DOCSLIB.ORG

Download File

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download File Pain-Associated Stressor Exposure and Cortisol Values at 37 Postmenstrual Weeks for Premature Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Annie J. Rohan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Annie Jill Rohan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Pain-Associated Stressor Exposure and Cortisol Values at 37 Postmenstrual Weeks for Premature Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Annie J. Rohan Background: Ongoing stress has costs in brain and body adaptations. Recurrent and prolonged stress taxes the adaptive capacity of the premature infant and has been postulated as a risk factor for the development of later disease (Sullivan, Hawes, Winchester, & Miller, 2008). Cortisol appears to be an important mediator in the relationship between prolonged stress and subsequent disease and disability. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stress may give rise to early recognizable patterns of adrenal axis adaptation in prematurely born infants. These adaptations may underlie difficulties in learning and development for a population of children that already bears a high burden of disease. Premature infants who spend their first weeks of life in the NICU have been shown to have altered glucocorticoid values at approximately one year of age (Grunau et al., 2007; Grunau, Weinberg, & Whitfield, 2004; Haley, Weinberg, & Grunau, 2006). It is hypothesized that adaptations of the adrenal axis may begin to emerge even earlier - during NICU hospitalization - and in relation to recurrent pain-associated procedural exposure or the prolonged stress of assisted ventilation. Objective: The primary purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between random cortisol values at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age and pain-associated stressor exposure in prematurely born infants who received extended care in the NICU. Because random cortisol values in premature infants have been shown to be relatively dissociated from clinical conditions, this research also explored the relationship between values of the cortisol precursor, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and pain-associated stressor exposure in prematurely born infants. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to examine relationships between two major types of pain-associated stressor exposures - number of recurrent skin-breaking procedures and hours of assisted ventilation - and random serum cortisol and 17-OHP values at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age. Subjects were 59 infants born at under 35 completed weeks of gestation, who were at least two weeks of age, and who had been cared for in in the NICU since birth. Infants with intrauterine growth restriction, major anomalies, or exposure to postnatal steroids or surgery were excluded. Results: During this study, the 59 prematurely born infants were collectively exposed to over 3350 pain-associated procedures and over 17,000 hours of assisted ventilation. The greatest number of individual pain-associated exposures was 238, and no infant was exposed to less than 20 procedures (mean = 57). Over half of these exposures were in the first week after birth. There was a significant negative correlation (Spearman rank, one- tailed) between recurrent pain-associated stressor exposure in premature infants and their values of 17-OHP at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age (r= -0.232, p=0.039). A trend was also identified for differences in 17-OHP values between infants who had the highest and lowest recurrent pain-associated stressor exposure (U=68.5, p=0.068). No significant relationships were identified between cortisol values and any of the study variables. Due to multicollinearity, it was not possible to examine the independent effects of recurrent pain-associated stressor exposure, gestational age, chronological age or hours of ventilation on 17-OHP values. One-tailed correlation analyses, however, failed to identify any significant relationships between the collinear variables or birthweight and 17-OHP values. Conclusions: Premature infants are exposed to a high number of recurrent skin-breaking procedures while receiving care in the NICU, especially during their first week of age. There is a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of these recurrent pain-associated procedures and an aspect of the adrenocorticoid profile at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age. Recurrent pain-associated stressor exposure may be a more important factor in explaining the variance of 17-OHP values at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age than birthweight, gestational age, chronological age or hours of assisted ventilation. Table of Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Acknowledgements ix Dedication xi CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 