People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty Of
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People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo- Saxon Languages Section of English The Puritan Experience in New England: Its Growth and Influence (1620- 1830) Mrs Fouzia BEKADDOURI A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate Es- Sciences in American Civilization Board of Examiners Chairperson: Dr. Zoulikha MOSTEFA SBA University of Oran Supervisor: Pr. Fawzi BORSALI University of Adrar Examiner: Dr. Belkacem BELMEKKI University of Oran Examiner: Dr. Leila MOULFI University of Oran Examiner: Dr. Mohammed Yamin BOULENOUAR University of Sidi Bel Abbes Examiner: Dr. Faiza MEBERBECHE SENOUCI University of Tlemcen 2013- 2014 Acknowledgements ______________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements My first and sincere thanks go to Pr. Fawzi BORSALI, who has supported me with his invaluable time and fruitful advice throughout the thesis as my supervisor. I am also very thankful to the doctoral thesis committee members, who passed their time in reading and evaluating the research work. Special thanks also go to Dr. Leila MOULFI and my colleague Samir AMIR for their kind help and great support. I would also like to express my immense thanks to everyone who has supported me in my research work, particularly my parents, sisters, brother, and my husband. I am extremely indebted to them for their psychological support, and for offering me the good working conditions that allowed me to develop and finish my research work. I Abstract ______________________________________________________________________ Abstract European religious protest against Roman Catholicism began during the High Middle Ages. Catharism, Calvinism, Lollardy, Protestantism, and Puritanism were all among religious movements that agreed on two main points: the corruption of the Catholic Church and supremacy of the Bible instead that of the Pope, which should be translated into the people’s language. In fact, Puritanism, which was a sixteenth century English religious movement for the Anglican Church change, was rooted in the Middle Ages European protest, in a way that it was only historical development of the preceding movements and not a new one. The Puritans tried to purify the Anglican Church from certain Catholic practices, but they had to confront the monarchs who opposed and persecuted them. Their failure to reform the Church encouraged them to separate from the other group of Puritans who believed in the Reformation from within the Church. The Puritans emigrated in the early seventeenth century to New England to establish a community based on religious freedom and toleration. There, Puritanism had a strong impact on political, economic, social, and personal life. The way the Puritans established their Church, government, economy, education and the way they dealt with the others- including the Indians, the Africans, and religious minorities- reflected their beliefs and principles. Therefore, this research work is concerned with the origin of Puritanism in Europe and the reasons for the Puritans’ emigration to America, and with their plan for establishing “a city upon a hill,” a city viewed by the entire world. Therefore, the Puritans should be a model of good behaviour and qualities. These objectives and aims are discussed in four chapters. The first chapter analyses the birth of religious protest in Western Europe and its development to Puritanism in England, and the driving forces behind the Puritans’ departure for North America. The three other chapters examine the establishment and impact of Puritanism in New England. Keywords: Roman Catholicism, Catharism, Waldenses, Lollardy, Lutheranism, Protestantism, Puritans, Reformation, persecution, exploration, emigration, New England, expansion, Congregational Church, conversion, religious diversity, the Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Jews, Anglicans, Methodists, Universalists, government, political parties, military system, economy, Industrial Revolution, apprenticeship, schooling, colleges, libraries, newspapers, literature, family, daily life. II Contents ______________________________________________________________________ Contents Acknowledgements I Abstract II Contents III List of Maps VI List of Tables VII List of Charts VIII Introduction 1 Chapter One: A Historical Background of Puritanism before 1620 5 1. Roman Catholic Domination in Europe before the Rise of the Theological Protest 6 2. Opposition to the Roman Catholic Church 13 3. Official Birth of Protestantism and its Evolution to Puritanism 28 4. Secular Circumstances Leading to the Evolution of Puritanism in the New World 48 Chapter Two: The Establishment and Evolution of Puritanism in the New World (1620- 