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Collaborative Doctoral Education EUA PUBLICATIONS 2009 COLLABORATIVE DOCTORAL EdUCATION UniVersiTY-IndusTRY ParTnersHips For ENHancinG KnoWledGE EXCHanGE DOC-CAREERS ProJecT By Lidia Borrell-Damian List of tables and figures Figures Fig. 2.1-1 Types of input to DOC-CAREERS project Fig. 2.1-2 Country breakdown of DOC-CAREERS cases by type of participant Fig. 2.3-1 Innovation profile of interviewed companies Fig. 2.3-2 Sales volume (2007) of interviewed enterprises Fig. 3.1-1 University-industry collaborations: Roles of partners and timeframe Fig. 3.2-1 Pre-conditions and conditions for collaborative doctoral projects Fig. 3.5-1 Main role of the doctoral candidate as a link between university and industry in collaborative programmes Fig 4.1-1 Synoptic view of career options for doctorate holders Fig. 4.2-1 Enterprise strategies contributing to Innovation Fig. 4.2.1-1 Approaches to recruitment of doctorate holders Fig. 4.3.1-1 Trends in doctorate careers paths in DOC-CAREERS interviewed companies Fig. 4.3.2-1 Practices to continued university-industry cooperation Fig 4.4.1-1 DOC-CAREERS company case studies: Average rating of the importance attributed to skills of doctorate holders at the time of recruitment Fig. 4.4.1-2 Dynamic skill requirements of doctorate holders associated with different career options Tables Table 2.1-1 Summary of DOC-CAREERS university case studies Table 2.1-3 Summary of DOC-CAREERS tracking case studies Table 3.2-1 Collaborative doctoral thesis - general points Table 3.3-1 Outline of initiatives in collaborative doctoral programmes and their main characteristics Table 3.3-2 Summary of motivations, benefits and challenges identified through DOC-CAREERS cases Table 3.4-1 Confidentiality/disclosure agreements and IP rights Table 3.4.1-1 Main components of collaborative doctoral programmes and their different elements. Table 3.4.2-1 Collaborative Doctoral Project Schemes Table 4.4.1-1 Synopsis of enterprises’ views on doctorate holders in their first employment in industry at the time of recruitment Table 4.4.2-1 Transferable skills for doctorate holders listed by universities Table 7.5-1 Technological and non-technological innovation factors and clusters Table 7.5-2 Scheme of the set of data for the final selection of the companies 2 | List of tables and figures | DOC-CAREERS Table of Contents Foreword 4 Acknowledgements 5 Executive Summary 6 1. Introduction 10 2. The Project and its European Dimension 15 2.1. Objectives, General Approaches and Methodologies 15 2.2. The Universities and Other Stakeholders Case Studies 19 2.3. The Enterprise Case Studies 22 3. Doctoral Programmes in Cooperation with Industry: Contexts, Trends and Strategies 24 3.1. Collaborative Doctoral Programmes in the Context of University-Industry Cooperation 24 3.2. Objectives of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes and the Basic Conditions for Success 26 3.3. Setting up University-Industry Collaborative Doctoral Programmes 31 3.3.1. Types of Initiatives, Drivers and Funding Sources 31 3.3.2. Motivations and Benefits 35 3.3.3. Challenges 37 3.4. Characteristics of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes 43 3.4.1. Main Components of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes 43 3.4.2. DOC-CAREERS Collaborative Doctoral Programmes – Commonalities and Particularities 54 3.4.3. Structural Conditions in Relation to Disciplinary Areas 56 3.5. The Doctoral Candidate as a Link between University and Industry 59 3.5.1. Recruitment and Conditions 60 3.5.2. The Collaborative Doctoral Experience – Views of Doctoral Candidates and Holders 63 3.6. Recommendations from Stakeholders 65 3.7. Monitoring, Impact and Sustainability of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes 68 4. Employability Perspectives, Mobility and Skill Requirements 71 4.1. Employability and Mobility: General Trends 72 4.2. Employability and Mobility: Companies’ Views 74 4.2.1. Strategies for Innovation 75 4.2.2. Approaches to the Recruitment of Doctorate Holders 75 4.3. Mobility 79 4.3.1. Mobility within Industry 80 4.3.2. Mobility between Industry and Academia 83 4.4. Skill Requirements for Enhanced Employability of Doctorate Holders 84 4.4.1. Companies’ Views 85 4.4.2. Universities’ Views and Dialogue with Industry 92 5. Tracking of Doctorate Holder Careers by Universities (by Janet Metcalfe, Vitae, UK) 97 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 102 7. Annexes 112 7.1. Annex 1: List of Organisations, Participants and Contributions 112 7.2. Annex 2: Members of Project Committees 115 7.3. Annex 3: About the Questionnaires 115 7.4. Annex 4: Employment Destinations of Doctorate Holders 116 7.5. Annex 5: Methodology for the Estimation of the Innovation Index of Companies 118 Literature References 121 DOC-CAREERS | Table of Contents | 3 Foreword Europe’s universities