Problem Statement 4 Research Purpose and Study Objectives 5 Research Question, Specific Aims and Hypotheses 6 Conceptual Framework 7 Assumptions 8 Significance 9 CHAPTER 2: Review of the Literature 11 Overview of Neurologic Development and the Infant HPA System 11 Stress and Pain in Infancy 28 Perinatal Events, Stress Adaptation and Developmental Sequelae 38 Pain-Associated NICU Stress and the Adrenocorticoid Phenotype 43 Overall Summary 49 CHAPTER 3: Methods 51 Overview 51 i Operational Definitions 51 Setting 53 Subjects 53 Procedures 55 Measures 62 Summary of Variables 68 Data Management and Analysis Plan 70 Protection of Human Subjects 73 CHAPTER 4: Results 76 Description of Sample 76 Inter-rater Reliability Testing 87 Stressor Variables 89 Glucocorticoid Variables 98 Correlation Analyses 103 Hypothesis Testing 115 Exploratory Analyses 119 CHAPTER 5: Discussion 130 Introduction 130 Cortisol and 17-OHP Values 132 Recurrent Exposure to Pain-Associated Procedures 136 Recent Pain-Associated Procedures 138 Days of Age to Attain Birthweight 139 ii Male/Female Differences 139 Multicollinearity 141 Relationship between Study Variables and Adrenocorticoid Values 142 Recruitment and Sampling Issues 145 Study Strengths 146 Challenges and Limitations 147 Implications for Practice 150 Implications for Research 151 Conclusions 153 References 155 Appendices A. Data Collection Form 179 B. Nursing Standards of Care Document 182 C. Columbia University IRB Approval 184 D. Stony Brook University IRB Approval 185 E. Research Permission Form 187 iii List of Tables Table 3.1. Operational Definitions 52 Table 3.2. Summary of Study Variables 69 Table 4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Study Sample 80 Table 4.2. Breakdown of Subjects by Gestational Age and Distribution of Twins 81 Table 4.3. Distribution Descriptors for Independent Variables 83 Table 4.4. Characteristics of Recurrent Pain-Associated Procedures 90 Table 4.5. Recurrent Stressor Exposure in First Week of Age 91 Table 4.6. Characteristics of Hours of Assisted Ventilation Exposure 92 Table 4.7. Assisted Ventilation Exposure in First Week of Age 92 Table 4.8. Distribution Descriptors for Stressor Variables 95 Table 4.9. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Recurrent Procedural Exposure 97 Table 4.10. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Assisted Ventilation Exposure 98 Table 4.11. Characteristics of Cortisol and 17-OHP at 37 Postmenstrual Weeks of Age 99 Table 4.12. Characteristics of Cortisol and 17-OHP: Gestational Age Subgroups 100 Table 4.13. Distribution Descriptors for Cortisol and 17-OHP 100 Table 4.14. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Cortisol Values 102 iv Table 4.15. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in 17-OHP Values 103 Table 4.16. Identification of Collinearity 114 Table 4.17. Hypothesis Testing: Correlations between Stressor Variables and Cortisol 116 Table 4.18. Correlations between Ventilation Variables and Cortisol 117 Table 4.19. Hypothesis Testing: Correlations between Stressor Variables and 17-OHP 118 Table 4.20. Correlations between Ventilation Variables and 17-OHP 118 Table 4.21. Summary of Simple Linear Regression Model for 17-OHP 120 Table 4.22. Summary of Multiple Linear Regression Model for 17-OHP 121 Table 4.23. Correlations between 17-OHP and Collinear Independent Variables 122 Table 4.24. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Glucocorticoid Values after Recent Pain-Associated Procedures 123 Table 4.25 Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Weight between Male and Female Infants 124 Table 4.26 Bivariate Analyses Exploring Days to Attain Birthweight and Exposure to Stressors 125 Table 4.27. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Glucocorticoid Values between Infants who Attain Birthweight Earlier and Later 126 Table 4.28. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Cortisol Values between Infants with Extremes of Stress Exposure 127 Table 4.29. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in 17-OHP Values between Infants with Extremes in Stress Exposure 128 v Table 4.30. Bivariate Analyses Testing for Differences in Glucocorticoid Values between Larger-Born and Smaller-Born Twins 129 Table 5.1. Characteristics of Cortisol (ug/dl) at 37 Postmenstrual Weeks of Age: Comparisons with Other Researchers 134 Table 5.2. Characteristics of 17-OHP (ng/dl) at 37 Postmenstrual Weeks of Age: Comparisons with Other Researchers 135 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1. The Life Cycle Model of Stress 8 Figure 3.1. Flow Chart of Research Procedures 59 Figure 4.1. Flow Diagram of Recruitment and Inclusion 78 Figure 4.2. Distribution of Gestational Age at Birth 83 Figure 4.3. Distribution of Birthweight 84 Figure 4.4. Distribution of Days of Age to Attain Birthweight 84 Figure 4.5. Distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronic Stress Makes People Sick. but How? and How Might We Prevent Those Ill Effects?
