Szent István Egyetem Körtegyümölcs Alkoholos Fermentációjának És

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Szent István Egyetem Körtegyümölcs Alkoholos Fermentációjának És 10.14751/SZIE.2018.006 Szent István Egyetem Körtegyümölcs alkoholos fermentációjának és párlatai aromaprofiljának tanulmányozása Kovács Attila Gábor Budapest 2018. 10.14751/SZIE.2018.006 A doktori iskola Megnevezése: Élelmiszertudományi Doktori Iskola Tudományága: Élelmiszertudományok Vezetője: Dr. Vatai Gyula egyetemi tanár Szent István Egyetem, Élelmiszertudományi Kar, Élelmiszeripari Műveletek és Gépek Tanszék Témavezetők: Dr. Hoschke Ágoston egyetemi tanár Szent István Egyetem, Élelmiszertudományi Kar, Sör- és Szeszipari Tanszék Dr. Nguyen Duc Quang egyetemi tanár Szent István Egyetem, Élelmiszertudományi Kar, Sör- és Szeszipari Tanszék A doktori iskola- és a témavezetők jóváhagyó aláírása: A jelölt a Szent István Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. ........................................................... ........................................................... Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezetők jóváhagyása 10.14751/SZIE.2018.006 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 1 BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................ 4 2 IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1 GYÜMÖLCS ALAPÚ PÁRLATOK A MÚLTBAN ........................................................................... 6 2.2 DEFINÍCIÓ, JOGI SZABÁLYOZÁSOK ......................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Szeszes italok ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Eredetvédett pálinkák ........................................................................................................ 7 2.3 ÉGETETT SZESZES ITALOK...................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Szőlő alapú párlatok .......................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Gyümölcs alapú párlatok ................................................................................................. 10 2.4 GYÜMÖLCS, MINT NYERSANYAG ......................................................................................... 11 2.5 ALKOHOLOS FERMENTÁCIÓ ................................................................................................. 14 2.5.1 Élesztőfajok ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2 Az élesztők szénhirát hasznosítása .................................................................................. 15 2.5.3 Erjedési melléktermékek és másodlagos metabolitok képződése ..................................... 17 2.5.4 Metabolizmust befolyásoló környezeti tényezők .............................................................. 19 2.6 A PÁLINKAGYÁRTÁS MŰVELETEI ......................................................................................... 21 2.6.1 Cefrézés ........................................................................................................................... 22 2.6.2 Fermentáció ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.6.3 Desztillálás ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.7 PÁRLATOK AROMÁI .............................................................................................................. 26 2.7.1 Alapanyagból származó aromák ..................................................................................... 26 2.7.2 A cefre erjesztése és tárolása során keletkező aromák .................................................... 28 2.7.3 Lepárlás során képződő aromák ...................................................................................... 29 2.8 NYERSANYAG-FERMENTÁCIÓ-PÁRLAT KAPCSOLATA.......................................................... 30 2.9 PÁRLATOK JELLEMZÉSI LEHETŐSÉGEI ................................................................................. 34 2.10 ADATELEMZÉS ÉS ÉRTÉKELÉS ............................................................................................. 36 3 CÉLKITŰZÉSEK ...................................................................................................................... 38 4 ANYAGOK ÉS MÓDSZEREK................................................................................................. 39 4.1 ANYAGOK ............................................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1 Felhasznált mikroorganizmusok ...................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 Tápközegek és elkészítési módjuk .................................................................................... 39 4.1.3 Gyümölcs ......................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 ELJÁRÁSOK .......................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Cefrekészítés laboratóriumi léptékben ............................................................................ 41 4.2.2 Félüzemi kísérletek cefrézési protokollja ......................................................................... 41 4.2.3 Pektinbontó enzimkészítmények hatásának vizsgálata .................................................... 42 4.2.4 Különböző pH értékeken folytatott fermentáció .............................................................. 42 4.2.5 Irányított erjesztés ........................................................................................................... 43 4.2.6 Asszimilációs vizsgálat .................................................................................................... 43 4.2.7 Fermentációs képesség vizsgálata ................................................................................... 44 4.2.8 Desztillálás ...................................................................................................................... 44 4.3 KLASSZIKUS ANALITIKAI MÓDSZEREK ................................................................................ 45 4.3.1 pH mérés .......................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.2 Alkohol meghatározása ................................................................................................... 45 4.3.3 Szárazanyag-tartalom meghatározása ............................................................................ 46 4.3.4 Redukáló cukortartalom meghatározása ......................................................................... 46 4.3.5 Titrálható savtartalom meghatározása............................................................................ 46 4.3.6 Illósav-tartalom meghatározása ...................................................................................... 47 4.3.7 Észtertartalom meghatározása ........................................................................................ 47 4.3.8 Savak hatásának vizsgálata ............................................................................................. 47 4.3.9 pH hatásának vizsgálata .................................................................................................. 47 4.3.10 Erjedés nyomon követése a tömegváltozás alapján ......................................................... 48 4.4 MŰSZERES ANALITIKAI MÓDSZEREK ................................................................................... 48 4.4.1 HPLC ............................................................................................................................... 48 4.4.2 GC-FID ............................................................................................................................ 49 1 10.14751/SZIE.2018.006 4.4.3 GC-MS ............................................................................................................................. 49 4.5 STATISZTIKAI VIZSGÁLATOK ............................................................................................... 50 4.5.1 Variancia analízis ............................................................................................................ 50 4.5.2 Főkomponens analízis ..................................................................................................... 50 4.5.3 Lineáris Diszkriminancia Analízis ................................................................................... 50 5 EREDMÉNYEK ÉS ÉRTÉKELÉSÜK .................................................................................... 52 5.1 MŰSZERES ANALITIKAI MÓDSZEREK ADAPTÁLÁSA ............................................................. 52 5.1.1 GC-MS módszer adaptálása ............................................................................................ 52 5.1.2 GC-FID módszer adaptálása ........................................................................................... 54 5.2 KÜLÖNBÖZŐ ÉLESZTŐTÖRZSEK VIZSGÁLATA ...................................................................... 55 5.2.1 A szerves savak hatása a fermentációra .........................................................................
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