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Open Shelf-Life Dating of Food

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Open Shelf-Life Dating of Food Open Shelf-Life Dating of Food August 1979 NTIS order #PB80-101629 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-600128 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 052-003 -00694-4 In this study OTA addressed the practicality of open shelf-life dating of food to disclose food freshness to the consumer. The assessment was undertaken at the request of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The Office of Technology Assessment formed a panel of consumer represent- atives, food retailers, processors, wholesalers, scientific experts, and State and Federal Government officials. Staffs of the Congressional Research Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Food and Drug Administration provided background information to the assessment. Individual papers and reports were commissioned concerning the scientific basis for open dating of food and the crit- ical issues involved. A nationwide mail survey was conducted to gain the con- sumer’s perspective. In addition, reviews of the draft reports were provided by Federal agencies and officials, and a wide spectrum of interested individuals. These wide-ranging contributions were vital to the shaping of the assessment and to developing congressional options. To all of these people OTA acknowledges a deep debt of gratitude; however, the report is an OTA staff synthesis and does not necessarily reflect the position or views of any particular individual. JOHN H. GIBBONS Director ill OTA Open Shelf-Life Dating of Food Advisory Panel Michael J. Phillips, Chairman OTA Project Director Jane Anderson Edward Heffron Sharon Morganstern Director of Consumer Affairs Chief, Food Inspection Division Assistant to the President American Meat Institute Department of Agriculture National American Wholesale State of Michigan Grocers Association Jules Bauermann Director of Food Technology Herman Kammerman Daniel Padberg H. W. Longacre, Inc. Director, Office of Consumer Chairman, Department of Affairs Agricultural Economics Lowrie M. Beacham City of Cleveland, Ohio University of Illinois Special Advisor to the President James Kirk National Food Processors *Taylor Quinn Association Chairman, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Associate Director of Compliance John Bennett University of Florida Bureau of Foods Food and Drug Administration Chief, Weights and Measures Gary Kushner Division U.S. Department of Health, Attorney at Law Education, and Welfare Department of Consumer Leighton, Conklin, and Lemov Protection Austin Rhoades State of Connecticut Theodore Labuza Professor, Department of Food Administrative Assistant Judy Braiman-Lipson Science and Nutrition Milk Industry Foundation and President University of Minnesota International Association of Empire State Consumers Ice Cream Manufacturers Association *Jeffrey Odum Staff Assistant Morton Shaevel Chambers Bryson Committee on Laws and Vice President for Research and Chief, Food and Drug Section Regulations Development Department of Health National Conference on Weights Freezer Queen Foods, Inc. State of California and Measures National Bureau of Standards Gary Smith Mahlon Burnette Professor, Department of Animal Director of Scientific Affairs Amihud Kramer Science Grocery Manufacturers of Professor, Department of Texas A&M University America Horticulture University of Maryland Jeri Smith-Fornara *Carl D’Alessandro Arizona Consumers Council Assistant to the Administrator Darryl Lund Food Safety and Quality Service Professor, Department of Food Tom Sporleder U.S. Department of Agriculture Science Professor of Agricultural University of Wisconsin Economics John DeMoss Roy Martin Texas A&M University Executive Director Director of Science and Virginia Food Dealers Association Joe Suiter Technology Assistant Supervisor John Farquhar National Fisheries Institute Dairy and Food Division Vice President, Education and Stan McHugh State of Washington Technology Vice President Food Marketing Institute American Bakeries Company Dale Watson Vice President for Produce G. William Fouse George Michael Merchandising Chief, Division of Milk Sanitation Director, Division of Food and Great A&P Tea Company Bureau of Foods and Chemistry Drugs Department of Agriculture Department of Public Health Ruth Yannatta Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Massachusetts California Citizens Action Group *Ex officio NOTE: The Advisory Panel provided advice and comment throughout the assessment, but does not necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse the report for which OTA assumes full responsibility. iv OTA Open Shelf-Life Dating of Food Staff Joyce C. Lashof, Assistant Director Health and Life Sciences Division J. B. Cordaro, Food and