    Sussing Out TRESS SChronic stress makes people sick. But how? And how might we prevent those ill effects? By Hermann Englert oad rage, heart attacks, migraine headaches, stom- ach ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hair loss among women—stress is blamed for all those and many other ills. Nature provided our prehistoric ancestors with a tool to help them meet threats: a Rquick activation system that focused attention, quickened the heartbeat, dilated blood vessels and prepared muscles to fight or flee the bear stalking into their cave. But we, as modern people, are sub- jected to stress constantly from commuter traffic, deadlines, bills, angry bosses, irritable spouses, noise, as well as social pressure, physical sickness and mental challenges. Many organs in our bodies are consequently hit with a relentless barrage of alarm signals that can damage them and ruin our health. 56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Daily pressures raise our stress level, but our ancient stress reactions—fight or flight—do not help us survive this kind of tension. www.sciam.com 57 COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. What exactly happens in our brains and bod- mone (CRH), a messenger compound that un- ies when we are under stress? Which organs are leashes the stress reaction. activated? When do the alarms begin to cause crit- CRH was discovered in 1981 by Wylie Vale ical problems? We are only now formulating a co- and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biolog- herent model of how ongoing stress hurts us, yet ical Studies in San Diego and since then has been in it we are finding possible clues to counteract- widely investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Love, Marriage, and Divorce: Newlyweds' Stress Hormones
    Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 71, No. 1, 176–188 0022-006X/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.176 Love, Marriage, and Divorce: Newlyweds’ Stress Hormones Foreshadow Relationship Changes Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser Cynthia Bane Ohio State University College of Medicine and Ohio State Ohio State University Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Ronald Glaser and William B. Malarkey Ohio State University College of Medicine and Ohio State Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Neuroendocrine function, assessed in 90 couples during their first year of marriage (Time 1), was related to marital dissolution and satisfaction 10 years later. Compared to those who remained married, epinephrine levels of divorced couples were 34% higher during a Time 1 conflict discussion, 22% higher throughout the day, and both epinephrine and norepinephrine were 16% higher at night. Among couples who were still married, Time 1 conflict ACTH levels were twice as high among women whose marriages were troubled 10 years later than among women whose marriages were untroubled. Couples whose marriages were troubled at follow-up produced 34% more norepinephrine during conflict, 24% more norepinephrine during the daytime, and 17% more during nighttime hours at Time 1 than the untroubled. Broadly stated, social learning models suggest that disordered Bradbury’s (1999b) “two factor” hypothesis suggests that aggres- communication promotes poor marital outcomes (Bradbury & sion and aggressive tendencies appear to be a key risk factor for Carney, 1993). Although communication measures have been early divorces, whereas marital communication contributes to the linked to marital discord and divorce across a number of studies, variability in satisfaction in intact marriages.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty Raises Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Kenya*
    Poverty Raises Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Kenya* Johannes Haushofer, Joost de Laat, Matthieu Chemin October 21, 2012 Abstract Does poverty lead to stress? Despite numerous studies showing correlations between socioeconomic status and levels of the stress hormone cortisol, it remains unknown whether this relationship is causal. We used random weather shocks in Kenya to address this question. Our identication strategy exploits the fact that rainfall is an important input for farmers, but not for non-farmers such as urban artisans. We obtained salivary cortisol samples from poor rural farmers in Kianyaga district, Kenya, and informal metal workers in Nairobi, Kenya, together with GPS coordinates for household location and high-resolution infrared satellite imagery meausring rainfall. Since rainfall is a main input into agricultural production in the region, the absence of rain constitutes a random negative income shock for farmers, but not for non-farmers. We nd that low levels of rain increase cortisol levels with a temporal lag of 10-20 days; crucially, this eect is larger in farmers than in non-farmers. Both rain and cortisol levels are correlated with self-reported worries about life. Together, these ndings suggest that negative events lead to increases in worries and the stress hormone cortisol in poor people. JEL Codes: C93, D03, D87, O12 Keywords: weather shocks, rainfall, cortisol, stress, worries *We thank Ernst Fehr, David Laibson, Esther Duo, Abhijit Banerjee, and the members of the Harvard Program in History, Politics, and Economics for valuable feedback; Ellen Moscoe, Averie Baird, and Robin Audy for excellent research assistance; and Tavneet Suri for providing the rainfall data.