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SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 23 NUMBER S2 A B Cigarette smoking, S150 Circadian salivary cortisol levels, S105 Abnormal neuroendocrine, S97 B12 vitamin, S140 Circannual melatonin, S108 Abstinent male alcoholics, S156 Beclomethasone-induced vasoconstriction Circuitry pharmacotherapy, S73–S75 Academia, S10 (BIV), S121 Clinical diagnosis, S115 Academically-striving countries, S59 Bed nucleus of the stria terminals, S111 Clinical Global Impression Scale, S116 ACE gene, S130 Behavior problems, S100 Clinical trials, S43 ACE I/D polymorphism, S106 Behavioral effects of NK1, S23 Clobazam, S3 ACTH secretion, S29 Behavioral endocrine responses, S119 Clonidine administration, S132, S139 Acute adolescent mania, S124 Benign intracranial hypertension, S136 Clorniphene, S78 Acute major depressive disorder, S113 Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Clozapine, S54, S116, S123, S135 Acute schizophrenia, S122 S124 Cocaine, S17, S46, S133 Addiction, S17, S102 Benzodiazapines, S56 Cognition, S51, S79, S92–S94 Administrative arrangements, S9 Benzothiophenes, S79 Cognitive aging, S94 Adolescent, S82 Bilateral grand mal seizure, S91 Cognitive dysfunction, S128 Adrenal hyperplasia, S60 Biochemical markers, S110 Cognitive functioning, S8 Adrenal insufficiency, S48 Biogenic amine systems, S43 Cognitive therapeutic considerations, S99 Adrenalectomy treatment, S145 Biological Psychiatry, S35 Collaboration, S58 ␤-, ␣2-adrenergic receptors, S3 Biosynthesis, S70 Collegium International A2-adrenoceptor supersensibility, S139 Bipolar adolescents, S124 NeuroPsychopharmacologicum, S9 Adrenoceptor up-regulation, S138 Bipolar disorder, S3, S12, S64, S68, S75, S87, Comorbid psychiatric disorders of somatic Adverse early environment, S5 S107, S132 illness, S143 Affective disorders, S137 Blood glucose metabolism, S123 Consultation-liaison psychiatry, S100 Aggression, S136, S151 Body, S8 Convulsive therapy, S91 ␬ agonists, S145 Body-mind interplay, S40 Corticotropin releasing factor, S1, S4, S29, AIDS, S19, S49–S51, S113 Bone mineral density, S34 S60, S77, S149 Alcohol-exposed children, S148 Brain, S92–S94 Corticotropin-releasing hormone, S81 Alcohol ingestion in the afternoon, S117 Brain aging, S94 Corticotropin-releasing hormone system, Alcoholics, abstinent male, S156 Brain closure function, S152 S124 Algorithm-based treatment, S68 Brain damage, S86 Cortisol, S47 Allopregnanolone, S24, S40, S72 Brain development, S12, S70 CRF, S6 Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, S24 Brain fear circuits, S65 CRF cells, S111 Alzheimer’s disease, S8, S48, S52, S94, S128 Brain functions, S140 CRF neurocircuits, S63 Ampakines, S84 Brain plasticity, S36 CRF receptor antagonists, S5 Amphetamine receptor antagonists, S118 Brain redox systems, S52–S54 CRF1-selective antagonist, S119 Amphetamine, S17 Brain regional structures, S64 CRH hypothesis, S6 Amygdala, S77 Brasilian study, S114 CRH system, S76 ␤-Amyloid, S52 Bulimia nervosa, S104 CRH type-1 receptor antagonism, S119 Analgesic responses, S145 Business ethics, S16 Cultural formulation, S37 Androstadienone, S28 Cultural framework, S95 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme, S106 Cultural specificity, S45 Anorexia nervosa, S104 C Culture, S37 Anticonvulsant drugs, S3 Cyclic Amp response element binding Anticonvulsant theory, S89 C-6 glioma cells, S131 protein, S18 Antidepressant effect, S146 Calcium-calmodulin kinase type II, S18 Cytokines, S60 Antidepressant treatment, S26, S103 cAMP, S3 Antidepressant trials, S44 Carbamazepine, S3 Antidepressants, S23, S42–S44, S74, S95 Carbohydrate tolerance, S80 Antioxidants, S52, S53 Carbon monoxide, S30 D Antipsychotic drugs, S32, S55, S73 CCK-4 induced panic, S157 Antipsychotic therapy, S32–S35, S134 Cell biology, S35 D-allele, S106 Antipsychotic treatment, S144 Cell communication, S15 Daylength variation rate, S108 Anti-saccade performance, S151 Central nervous system, S12, S92 Dehydroepiandrosterone, S25, S56 Anxiety, S61, S65, S77, S86, S133 Cephalalgia, S132 Delayed-type hypersensitivity, S105 Anxiety disorders, S5, S6, S56, S64, S76, S104 Cerebral function, S67 Dementia, S126, S136 Anxiolytic metabolite, S26 Cerebralum®, S127/ Depressed men, S147 Anxiolytic-hypnotic drugs, S24 Cerebravascular disease, S127 Depression ideation, S139 Astrocytes, S131 Chang, S22 Depression, S26, S34, S35, S47, S57, S59–S61, Atenolol, S138 Channel blockers, S75 S62, S65, S76, S80–S83, S89, S101, S103, Attention deficits, S152 Channel openers, S75 S104, S121, S133, S138, S144, S153 