007, an outbreak of illness characterized by rash, Republic, Sierra Leone (10), and Gabon, and in parts of arthralgia, and conjunctivitis was reported on Yap Island I Asia including India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, in the Federated States of Micronesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Encephalitis
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:405–415 405 NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TROPICAL DISEASE Japanese encephalitis Tom Solomon, Nguyen Minh Dung, Rachel Kneen, Mary Gainsborough, David W Vaughn, Vo Thi Khanh Although considered by many in the west to be West Nile virus, a flavivirus found in Africa, the a rare and exotic infection, Japanese encephali- Middle East, and parts of Europe, is tradition- tis is numerically one of the most important ally associated with a syndrome of fever causes of viral encephalitis worldwide, with an arthralgia and rash, and with occasional estimated 50 000 cases and 15 000 deaths nervous system disease. However, in 1996 West annually.12About one third of patients die, and Nile virus caused an outbreak of encephalitis in half of the survivors have severe neuropshychi- Romania,5 and a West Nile-like flavivirus was atric sequelae. Most of China, Southeast Asia, responsible for an encephalitis outbreak in and the Indian subcontinent are aVected by the New York in 1999.67 virus, which is spreading at an alarming rate. In In northern Europe and northern Asia, flavi- these areas, wards full of children and young viruses have evolved to use ticks as vectors adults aZicted by Japanese encephalitis attest because they are more abundant than mosqui- Department of to its importance. toes in cooler climates. Far eastern tick-borne Neurological Science, University of encephalitis virus (also known as Russian Liverpool, Walton Historical perspective spring-summer encephalitis virus) is endemic Centre for Neurology Epidemics of encephalitis were described in in the eastern part of the former USSR, and and Neurosurgery, Japan from the 1870s onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • A Replication-Defective Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
    www.nature.com/npjvaccines ARTICLE OPEN A replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine candidate with NS1 deletion confers dual protection against JEV and West Nile virus in mice ✉ Na Li1,2, Zhe-Rui Zhang1,2, Ya-Nan Zhang1,2, Jing Liu1,2, Cheng-Lin Deng1, Pei-Yong Shi3, Zhi-Ming Yuan1, Han-Qing Ye 1 and ✉ Bo Zhang 1,4 In our previous study, we have demonstrated in the context of WNV-ΔNS1 vaccine (a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1) that the NS1 trans-complementation system may offer a promising platform for the development of safe and efficient flavivirus vaccines only requiring one dose. Here, we produced high titer (107 IU/ml) replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with NS1 deletion (JEV-ΔNS1) in the BHK-21 cell line stably expressing NS1 (BHKNS1) using the same strategy. JEV-ΔNS1 appeared safe with a remarkable genetic stability and high degrees of attenuation of in vivo neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in mice after a single dose, providing similar degrees of protection to SA14-14-2 vaccine (a most widely used live attenuated JEV vaccine), with healthy condition, undetectable viremia and gradually rising body weight. Importantly, we also found JEV-ΔNS1 induced robust cross-protective immune responses against the challenge of heterologous West Nile virus (WNV), another important member in the same JEV serocomplex, accounting for up to 80% survival rate following a single dose of immunization relative to mock-vaccinated mice. These results not only support the identification of 1234567890():,; the NS1-deleted flavivirus vaccines with a satisfied balance between safety and efficacy, but also demonstrate the potential of the JEV-ΔNS1 as an alternative vaccine candidate against both JEV and WNV challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinically Important Vector-Borne Diseases of Europe
    Natalie Cleton, DVM Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Department of Viroscience [email protected] No potential conflicts of interest to disclose © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Erasmus Medical Centre Department of Viroscience Laboratory Diagnosis of Arboviruses © by author Natalie Cleton ESCMID Online LectureMarion Library Koopmans Chantal Reusken [email protected] Distribution Arboviruses with public health impact have a global and ever changing distribution © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Notifications of vector-borne diseases in the last 6 months on Healthmap.org Syndromes of arboviral diseases 1) Febrile syndrome: – Fever & Malaise – Headache & retro-orbital pain – Myalgia 2) Neurological syndrome: – Meningitis, encephalitis & myelitis – Convulsions & coma – Paralysis 3) Hemorrhagic syndrome: – Low platelet count, liver enlargement – Petechiae © by author – Spontaneous or persistent bleeding – Shock 4) Arthralgia,ESCMID Arthritis and Online Rash: Lecture Library – Exanthema or maculopapular rash – Polyarthralgia & polyarthritis Human arboviruses: 4 main virus families Family Genus Species examples Flaviviridae flavivirus Dengue 1-5 (DENV) West Nile virus (WNV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Zika virus (ZIKV) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Togaviridae alphavirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV) Mayaro virus (MAYV) Sindbis virus (SINV) Ross River virus (RRV) Barmah forest virus (BFV) Bunyaviridae nairo-, phlebo-©, orthobunyavirus by authorCrimean -Congo heamoragic fever (CCHFV) Sandfly fever virus
    [Show full text]
  • Virulence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes I and III, Taiwan