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Tiago Chaves 1,2, Csilla Lea Fazekas 1,2, Krisztina Horváth 1,2, Pedro Correia 1,2, Adrienn Szabó 1,2, Bibiána Török 1,2, Krisztina Bánrévi 1 and Dóra Zelena 1,3,* 1 Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (C.L.F.); [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (B.T.); [email protected] (K.B.) 2 Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary 3 Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Stress adaptation is of utmost importance for the maintenance of homeostasis and, therefore, of life itself. The prevalence of stress-related disorders is increasing, emphasizing the importance of exploratory research on stress adaptation. Two major regulatory pathways exist: the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary axis. They act in unison, ensured by the enormous bidirectional connection between their centers, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem monoaminergic cell groups, respectively. PVN and especially their corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) producing neurons are considered to be the centrum of stress regulation. However, the brainstem seems to be equally important. Therefore, Citation: Chaves, T.; Fazekas, C.L.; we aimed to summarize the present knowledge on the role of classical neurotransmitters of the Horváth, K.; Correia, P.; Szabó, A.; brainstem (GABA, glutamate as well as serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine) in stress Török, B.; Bánrévi, K.; Zelena, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index Volume 23 Number S2
    SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 23 NUMBER S2 A B Cigarette smoking, S150 Circadian salivary cortisol levels, S105 Abnormal neuroendocrine, S97 B12 vitamin, S140 Circannual melatonin, S108 Abstinent male alcoholics, S156 Beclomethasone-induced vasoconstriction Circuitry pharmacotherapy, S73–S75 Academia, S10 (BIV), S121 Clinical diagnosis, S115 Academically-striving countries, S59 Bed nucleus of the stria terminals, S111 Clinical Global Impression Scale, S116 ACE gene, S130 Behavior problems, S100 Clinical trials, S43 ACE I/D polymorphism, S106 Behavioral effects of NK1, S23 Clobazam, S3 ACTH secretion, S29 Behavioral endocrine responses, S119 Clonidine administration, S132, S139 Acute adolescent mania, S124 Benign intracranial hypertension, S136 Clorniphene, S78 Acute major depressive disorder, S113 Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Clozapine, S54, S116, S123, S135 Acute schizophrenia, S122 S124 Cocaine, S17, S46, S133 Addiction, S17, S102 Benzodiazapines, S56 Cognition, S51, S79, S92–S94 Administrative arrangements, S9 Benzothiophenes, S79 Cognitive aging, S94 Adolescent, S82 Bilateral grand mal seizure, S91 Cognitive dysfunction, S128 Adrenal hyperplasia, S60 Biochemical markers, S110 Cognitive functioning, S8 Adrenal insufficiency, S48 Biogenic amine systems, S43 Cognitive therapeutic considerations, S99 Adrenalectomy treatment, S145 Biological Psychiatry, S35 Collaboration, S58 ␤-, ␣2-adrenergic receptors, S3 Biosynthesis, S70 Collegium International A2-adrenoceptor supersensibility, S139 Bipolar adolescents, S124 NeuroPsychopharmacologicum,
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: the Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained
    EDITION US NEWS POLITICS ENTERTAINMENT WELLNESS WHAT’S WORKING VOICES VIDEO ALL SECTIONS HEALTHY LIVING Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained 04/19/2013 08:42 am ET 310 Sarah Klein Senior Editor, Health & Fitness; Certified Personal Trainer GETTY IMAGES Thanks to the work of our sympathetic nervous system, the “fight or flight” system that takes over when we’re stressed, when you see your boss’s name in your inbox late at night, your body reacts like there’s a lion on the loose. Behind the wide range of both physical and mental reactions to stress are a number of hormones that are in charge of adding fuel to the fire. Adrenaline What It Is: Commonly known as the fight or flight hormone, it is produced by the adrenal glands after receiving a message from the brain that a stressful situation has presented itself. TRENDING What It Does: Adrenaline, along with norepinephrine (more on that below), is largely responsible for the immediate reactions we feel when stressed. Imagine Former Versace Store you’re trying to change lanes in your car, says Amit Sood, M.D., director of Clerk Sues Over Secret ‘Black Code’ For research at the Complementary and Integrative Medicine and chair of Mayo Minority Shoppers Mind Body Initiative at Mayo Clinic. Suddenly, from your blind spot, comes a car racing at 100 miles per hour. You return to your original lane and your heart is Confused Twitter Erupts pounding. Your muscles are tense, you’re breathing faster, you may start As GOP Hails ‘New sweating.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain As a Coordinator and Target of the Human Stress Response