Atypical antipsychotic drugs, S14 Chemosensory transduction, S27 Depression subtypes, S113 Atypical neuroleptics, S55 Child, S82 Depressive disorders, S44, S64, S95, S105, Autoimmune disorders, S30 Cholesterol, S24 S113, S115 Autonomic responses, S119 CHR, S49 Depressive patients, S130 AVP-neuropbysin, S50 Chronic depression, S113 Dexamethasone suppression test (DST), Axis stress responses, S2 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), S76, S114 S110 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2000–VOL. 23, NO. S2 © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. and American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 0893-133X/00/$–see front matter 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010 PII S0893-133X(00)00124-X NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2000–VOL. 23, NO. S2 Subject Index S163 Dexamethasone treatment, S145 G 5-HT-1A receptor, S91 Deydroepiandrosterone, S40 Human sexuality, S94–S95 D-Fenfluramine challenge test, S89, S122 GABA mediated inhibition, S26 Hydrocortisone treatment, S124 DHEA, S46–S48, S127 GABAA receptor, S72 Hypercortisolism, S60 DHEA-S, S25, S127 GABAA receptors gene expression, S24 Hyperforin, S88 Diabetes, S106, S123 GABRA5 gene locus, S136 Hypericum perforatum, S88 Diencephalic stimulation theory, S90 Gaddum, S22 Hyperprolactinemia, S33 Differential gender effects, S32 Gender, S32–S35, S123 Hypogonadal men, S147 Discomfort index, S109 Gender differences in brain stems, S64–S66 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Diurnal cortisol, S19 Gender specific, S28 axis, S2, S6, S14, S29, S30, S35, S50, S60, DNA technology, S8 Gene expression, S15, S70 S65, S76, S88, S146 Dopamine, S17, S35, S53, S93, S118 Gene-related peptide, S118 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) Dopamine hormones, S148 General medicine, S102 axis, S66 Dopamine neurotransmission, S137 General practitioners, S98–S99, S102 hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, Dopamine receptor antagonists, S118 Genetic association study, S136 S67, S69 Dopamine receptor D3, S137 Genetic enhancement, S18 Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Dopamine receptors D2, S137 Genetic risk, S12 system, S80 Doxorubicin, S118 Genetics, S7 Hypothalamus, S57, S91 Drug development, S13 Genital herpes, S31 Hypothyroidism, S106 Drug metabolism, S32 Geomagnetic factors, S109 Drugs of abuse, S19 Geomagnetic field, S108 Dysthymic patients, S113 Geomagnetic index DST, S109 I Germany, S16 Globalization, S9, S20 I/D polymorphisms, S130 Glucocorticoid antagonists, S56 Idiographic fomulation, S95 E Glucocorticoid negative feedback, S65 IGF-1, S118 Immune function, S19 Early-onset schizophrenia, S126 Glucocorticoid receptor, S131 Glucocorticoid receptors antagonists, S59– Immune system, S18–S20, S101 Eating disorders, S25, S96, S104 Immunity, S31 Educational programs, S59 S61 Glucocorticoids, S49, S101 Impaired glucose tolerance, S123 EEG complexity changes, S125 Impulsivity, S134 EEG sleep, S82 Glucose tolerance, S123 Insomnia, S104 Efficacy, S42, S43 Glutamate, S93 Insurance, S16 Elderly men, S136 Glutamate mechanisms, S83–S87 Interferon-␣, S133 Elderly patients, S126 Glutamate synapse, S53 Intervention, S99 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), S69, S89– Glycemic peak delay, S123 Intracellular messengers, S3 S91, S127 Gonadal hormones, S109, S114 Intravenous drug use (IDU), S113 Electroconvulsive treatments, S62 Gonadal steroids, S96, S109 Gonadectomy, S114 Intravenous infusion of sodium lactate, S135 ELISPOT technique, S110 Ischemic brain damage, S86 Emotional functioning, S8 Gonadotropins, S28 Emotional stressor, S111 Government, S43 ␤-END, S117 Governmental agencies, S10 Endocrine dysfunction, S34 Grand mal seizure, S91 K Endocrine functions, S80–S83 Growth hormone, S82 Growth hormone-releasing hormone, S80, Ketamine, S86 Endocrine system, S59 Kraepelin, S123, S140 Endogenous pharmacology, S128 S81, S82 Environmental factors, S109 GSK-3B, S38 Episodic psychiatric disorders, S3 Gynecology and psychiatry, interface Estradiol, S56, S92 between, S96–S98 L Estrogen, S41, S66, S92–S94, S107 ␤ Lamotrigine, S3 Estrogen receptor , S92 H Latency, S146 Estrogen replacement therapy, S94 LC/NE system, S76 Estrogen supplementation, S153 Haloperidol, S54, S89, S150 Learning, S18 Estrogen therapy, S126 Haloperidol treatment, S123 Learning disabilities, S106 Estrogen-serotonin link, S98 Health care, S7 Learning/memory performance, S114 Ethanol, S72 Health care aspects, S15–S16 Leeman, S22 Ethics, S16 Health care policy, S7 Legislation, S21 