    Virulence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes I and III, Taiwan Yi-Chin Fan,1 Jen-Wei Lin,1 Shu-Ying Liao, within a year (8,9), which provided an excellent opportu- Jo-Mei Chen, Yi-Ying Chen, Hsien-Chung Chiu, nity to study the transmission dynamics and pathogenicity Chen-Chang Shih, Chi-Ming Chen, of these 2 JEV genotypes. Ruey-Yi Chang, Chwan-Chuen King, A mouse model showed that the pathogenic potential Wei-June Chen, Yi-Ting Ko, Chao-Chin Chang, is similar among different JEV genotypes (10). However, Shyan-Song Chiou the pathogenic difference between GI and GIII virus infec- tions among humans remains unclear. Endy et al. report- The virulence of genotype I (GI) Japanese encephalitis vi- ed that the proportion of asymptomatic infected persons rus (JEV) is under debate. We investigated differences in among total infected persons (asymptomatic ratio) is an the virulence of GI and GIII JEV by calculating asymptomat- excellent indicator for estimating virulence or pathogenic- ic ratios based on serologic studies during GI- and GIII-JEV endemic periods. The results suggested equal virulence of ity of dengue virus infections among humans (11). We used GI and GIII JEV among humans. the asymptomatic ratio method for a study to determine if GI JEV is associated with lower virulence than GIII JEV among humans in Taiwan. apanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquitoborne Jflavivirus, causes Japanese encephalitis (JE). This virus The Study has been reported in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific re- JEVs were identified in 6 locations in Taiwan during 1994– gions since it emerged during the 1870s in Japan (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture
    BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT published: 04 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561502 Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan 1, Michael K. Lo 1, Payel Chatterjee 1, Mike Flint 1, Stuart T. Nichol 1, Joel M. Montgomery 1, Barry R. O’Keefe 2,3 and Christina F. Spiropoulou 1* 1 Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2 Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States, 3 Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), highly pathogenic hantaviruses, cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Currently no therapeutics are approved for use against these infections. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a high-mannose oligosaccharide-binding lectin currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials as a topical microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04032717, NCT02875119) and has shown Edited by: broad-spectrum in vivo activity against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory Alemka Markotic, syndrome coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus. University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic,” Croatia In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric Reviewed by: tandemer 3mGRFT against ANDV and SNV. Our results demonstrate that GRFT is a Zhilong Yang, potent inhibitor of ANDV infection. GRFT inhibited entry of pseudo-particles typed with Kansas State University, United States ANDV envelope glycoprotein into host cells, suggesting that it inhibits viral envelope Gill Diamond, University of Louisville, United States protein function during entry.
    [Show full text]
  • Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine
    January 8, 1993 / Vol. 42 / No. RR-1 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Recommendations and Reports Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Japanese encephalitis vi- rus vaccine. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-1):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .................... William L. Roper, M.D., M.P.H. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by: National Center for Infectious Diseases..................................James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases ........................Duane J. Gubler, Sc.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in: Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Series Scientific Information and Communications Program Recommendations and Reports ................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Sharon D. Hoskins Project Editor Rachel J. Wilson Editorial Trainee Peter M. Jenkins Visual Information Specialist Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    [Show full text]
  • Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role As Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus
    viruses Article Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus Melanie Rissmann 1, Nils Kley 1, Reiner Ulrich 2,3 , Franziska Stoek 1, Anne Balkema-Buschmann 1 , Martin Eiden 1 and Martin H. Groschup 1,* 1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; melanie.rissmann@fli.de (M.R.); [email protected] (N.K.); franziska.stoek@fli.de (F.S.); anne.balkema-buschmann@fli.de (A.B.-B.); martin.eiden@fli.de (M.E.) 2 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; [email protected] 3 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany * Correspondence: martin.groschup@fli.de; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1163 Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogen, which is endemic in Africa, causing large epidemics, characterized by severe diseases in ruminants but also in humans. As in vitro and field investigations proposed amphibians and reptiles to potentially play a role in the enzootic amplification of the virus, we experimentally infected African common toads and common agamas with two RVFV strains. Lymph or sera, as well as oral, cutaneous and anal swabs were collected from the challenged animals to investigate seroconversion, viremia and virus shedding. Furthermore, groups of animals were euthanized 3, 10 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) to examine viral loads in different tissues during the infection. Our data show for the first time that toads are refractory to RVFV infection, showing neither seroconversion, viremia, shedding nor tissue manifestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011