    Stress and the brain: The brain as a coordinator and target of the human stress response Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften durch den Fachbereich I-Psychobiologie der Universität Trier vorgelegt von Dipl.-Psych. Andreas Böhringer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schächinger Prof. Dr. Jobst Meyer Eingereicht im August 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank my supervisor Professor Hartmut Schächinger and my colleagues for their kind support during the past years. i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... II INDEX OF FIGURES....................................................................................................... IV INDEX OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... V INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................... VI INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... VII 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction and outline .........................................................................................2 1.2. Defining stress, stressor and stress response .........................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Increased Secretion of Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Antidiuretic Hormone, and Cortisol Induced by Flight Nurse Communication the Stress of Motion Sickness—T
    VOLUME 49 NUMBER 1 /FIKTION JANUARY 1978 SB4CE and jgggl ENVIRONMENTAL MTIOIULASSOCIATIO« PIBUCÄTIONS /^EDICINE BIDIRECTIONAL OVERADAPTATION ACHIEVED BY EXECUTING INCREASED URINARY EXCRETION OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE LEFTWARD OR RIGHTWARD HEAD MOVEMENTS DÜRING (T3) AND THYROXINE (T4) AND DECREASED SERUM THY- UNIDIRECTIONAL ROTATION—ishton Graybiel and James REOTROPIC HORMONE (TSH) INDUCED BY MOTION SICK• Knepton 1 NESS—/. Habermann, T. Eversmann, E. Erhardt, M. Gottsmann, G. Ulbrecht, and P. C. Scriba 58 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AMBIENT, PILOT, AND COCKPIT TEMPERATURES DÜRING ROUTINE AIR OPERATIONS- EFFECTS OF 6 HOURS HYPOXIC AND COLD EXPOSURE ON M. H. Harrison, C. Higenbottam, and R. A. Rigby 5 URINARY ELECTROLYTE AND CATECHOLAMINE EXCRE• TION— T. Purshottam, M. L. Pahwa, and H. D. Brahma- chari 62 COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTROMYO- GRAPHIC DATA—John C. Johnson 14 ALTERATIONS IN ERYTHROCYTE SURVIVAL PARAMETERS IN RATS AFTER 19.5 DAYS ABOARD COSMOS 782—Henry A. COSMIC RAY EFFECTS ON THE EYES OF RATS FLOWN ON Leon, Luba V. Serova, Jennifer Cummins, and Stephen COSMOS NO. 782, EXPERIMENT K-007—Delbert E. Phil• A. Landow 66 pott, Robert Corbett, Charles Turnbill, Gladys Harrison, David Leaffer, Sam Black, Walter Sapp, Gloria Klein, RAT LUNG HYPER-REACTIVITY TO STRESS-ZW L. Beck- and Loya F. Savik 19 man 70 CORIOLIS CROSS-COUPLING EFFECTS: DISORIENTING AND NAUSEOGENIC OR NOT?—Fred E. Guedry, Jr., and Alan J. Benson 29 CLINICAL MEDICINE LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EFFECTS ON WEARING VISUAL COUNTERACTION OF NAUSEOGENIC AND DISORIENT• SOFT CONTACT LENSES—Weylin G. Eng, Jerry L. ING EFFECTS OF SO ME WHOLE-BODY MOTIONS: A PRO- Rasco, and Joseph A. Marano 73 POSED MECHANISM—Fred E.
    [Show full text]
  • Melatonin Improves Memory Acquisition Under Stress Independent of Stress Hormone Release
    Erschienen in: Psychopharmacology ; 202 (2009), 4. - S. 663-672 Melatonin improves memory acquisition under stress independent of stress hormone release Ulrike Rimmele & Maria Spillmann & Carmen Bärtschi & Oliver T. Wolf & Cora S. Weber & Ulrike Ehlert & Petra H. Wirtz Abstract Fifteen minutes following stress, memory retrieval for Rationale Animal studies suggest that the pineal hormone words learnt the day before was tested (“memory retrieval melatonin influences basal stress hormone levels and after stress”). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine dampens hormone reactivity to stress. levels, salivary free cortisol levels and psychological Objectives We investigated whether melatonin also has a responses (attention, wakefulness) were repeatedly mea- suppressive effect on stress-induced catecholamine and sured before and after stress exposure. cortisol release in humans. As stress hormones affect Results Melatonin specifically enhanced recognition mem- memory processing, we further examined a possible ory accuracy of objects encoded under stress (p<0.001). In accompanying modulation of memory function. contrast, 15 min after stress, when cortisol levels were Materials and methods Fifty healthy young men received a highest, retrieval of memories acquired the day before was single oral dose of either 3 mg melatonin (n=27) or placebo not influenced by melatonin. Moreover, melatonin did not medication (n=23). One hour later, they were exposed to a influence stress-induced elevation of catecholamine and standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor (Trier Social cortisol levels which in turn did not correlate with the Stress Test). During stress, subjects encoded objects effects of melatonin on memory. distributed in the test room, for which memory was Conclusions The findings point to a primary action of assessed a day later (“memory encoding under stress”).