Renewable Resources Group Manager* Walter Parham, Food and Renewable Resources Group Manager Michael J. Phillips, Project Director Phyllis Balan Elizabeth Galloway Yvonne Noel Robert L. Smith, Jr. Ray Hoehle Contractors and Consultants Theodore P. Labuza Thomas L. Sporleder Amihud Kramer James Kirk Dorothy Mayes Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Leighton, Conklin, and Lemov Market Facts, Inc. OTA Publishing Staff John C. Holmes, Publishing Officer Kathie S. Boss Joanne Heming *Through June 16, 1979. OTA Food Advisory Committee Martin E. Abel, Chairman Senior Vice President, Schnittker Associates Johanna Dwyer, Vice Chairman Director, Frances Stern Nutrition Center David Call Richard L. Hall Kathleen O* Reilly Dean, College of Agriculture Vice President, Science and Director and Life Sciences Technology Consumer Federation of America Cornell University McCormick & Company, Inc. R. Dennis Rouse Cy Carpenter Laura Heuser Dean, School of Agriculture President Member, Board of Directors Auburn University Minnesota Farmers Union Agricultural Council of America Arnold Mayer Lauren Seth Eliot Coleman Legislative Representative Agricultural Consultant Director Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Coolidge Center for the Butcher Workmen of North Thomas Sporleder Study of Agriculture America Professor of Agricultural Almeta Edwards Fleming Economics Max Milner Texas A&M University Social Program Coordinator Executive Director Florence County, S.C. American Institute of Nutrition Sylvan Wittwer Lorne Greene Robert O. Nesheim Director and Assistant Dean Chairman of the Board Vice President, Science and College of Agriculture and American Freedom From Technology Natural Resources Hunger Foundation The Quaker Oats Company Michigan State University NOTE: The Food Advisory Committee provided advice and comment throughout the assessment, but does not necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse the report for which OTA assumes full responsibility. vi Contents Chapter Page Chapter Page I. Executive Summary . 1 VI. Alternative Open-Dating Systems . 39 Consumer Concerns . 1 Voluntary System, .., . 39 Background. 3 Mandatory System.,. 39 State Practices . 3 Voluntary/Mandatory System . 41 3 Practices in Other Countries ., . VII. Enforcement and Liability . 43 Findings and Conclusions. 5 Methods o fEnforcement . 43 Overall Findings . 5 Before-Date Enforcement . 43 Specific Findings . 5 Beyond-Date Enforcement . 44 Benefits. ...,. 5 Federal/State Enforcement . 45 costs . 6 Liability, . 46 Open-Dating Techniques . 6 Liability Under the Food, Drug, and Criteria in Establishing Open Dates 7 Cosmetic Act . 46 Enforcement and Liability . 7 Civil Liability. .,..... 47 Congressional Options . 8 Voluntary System . 8 VIII. Economic and Social Costs . 49 Mandatory System . 9 Costs of Open Dating . 49 Congress Specifies the Detail. 9 Establishing Shelf Life. 49 Leave Implementation of Detail Dating the Package. 49 to Others . 10 Enforcement ..,..,.. 49 Voluntary/Mandatory System , ., ., . 11 Comparison With Nutrition Labeling. 50 Impact. 50 II. Consumer Perspective on Open Dating. 13 Processors, . 50 Attitudes Toward Open Dating . 13 Wholesalers and Retailers . 50 Understanding Open Dates . 14 Consumers . 50 Preference Among Open Dates . 15 Government . 51 Differences Among Subgroups of Shoppers. 18 IX. Array of Congressional Options . 53 Congressional Options . 53 III. Benefits of Open Dating. 19 Food Quality.. 20 Appendixes Nutrition. ..., . 20 A. Application of Open Dating to Food Safety.,.. 21 Specific Foods . 59 Inventory Control. 21 B. Basic Food Preservation and Education , . ..., . 21 Deterioration Modes. , . 77 c. Technological Evaluation of Shelf Life Iv. Alternative Open-Dating Techniques . 23 of Foods. ,. ....., . 87 Method of Open Dating. , . 23 D. Status of Open Shelf-Life Dating Pack Date . 23 Regulations for Selected Countries Sell-by and Best-if-Used-by Dates. 24 and International Food Labeling To Remain in Grade Use-(Sell-) Organizations, 1978. 103 by Date . 26 E, Bibliography, . 105 Combination Dates . 26 Implementation, . 27 Storage Instructions. 27 LIST OF TABLES Type of Date Marking. 27 28 Exemptions. Table No. Page v. Establishing Open Dates . 31 1. Summary of Open-Date Labeling Alternative Criteria . 34 Requirements by States, 1978 . 4 Sensory Quality . 34 2. Consumer Usefulness of Information on Nutrient Loss . 35 Food Packages . 14 Perishability Time Categories . 36 3. Consumer Understanding of Freshness Scientific Tests and Data Needed . 36 Dates. 14 Impact on Technology Development . 37 4. Consumer Preferences for Open Dates. 15 vii Table No. Page Figure No. Page 5. Major Modes of Deterioration, Critical C-2. Constant Shelf Life Lost . 90 Environmental Factors. Shelf Life, and C-3. First-Order Degradation . 90 Type of Open Dating
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