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Transnational Pedagogy: Doing Political Work in Women's Studies an Interview with Chandra Talpade Mohanty

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Transnational Pedagogy: Doing Political Work in Women's Studies an Interview with Chandra Talpade Mohanty Transnational Pedagogy: Doing Political Work in Women's Studies An Interview with Chandra Talpade Mohanty Ena Dua and Alissa Trotz, editors For more than two decades, Chandra a global feminist, politics. Also on our minds was Talpade Mohanty's work has framed the issues for the challenge of rethinking women's studies through global feminist organizing. Her article, "Under a transnational lens. Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial We were interested in exploring the ways Discourses" (1991), has become a touchstone for in which implicit forms of nationalism continued to feminists struggling to grapple with the relations of shape feminist knowledge and politics. Before we imperialism and their implications for feminism. It were able to carry out the interview, the events of interrogated the ways in which geographic location September 11 took place. The wave of American and different histories structure relationships nationalism, and the ability of the United States to between feminists; in particular, it considered how impose its hegemony on international politics, has a Western gaze defined feminist knowledge of devastated many of our hopes for the possibilities of Third World women. This seminal article gave transnational feminism. It has brought a new voice to the struggle of many Third World feminists urgency to exploring questions of power in to gain an equal space within global feminist praxis, international politics and national difference, as and has led to a redefining of power relationships well as the ways in which feminism/women's between First World and Third World feminists. studies might challenge the hegemony of Western During the past decade, feminists have been dominance. addressing another set of challenges. A new phase In this interview we explore a number of of globalization is transforming women's work and wide-ranging questions with Chandra. We begin by lives throughout the world. In Feminist exploring gendered/feminist perspectives on Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic globalisation, and ask to what extent these Futures (1997), co-edited with Jacqui Alexander, perspectives have made their way into the Mohanty's writing continues to frame the issues for mainstream. We discuss how the events of feminist organizing in this new era. Importantly, she September 11th have been gendered in very has suggested that located within this conjuncture particular ways. In the final two sections of the are new opportunities for organizing - opportunities interview, Chandra reflects on her own involvement that are tied to the increasing similarities between in grassroots activism, and offers some thoughts on women's work in North and South locations. feminist activism within the academy. Chandra ends In June, 2001, Chandra Talpade Mohanty by reflecting on the ways in which was a visiting scholar at the Ontario Institute for internationalization is taking place within women's Studies in Education/University of Toronto, where studies. she co-taught a specially run seminar series on anti-racist feminism. While in Toronto, she also GENDERING GLOBALIZATION: gave a public lecture on globalization and the WHERE ARE WE AT? academy. We approached Chandra to see if she would share some of her views with a larger Ena audience. Particularly on our minds was the In your writing, one of your central arguments has challenge of creating a transnational, as opposed to been that gender is constitutive of globalization. How does one make that relationship visible? form of knowledge production has been factored into both mainstream and critical analyses of Chandra globalization? Has it affected how globalization is I think it is critical to try to connect some of the taught or researched, or has it emerged as a larger questions of political economy to questions sub-specialty, gender and globalization, whereas the of subjectivity and identity and community. Those critical analysis of globalization is left untouched? connections are central to thinking about gender and globalization. If we do a good job, then I think it Chandra becomes possible to see that while the effects of I don't think that gender as a lens has become globalization on most disenfranchised communities visible at all in the mainstream. The only way that are pretty devastating, it's also true that it opens up gendered analyses of globalization become visible certain possibilities for women as well. is when people are aware of the exploitation of, say, Making connections between political women workers in Nike factories. Otherwise, economy and questions of subjectivity and identity questions of gender continue to be sidelined. Most and agency enable us to present a narrative that often, globalization is presented in a kind of explicitly encodes the complexities of women's non-gendered and non-classed language. Take the lives under globalization, that doesn't present us example of the IMF or the World Bank. When they with caricatures of women. It's important for us to talk about globalization, the language is about profit recreate more comprehensive stories of women's and accumulation rather than exploitation and lives and agencies within this context, to combat the poverty, or about the power or powerlessness of monolithic images that are circulated about women governments. These are all examples of a as victims. non-gendered analysis and an implicitly masculinist A good example is what is happening now, discourse. post September 11. For instance, one of the ways What is made invisible through such a feminists could contest the whole discourse around discourse is how processes of globalization have the war against terror would be to really point out essentially re-colonized women's and girls' bodies the history of the resistance of women within and labours at different places and sites around the Islamic culture and communities; to create much world. The fact is that women are invisible in the more nuanced stories about their lives, the choices dominant discourses of policy making and the they have made about the different forms of rule in relations of rule that have to do with globalization. those contexts and what was possible for them. What is also interesting, and somewhat Revealing these layers of complexity surprising perhaps, is that in general the makes it possible to disrupt the kinds of images that anti-globalization movement also does not include are monolithic and get coopted immediately. A a feminist analysis. It's a movement comprised, it singular solitary image without any depth to it is seems, of a loose coalition of groups, which easy to coopt and weave into your particular includes some women's peace groups, women's self-interest. This is what's happening now with all environmental groups and that even has women in these discourses of protectionism that seem to be leadership positions, especially when students mobilized on behalf of Afghani women. The organize on campuses. Yet gender is not really discussion needs to be nuanced in the sense that present in thinking about anti-globalization and it's there are things we can do to make the agency of fascinating that it's not central to it. people who are devastated by globalization more visible. Even to do just that would really completely Ena change a lot of different things; in particular, the Why do you think it's not central in critical work on Eurocentrism of this discourse. globalization? Alissa Chandra Given the extent of feminist scholarship and One of my ideas is that in the places where we teach activism addressing the ways in which gender is about gender, like in women's studies and maybe constitutive of globalisation, would you say that this feminist departments, maybe we have not really addressed the issues or come up with an strategy"? anti-capitalist/anti-globalization critique. I think some of the students are not learning this, or rather, Chandra these are not the sites where are they getting this Well, I'm not sure that production is the only site, or knowledge [of anti-globalization] from. They are that I would situate it in this way, but I think it is getting it from new Marxist critiques, and some are one of the key sites. One of the most visible ways to getting it from environmental movements, but the actually see how exploitation and profit and more or less purist left thinkers that people draw on accumulation really function is to study how work to really mobilize anti-globalization movements are is organised globally. I am not saying that this not people who pay attention to gender. moment is that different from all earlier moments in Interestingly enough, "gender and capitalist development. There is a lot of continuity globalization," as a central intellectual and political in the development of capitalism and right now it's nexus, has not entered into the interdisciplinary just exacerbated and it takes different forms, and it space of women's studies. Gender and globalization moves in different ways and it's dispersed in is a growing area of research and perhaps teaching, different ways, and so on. However, it honestly but it seems pretty contained among a small group seems to me right now that this is one of the sites in of scholars and the discussion is quite specialised. which you can identify forms of exploitation, make So analyses of globalization have not made their them visible and then organize globally around way into mainstream feminist research in the way workers' identities. that this work needs to. This goes back to the point I made in my talk in Toronto, which is that I think Ena that the kind of transnational feminist framework How do you see your argument as similar or we need to be building now has to be an explicitly different from earlier left strategies? anti-capitalist one.
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