    [Show full text]
  • Physiology of Stress and Its Managements
    Sharma DK, J Med Stud Res 2018, 1: 001 DOI: 10.24966/MSR-5657/100001 HSOA Journal of Medicine: Study & Research Review Article Though stress is commonly associated with disagreeable states and Physiology of Stress and its experiences, but it is not always the case. Stress is simply a response to physical and emotional demands. Whenever we feel stressed this Managements usually means that the demands of the situation exceed all our avail- Dushyant Kumar Sharma* able resources. Generally when we talk about the stress in our lives we are talking about ‘stressors’. Department of Zoology, Government Model Science College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Any factor or event that causes stress is called a stressor. Stressors can be of many types: physical or physiological changes in the body, changes in the environment, life events or behaviours. Even an unreal (imaginary) situation can act as a stressor and could be the reason of stress. In fact in most of the cases it is just an imagination which is the cause of a stress. Hence, it is very important how we perceive an event or a situation. Types of Stress Abstract Depending on the nature, duration and impact on the body, stress Today stress has become a major problem. Most of the people can be seen in the state of stress. Even young children are not an can be categorized into different categories: exception. It is essential to understand the physiology of stress if we Good and bad stress wish to cope with the stress. The stress response involves the in- volvement of both nervous as well as endocrine systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Affectionate Communication Received from Spouses Predicts Stress Hormone Levels in Healthy Adults
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by K-State Research Exchange This is the author’s final, peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted for publication. The publisher-formatted version may be available through the publisher’s web site or your institution’s library. Affectionate communication received from spouses predicts stress hormone levels in healthy adults Kory Floyd & Sarah Riforgiate How to cite this manuscript If you make reference to this version of the manuscript, use the following information: Floyd, K., & Riforgiate, S. (2008). Affectionate communication received from spouses predicts stress hormone levels in healthy adults. Retrieved from http://krex.ksu.edu Published Version Information Citation: Floyd, K., & Riforgiate, S. (2008). Affectionate communication received from spouses predicts stress hormone levels in healthy adults. Communication Monographs, 75(4), 351-368. Copyright: © 2008 National Communication Association Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi:10.1080/03637750802512371 Publisher’s Link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03637750802512371#.UvlUeWJdXL8 This item was retrieved from the K-State Research Exchange (K-REx), the institutional repository of Kansas State University. K-REx is available at http://krex.ksu.edu Affectionate Communication 1 Running head: MARITAL AFFECTION AND STRESS Affectionate Communication Received from Spouses Predicts Stress Hormone Levels in Healthy Adults Kory Floyd & Sarah Riforgiate Arizona State University Communication Monographs Author notes. Kory Floyd is associate professor of human communication at Arizona State University, where Sarah Riforgiate is a doctoral student. This study was funded by a grant to the senior author from the Office of the Vice Provost for Research at Arizona State University.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Chronic Stress Exposure on Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Fear- Learning
    Effect of Chronic Stress Exposure on Beta-adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Fear- Learning A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Robert Michael Camp June 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Robert M. Camp B.A. Kent State University, 2009 Ph.D. Kent State University, 2015 Approved by __________________________________________________ Dr. John D. Johnson, Advisor, Department of Biological Sciences __________________________________________________ Dr. Eric M. Mintz, Member, Department of Biological Sciences __________________________________________________ Dr. Heather K. Caldwell, Member, Department of Biological Sciences __________________________________________________ Dr. Aaron M. Jasnow, Outside member, Department of Psychology __________________________________________________ Dr. David C. Riccio, Graduate faculty representative, Department of Psychology Accepted by __________________________________________________ Dr. Laura G. Leff, Chair, Department of Biological Sciences __________________________________________________ Dr. James L. Blank, Dean, College of Arts & Sciences ii Table of Contents Page List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….viii List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………….x Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………….xii Chapter I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 Stress, defined…………………………………………………………………………..1 Stress and psychological
    [Show full text]