Verbreitung Der Acherontiini-Genera Im Lichte Der Verpuppungsweise: Die Vertreter Von Coelonia Und Megacorma Als Nichtwanderer (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) 109-116 Nachr

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Verbreitung Der Acherontiini-Genera Im Lichte Der Verpuppungsweise: Die Vertreter Von Coelonia Und Megacorma Als Nichtwanderer (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) 109-116 Nachr ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo Jahr/Year: 2016 Band/Volume: 37 Autor(en)/Author(s): Dvorak Bostjan Artikel/Article: stimmiVerbreitung der Acherontiini-Genera im Lichte der Verpuppungsweise: Die Vertreter von Coelonia und Megacorma als Nichtwanderer (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) 109-116 Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 37 (2/3): 109–116 (2016) 109 Verbreitung der Acherontiini-Genera im Lichte der Verpuppungsweise: Die Vertreter von Coelonia und Megacorma als Nichtwanderer (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Boštjan Dvořák Dr. Boštjan Dvořák, Babelsberger Straße 9, D­10715 Berlin, Deutschland; [email protected] Zusammenfassung: Wandernde Schwärmerarten sind ab weichenden Flugverhalten zusam men als mit der meist weit verbreitet und erfreuen sich seit langem eines Flug kapazität an sich, die bei den meis ten Vertretern der ver gleichsweise hohen Forschungsstandes und Bek annt­ Sphinginae ähnlich sein dürfte; man vergleiche da mit heits grades; alle drei Vertreterinnen der Gattung Ache ron- die wandernden Vertreter der Gattung Manduca Hüb­ tia Laspeyres, 1819 und zwei von Agrius Hübner, 1819 sind durch re gel mäßige, ausgedehnte Migrationen weit über ner, 1807, die alle auf die Neue Welt beschränkt blei ben, ihre Stammg ebie te hinaus bekannt und in verschiedenen sich auf ihrem Kontinent einer be achtlichen Viel falt Klimazonen präsent. Diesen Genera stehen jedoch zwei erfreuen und als Wanderer ebenf alls weit in den Nor­ wei tere ge gen über, deren Vertreterinnen — trotz der Ähn­ den und Süden vordringen (Schreiber 1978), aber auf lichk eit und eng en Verwandtschaft mit den ersteren — ihre entfernten In sel arealen wie den Bermudas (Fer gu son et tro pischen Area le niemals verlassen. Warum sind Coelonia al. 1991) erst durch den Menschen angesiedelt wur den. Rothsc hild & Jordan, 1903 und Megacorma Rothschild & Jor dan, 1903 auf die afrikanischen beziehungsweise asia­ Vier weitere Ver treter der Gattung Agrius sind in des auf ti schen Tro pen beschränkt? Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit die indo aus tralische Region beschränkt (Beck & Kitching Über legungen zu einem wahrscheinlichen Zusammenhang 2008). zwisc hen dem Lebensareal und der Verpuppungsweise der Ache ron tia Raupen dieser Schwärmerarten. Auch die Gattung Laspeyres, 1819 ist auf die Alte Welt besc hränkt, aber mit ihren drei Ver tre tern, Distribution of the genera of Acherontiini in the light die alle auch ausg eprägte Wanderer sind, in ver schie­ of the pupation mode: The representatives of Coelonia denen Kli ma zo nen anwesend. Während In di vi du en der and Megacorma as non-migrating species (Lepidoptera: afrikanischen Ach. atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) bis nach Sphingidae) Mit tel skan di na vien beobachtet werden können (Pit­ Abstract: Migrating sphingid species are mostly widely dis­ taway 2005, Reinhardt 1989), er reichen die asiati schen tribut ed and enjoy a relatively high state of research and Ach. lachesis (Fabricius, 1798) und Ach. styx (West wood, level of awareness; by their regular, extensive migrations 1844) regelmäßig Japan und das Ussuri­Gebie t (Pittaway all three species of the genus Acherontia Laspeyres, 1819 & Kitching 2014). Auch ihre Raupen kön nen weit von Agrius and two of Hübner, 1819 are known widely beyond ih rer „tropischen Heimat“ beobachtet wer den und sind their ancestr al territories, inhabiting several climatic zones. These genera, however, are confronted by two further ones, in den ge mä ßig ten Gebieten allgemein bekannt. Es muß the members of which — in spite of their affinity and close in des zu ge ge ben werden, daß es sich heute bei allen relatedness to the first two — do never leave their tro pical ge nann ten Ar ten um ausgeprägte Kul tur fol ger handelt, areas. Why are Coelonia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 and die — zumin dest zu einem großen Teil — an kultivierten Megacorma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 restricted to the Pflan zen le ben. Da dies bei Ver tre tern von Coelonia african or asian tropics, respectively? The present con tri­ Roth schild & Jordan, 1903 in Afrik a je doch sehr ähn­ bution deals with thoughts about a probable relationship lich und bei Megacorma Roth schild & Jordan, 1903 in be tween the inhabited area and the pupation mode of the lar vae of these Sphingidae species. Asien zumindest teilweise eben falls der Fall ist, stellt sich uns die Frage, warum diese beiden Genera weit weni ger verbreitet sind als ih re Verwandten. Obwohl Coe lo nia Einleitung fulvinotata (Butler, 1875) in ihrem Areal im Hin blick Die Gattung Agrius Hübner, 1819 ist mit zweien ihrer auf die Raupenfunde meist eine