are increasingly developing partnerships in their research and innovation missions and embracing the “open innovation model” of university/business cooperation. They are also seeking to embed this in sound project management and improved intellectual property management reflecting respective interests.I n support of this, the European University Association has been working actively to achieve a sound dialogue with the main actors, public and private, research funding bodies and industry partners to improve the research environment and grant/contract conditions to enhance the contribution of Europe’s universities, as strong and autonomous research institutions, to the creation of a globally competitive European Research Area. Professor Jean-Marc Rapp EUA President An important aspect of EUA’s activities in forwarding these goals has been its extensive work on doctoral education through gathering empirical evidence on the rapid development of doctoral programmes and schools seeking to offer greater critical mass, enhanced supervision and widened employment opportunities for doctorate holders in both public and private sectors. The core messages of EUA’s work are that doctoral education is the bridge linking the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area, and that, as the first stage of a research career, excellent conditions for doctoral level work will be crucial in determining the attractiveness of the choice of staying in and coming to Europe. In this context, the “DOC-CAREERS” project places a timely focus on the development and characteristics of collaborative doctoral programmes established between universities and industry, whether government, university or industry-led. It examines the perspectives, expectations and experiences of the partners from university and industry and, not least, the doctoral candidates themselves. With over 50% of doctorate holders in Europe moving into careers beyond the academic sector, the importance of such collaborative programmes is evident. The value of the promotion and dissemination of good practices in such collaborative doctoral programmes, in particular on the inter-sectoral mobility achieved, the transferable skill components developed and the wider employment horizons opened, cannot be over-estimated in strengthening universities’ innovative capacity. Indeed, to borrow the language of the current policy debate, collaborative doctoral programmes can be seen as working models of the “knowledge triangle” whereby education, research and innovation are brought together in a common framework of high skills and knowledge development by university and industry partners. In its recent “Prague Declaration 2009”, EUA has identified “10 Success Factors for European Universities in the Next Decade” – one of these being universities’ abilities in developing partnerships to help strengthen their missions in teaching, research and innovation activities. In identifying and analysing the main trends and features of good practices in collaborative doctoral programmes, the “DOC-CAREERS” project offers encouragement to Europe’s universities on ways and means to meet this “success factor”. For its part, EUA will take this work forward through further dissemination activities and in the context of the work programme of the new EUA Council for Doctoral Education (CDE). Jean-Marc Rapp EUA President 4 | Foreword | DOC CAREERS Project Acknowledgements EUA is deeply grateful to the many persons in universities, companies and other organisations who agreed to participate in the DOC-CAREERS project and provided clear and frank views on their experiences in university-industry cooperation. Their informed contributions have allowed us to reflect accurately the values, opportunities and challenges of university-industry dialogue in doctoral education and the widened prospects of employment offered to doctorate holders in Europe. We are indebted particularly to: • Members of the Steering Committee who provided their guidance and insights throughout the project, • University academic and administrative staff who responded enthusiastically to questionnaires and contributed to the workshops, • Company CEOs who agreed to be interviewed by telephone or personal visits and those who, in addition, participated in the workshops, thus contributing to high-level and lively dialogues between academia and business, • Members of the working group on institutional tracking methodologies of doctorate holders, • Companies Siemens (Munich-Perlach) and Schlumberger (Paris-Clamart) for hosting workshops. For their special commitment to the project, we would like to thank the following individuals: • Andrew Dearing, Secretary General of EIRMA, the European Industrial Research Management Association, for his enthusiasm and unconditional support to the project from
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