Euthyroid psychiatric subjects, S142 Healthy smokers, S134 Levothyroxine, S68 Evolution, S12 Help-seeking Pathways, S95 Lithium, S39, S57, S62, S69 Experimental psychopathology, S35 Heterosexuals, S120 Lithium prophylaxis, S87 High melatonin excretors, S107, S138 Lithium response, S124 High risk subjects, S117 Lithium treatment, S156 F High-resolution imaging, S126 Long-term depression, S17 Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, S92 Long-term potentiation (LTP), S17, S125 Federal Drug Administration, S44 Hippocampal circuitry, S92 Lordosis quotient, S112 Female depression, S130 Hippocampus, S17, S38, S90 Low melatonin depressives, S140 Female rat brain, S109 Hippocrates, S100 Low melatonin excretors, S107, S138 Female rats, S112 HIV, S18, S19
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  • The Boar Testis: the Most Versatile Steroid Producing Organ Known

    The Boar Testis: the Most Versatile Steroid Producing Organ Known

    The boar testis: the most versatile steroid producing organ known Raeside', H.L. Christie', R.L. Renaud' and P.A. Sinclair" 'Department of Biomedical Sciences and 2Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N IG 2WI A review of the remarkable production of steroids by the testes of the boar is presented, with the principal aims of highlighting the achievements of the Leydig cells and, at the same time, pointing to the considerable deficiencies in our understanding of its biological relevance. The onset of gonadal steroidogenesis at an early stage of sex differentiation and the pattern of pre- and postnatal secretion of steroids are outlined. This is followed by a list of steroids identified in extracts of the boar testis, with emphasis on those that can reasonably be assumed to be secretory products of the Leydig cells. For example, the high concentrations of 16- unsaturated C19and sulphoconjugated compounds are noted. Next, an impressive list of steroids found in venous blood from the boar testis is given; among them are the 16-unsaturated steroids, the oestrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone, all mainly in the form of sulphates. However, the list also includes some less likely members, such as 11-0H and 19- OH androgens as well as Sce-reduced steroids. Lastly, the high concentrations of steroids reported in testicular lymph, especially sulphates, are mentioned. Although roles for testosterone are uncontested, and even for the pheromone-like Co steroids, there is little that can be said with assurance about the other compounds listed. Some speculations are made on their possible contributions to the reproductive physiology of the boar.
  • Poverty Raises Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Kenya*

    Poverty Raises Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Kenya*

    Poverty Raises Levels of the Stress Hormone Cortisol: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Kenya* Johannes Haushofer, Joost de Laat, Matthieu Chemin October 21, 2012 Abstract Does poverty lead to stress? Despite numerous studies showing correlations between socioeconomic status and levels of the stress hormone cortisol, it remains unknown whether this relationship is causal. We used random weather shocks in Kenya to address this question. Our identication strategy exploits the fact that rainfall is an important input for farmers, but not for non-farmers such as urban artisans. We obtained salivary cortisol samples from poor rural farmers in Kianyaga district, Kenya, and informal metal workers in Nairobi, Kenya, together with GPS coordinates for household location and high-resolution infrared satellite imagery meausring rainfall. Since rainfall is a main input into agricultural production in the region, the absence of rain constitutes a random negative income shock for farmers, but not for non-farmers. We nd that low levels of rain increase cortisol levels with a temporal lag of 10-20 days; crucially, this eect is larger in farmers than in non-farmers. Both rain and cortisol levels are correlated with self-reported worries about life. Together, these ndings suggest that negative events lead to increases in worries and the stress hormone cortisol in poor people. JEL Codes: C93, D03, D87, O12 Keywords: weather shocks, rainfall, cortisol, stress, worries *We thank Ernst Fehr, David Laibson, Esther Duo, Abhijit Banerjee, and the members of the Harvard Program in History, Politics, and Economics for valuable feedback; Ellen Moscoe, Averie Baird, and Robin Audy for excellent research assistance; and Tavneet Suri for providing the rainfall data.