1830) 58 1. The Puritan Settlement and the Indian Attitudes 58 2. The Foundation of the Congregational Church 76 3. Classification of the Main Religious Groups in New England 96 Chapter Three: The Puritan Impact on the Local Governmental Policies of New England (1620- 1830) 110 Political Life in New England 111 The Evolution of Economy in New England 133 Puritan Attitudes in New England towards Religious Minorities 148 a. Puritan Attitudes towards the Baptists 148 b. Puritan Attitudes towards Non- Puritan Sects 150 III Contents ______________________________________________________________________ Chapter Four: Puritanism in New England’s Intellectual, Family and Daily Life (1620- 1830) 156 1. Education 156 a. Vocational Education and Informal Schooling 157 b. Formal Education 159 b.1 - Elementary and Secondary Education 160 b. 2- Higher Education 169 2. Cultural Institutions 177 3. Literature 187 4. Impact of Puritanism on Family and Daily Life 195 a. Puritan Family Life 195 b. Puritan Daily Life 202 Conclusion 205 Appendices 209 Appendix 1: The Church Canons (A.D. 325) 209 Appendix 2: A Chronological List of the Roman Catholic Popes (1303- 1455) 213 Appendix 3: The Evolution of Old Dissent 214 Appendix 4: Location and Date of the Congregational Churches Founded by 1650 215 Appendix 5: The Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629 216 Appendix 6: Charter of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations- July 15, 1663 225 Appendix 7: The Constitution of the United States 232 Appendix 8: Mayflower Compact, 1620 240 Appendix 9: The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England: May 19, 1643 241 Appendix 10: The Most Frequent Biblical Male/ Female Names in Seventeenth Century New England 245 IV Contents ______________________________________________________________________ Appendix 11: General Thanksgiving 247 Works Cited 248 V List of Maps ______________________________________________________________________ List of Maps Map 1: The Diffusion of Christianity up till the Seventh Century 08 Map 2: The Schism (Rome/ Avignon), 1378- 1417 19 Map 3: The Lollard Communities, 1420- 1530 25 Map 4: Religious Population of Europe about 1600 42 Map 5: First and Second Attempt of the Separatists to Depart From England in 1607 and 1608 45 Map 6: European Exploration 1492- 1534 53 Map 7: American Indian Culture Areas 60 Map 8: Plymouth Village Plot Lay- Out 67 Map 9: The Pequot War 1636- 1637 73 Map 10: King Philip’s War 1675- 1676 75 Map 11: Congregational Churches, 1750 82 Map 12: Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630- 1691/ Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1691- 1775 126 Map 13: Distribution of Votes in Ratification of the Constitution in New England, 1787- 1790 130 Map 14: Trade and Transport 1696-1774 140 Map 15: Levels of Illiteracy, 1830 178 VI List of Tables _________________________________________________________________________ List of Tables Table 1: Death of the Pilgrims in the First Winter of 1620 68 Table 2: Religious Adherence Rates by Region, 1830 83 Table 3: Some Criminal Cases in the Plymouth Colony, 1623 87 Table 4: Bicameralism in the New England Colonial Assemblies, 1633- 1692 120 Table 5: The Design of the State Legislatures, 1788- 1790 121 Table 6: Land Division in Massachusetts by 1830 134 Table 7: Value of Imports from the American Colonies to England, 1670- 1740. (In Pound Sterling) 139 Table 8: Capital Invested in Cotton Textiles by Region and State as a Percentage of the Nation 1820- 1830 142 Table 9: Percentage of Farm Labourers by State, 1800- 1830 142 Table 10: Textbooks Used in Early New England, the 17th C. 163 Table 11: The Early Colleges of New England, 1636- 1774 170 Table 12: Colonial New England Ministry by Generation by 1776 172 Table 13: Literacy for Men and Women in Ottun, Boston, Massachusetts (1650- 1830)175 Table 14: Literacy for Men and Women in Boston, Massachusetts (1650- 1830) 176 Table 15: Church Libraries in New England, 1620- 1661 179 Table 16: College Collections in New England Colleges in 1770 and 1830 180 Table 17: New England Book Collections Prior to 1830 182 Table 18: Rates of Prenuptial Pregnancy in Nine Massachusetts Towns by 1709 198 VII List of Charts _________________________________________________________________________ List of Charts Chart 1: Church Attendance by Region, 1638- 1662 86 Chart 2: Number of Churches in 1660 109 Chart 3: Number of Churches in 1700 109 Chart 4: Number of Churches in 1820 109 Chart 5: The Race- Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Population in 1790 167 Chart 6: Distribution of Libraries by Date of their Establishment in New England, 1780- 1830 184 Chart 7: Distribution of Libraries by Date of their Establishment in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, 1780- 1830 184 Chart