    O P S N N O PR O V United States of America Washington, D.C. 20037, 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W., I S M A U L U N T D E I O H P A PAHO/CDC PREparEDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INTRODUCTION IN THE AMERICAS Chikungunya Virus Chikungunya Introduction in theAmericas in Introduction Preparedness andResponse for Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas S A LU O T R E P O P A P H S O N I O D V I M U N PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011 ISBN: 978-92-75-11632-6 I. Title 1. VECTOR CONTROL 2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL 3. EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE 4. DISEASE OUTBREAKS 5. VIRUS DISEASE - transmission 6. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 7. AMERICAS NLM QX 650.DA1 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Management and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area for Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Project for Alert and Response and Epidemic Diseases, at (202) 974-3010 or via email at [email protected], will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©Pan American Health Organization, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaker Notes
    Japanese Encephalitis S Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection of horses, pigs l and humans. It is also referred to as Japanese B encephalitis, arbovirus B, i and mosquito-borne encephalitis virus. d Japanese Encephalitis e Japanese B Encephalitis, Arbovirus B 1 S In today’s presentation we will cover information regarding the organism l Overview that causes Japanese encephalitis and the epidemiology of the disease. We i • Economic Impact will also talk about the economic impact the disease has had in the past • Epidemiology and could have in the future. Additionally, we will talk about how it is d • Transmission transmitted, the species it affects, the clinical signs and necropsy findings, e • Clinical Signs as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Finally, we will • Diagnosis and Treatment • Disease in Humans address prevention and control measures for the disease as well as actions 2 • Prevention and Control to take if Japanese encephalitis is suspected. • Actions to Take Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 (Photo of Culex mosquito laying eggs, from CDC website at www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/jencphalitis) S l i d The Organism e 3 S Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus in the l Japanese Encephalitis family Flaviviridae (related to St. Louis encephalitis virus, Murray valley i • Genus Flavivirus virus, and West Nile virus). The name of the family is derived from the • Name derived from Latin ‘flavus’ meaning yellow, which refers to the yellow fever virus, d the Latin flavus meaning also a member of this family.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Encephalitis
    Alberta Health Public Health Disease Management Guidelines Japanese Encephalitis Revision Dates Case Definition March 2011 Reporting Requirements May 2018 Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) March 2011 Case Definition Confirmed Case Clinical illness(A) with laboratory confirmation of infection: Isolation of japanese encephalitis virus (JE) from an appropriate clinical specimen OR Detection of JE viral nucleic acid (e.g., PCR) in an appropriate clinical specimen OR Seroconversion or significant difference between acute and convalescent phase JE HAI titres ideally taken at least 2 weeks apart and confirmed by PRNT(B,C). Probable Case Clinical illness(A) and one of the following: Seroconversion or significant difference between acute and convalescent phase JE HAI titres ideally taken at least 2 weeks apart but not confirmed by PRNT(B) OR Stable elevated serial HAI titres(D) to JE that occur during a period when and where arboviral transmission is likely(E) OR Single elevated HAI titre(D) to JE that occurs during a period when and where arboviral transmission is likely(E). (A) Clinical illness is characterized by a febrile illness of variable severity associated with neurological symptoms ranging from headache to aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. Arboviral encephalitis cannot be distinguished clinically from other central nervous system (CNS) infections. Symptoms can include headache, confusion or other alteration in sensorium, nausea and vomiting. Signs may include fever, meningismus, cranial nerve palsies, paresis or paralysis, sensory deficits, altered reflexes, convulsions, abnormal movements and coma of varying degree. (B) Seroconversion indicates recent infection with a flavivirus (e.g., dengue fever, California serogroup, West Nile virus or yellow fever) but cannot pinpoint which one due to antibody cross-reactivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Point-Of-Care Diagnostics for Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus Infection
    Short note Point-of-care diagnostics for dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infection Subhash C. Arya and Nirmala Agarwal Sant Parmanand Hospital, 18 Alipore Road, Delhi-110054 The global resurgence of dengue in otherwise sample was positive for two infections, viz. JEV naive locations has been associated with and West Nile virus (WNV).[6] concurrent dissemination of identical vector- borne viral diseases. Concurrent infection by There has been no chemotherapy available dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus for patients with JEV, DENV, CHIKV or WNV. (CHIKV) has been known for several Such cases require appropriate clinical decades.[1] Nevertheless, recent global CHIKV management and public health response. During dissemination[2] or its local re-emergence[3] after the initial stage of illness the clinical presentations a gap has been intriguing. Increased are ambiguous and are accompanied by viremia. intercontinental travel has blown up the ghost These cases are highly infectious with their blood of the traditional endemic foci of CHIKV and teeming with viral RNA. If bitten by the mosquito has resulted in CHIKV patients being found in vector, they would contribute to disease the United States.[4] Moreover, there could dissemination. Moreover, they are likely to be even be coincidental episodes of the Japanese offered empirical doses of antibiotics by the encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. During the clinicians. Any point-of-care indication about JEV, early 1940s, there were dengue outbreaks in DENV, CHIKV or WNV would be imperative Guam, followed, during 1947, by the from the clinical and public health perspective. concurrent epidemics of mumps virus and JEV.
    [Show full text]