Vorliebe für die sel­ Ver treter prak tisch über die gesamte Welt verbreitet und ben Pflanzengattungen und ­arten zeigt wie A. atro pos besiedelt zu min dest zeitweise sämtliche Zonen mit kon­ und Raupen von Mega corma obliqua (Walker, 1856) stant oder per iodisch mildem Klima. Sowohl für den in zumindest gelegentlich auch auf Pflanzenarten gefun­ der Alten Welt beheimateten Agr. convolvuli (Lin nae us, den werden können, die Ach. lachesis als Futter pflan­ 1758) als auch für den in der Neuen Welt ver tre te nen zen dienen (Dvořák 2014), bleibt nämlich die ers te auf Agr. cin gu la tus (Fabricius, 1775) gilt, daß sie durch aus­ die afrikanischen Gebiete süd lich der Sahara (Pinhey ge dehnte Wan derzüge nord­ und südwärts des Äqua tors 1962) und die zweite auf den Regen wald gür tel Asiens kon ti nent weit anwesend sind und auch als Rau pen regel­ beschränkt. mä ßig beobachtet werden können. Außer dem begeben sich ihre Individuen auch auf int er kon ti nen tale Flüge, was Ergebnisse und Diskussion ge legentliche Funde auf den jeweils entg egengesetzten At lantikküsten zeigen. Die selb stän di ge Überwindung Zur Rolle oder Ursache des Wandertriebs der Weltmeere, wie sie für diese bei den Arten nach weis­ So intensiv und lange den Funktionen ausgedehnter bar ist, stellt sogar innerhalb der Sphin gidae eine Sel­ Mi gra tionen mancher Schwärmerarten nachgegangen tenheit dar, hängt aber offensic ht lich eher mit einem wird, bleibt es noch immer schwierig, sich ein stim mi­ © 2016 by Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main 110 ges Gesamtbild zu verschaffen und anhand der Da ten­ Der Umstand, daß ein so stabiler Fakt or wie die Tag es­ men gen, die uns heute zur Verfügung stehen, die sich län ge auf einem bestimmten Brei ten grad und in einem aus der Forschung und Beobachtung ergebenden Zusam­ be stimmten Raupenstadium für die Einleitung ihrer men hänge auch im Rahmen eines überzeugenden Ver­ Dia pause und die Fruchtbarkeit oder das Flugverhalten hältnisses von Ursachen und Folgen zu erblicken; trotz des geschlüpften Falters ausschlaggebend ist, spricht für zum Teil weitreichender Erkenntnisse und über zeu­ ei ne alte, präzise abgestimmte Anpassung an die große gender Einblicke in die Wandermechanismen scheint Mo bilität zwischen den einzelnen Klimazonen. die Aussicht auf ein allgemeines Urteil über ih ren Ursprung nach wie vor recht fern zu sein. Während Ein Vergleich zwischen Afrika und Asien näm lich einerseits von der plausiblen An nah me eines Der afrikanische Kontinent beherbergt vier, der asia­ all gemeinen Populationsdrucks ausgegangen wer den ti sche drei Genera der Acherontiini, von denen jeweils kann, bei dem die Individuendichte einer Art in ih rer die beiden gemeinsamen, nämlich Agrius und Ache ron- Brut region zum immer wiederkehrenden Anlaß einer tia, Arten mit ausgeprägtem Wanderverhalten um fas sen; par tiellen Abwanderung wird, erscheint es auf der an de­ die Gattungen Coelonia und Callosphingia Roth schild ren Seite recht plausibel, daß sich das Wander ver hal ten & Jordan, 1916 sind auf Afrika, die Gattung Me ga corma — zumindest bei regelmäßigen Migratoren — auf ei ni ge ist auf Asien beschränkt. Während Agrius und Ache- entwicklungstechnische Vor teile oder Not wen dig kei­ rontia sowie Coelonia und Callosphingia auf dem afr i­ ten zurückführen lassen soll te. So kann das re gel mä ßi ge kanischen Festland durch nur je eine Art vertreten (und sommerliche Aus brei ten eines Teils der Po pu la tio nen zwei weitere Coelonia­Arten auf Madagaskar be schränkt) von Daphnis nerii (Lin nae us, 1758) an den nordöst li­ sind (Carcasson 1967), kommen die beiden ers teren im chen Mittelmeerrand als not wen di ges Ausweichen aus stärker ge gliederten Asien in zwei bezie hungs weise fünf den zu dieser Jahreszeit für die freilieg enden Puppen Arten vor. Auch bei Megacorma wur den bisher mehrere zu heißen Halb wüs ten ge bie ten Nord afrikas und des Arten mit teilweise überlappenden Area len beschrieben Na hen Ostens betrachtet wer den (Pit taway 1979), das (Eitschberger 2003). Alle vier nicht wandernden Agrius­ mit der Futterqualität einher geht, oder als schlichtes all­ Ar ten sind auf einzelne In sel ter ri torien beschränkt. mähliches Ausweiten des Areals, das sich infolge güns­ tiger natürlicher Be din gun gen (war mes, feuchtes Wet ter) Von Cal lo sphingia circe (Faw cett, 1915) als einziger Ver­ und menschlicher Einf lüs se (Oleanderkulturen) jähr lich treterin des Genus sind bisher nur Falterfunde bek annt. und all mäh lich von selbst ergibt. Auch die Raupen von Me ga corma, die als Falter häufige Gäste an künstlichen Lichtq uellen sind, blieben bis Zweiteres wirft, so stichhaltig und ein wand frei die zuletzt unbekannt be zie hungs weise unbeachtet. Der An nah me erscheint, dies die Frage auf, war um dann ge ringe Kenntnisstand der Präimaginalst adien bei den im mer nur bestimmte Arten wandern, währ end andere, ge nannten Spezies mag zwar auf den ersten Blick rät sel­ die ebenso wie diese Migratoren außerdem auch die haft erscheinen, hat aber vor allem zwei gut nachv oll­ ge sam te tropische Region bewohnen, im Geg en satz zu zieh ba re Gründe (Dvořák 2016).
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