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Distribution of Plant Species at a Biome Transition Zone in New Mexico - 531

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Distribution of Plant Species at a Biome Transition Zone in New Mexico - 531 Journal of Vegetation Science 15: 531-538, 2004 © IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. - Distribution of plant species at a biome transition zone in New Mexico - 531 Distribution of plant species at a biome transition zone in New Mexico Kröel-Dulay, György1*; Ódor, Péter2; Peters, Debra P.C.3 & Hochstrasser, Tamara3,4 1Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátot, Hungary H-2163; 2Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, L. Eötvös University, Ludovika tér 2., Budapest, Hungary H-1083; 3United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Box 30003 MSC 3JER, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0003, USA; 4Present address: Department of Environmental Resource Management, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; *Corresponding author; Fax 3628360110; E-mail [email protected] Abstract. Introduction Question: Is there a difference in plant species and life form composition between two major patch types at a biome transi- The geographic location of biome transition zones is tion zone? Are subordinate species associated with different primarily determined by climatic factors, thus fluctua- patch types at the shortgrass steppe - Chihuahuan desert grass- tions or directional changes in climate are expected to land transition zone? Is this association related to differences in soil texture between patch types and the geographic range of have large effects on these areas, such as shift in species associated species? dominance and change in species composition (di Castri Location: central New Mexico, USA. et al. 1988; Risser 1995). Broad-scale transitions be- Methods: Patches dominated by either Bouteloua gracilis, the tween biomes usually consist of a mosaic of patches of dominant species in the shortgrass steppe, or Bouteloua different types that are characterized by the dominance eriopoda, dominant species in the Chihuahuan desert grass- or codominance by species from one or more of the two lands, were sampled for the occurrence of subordinate species adjacent biomes (Gosz 1993; Gosz & Gosz 1996). Most and soil texture within a 1500-ha transitional mosaic of patches. studies on biome transition zones focus on these domi- Results: Of the 52 subordinate species analysed, 16 species nant species (Lavoie & Payette 1996; Barras & Kellman were associated with B. gracilis-dominated patches and 12 species with B. eriopoda-dominated patches. Patches domi- 1998; Minnick & Coffin 1999; Weltzin & McPherson nated by B. gracilis were richer in annual grasses and forbs, 1999; Anand & Li 2001) or life forms (‘phase transi- whereas patches dominated by B. eriopoda contained more tions’; Timoney et al. 1993; Loehle et al. 1996). By perennials forbs and shrubs. Soils of B. gracilis-dominated contrast, patterns in species and life form composition patches had higher clay and lower rock contents compared are not well documented and understood in these transi- with soils of B. eriopoda-dominated patches. Differences in tional areas, although it is these species that determine species characteristics of the dominant species as well as patterns in biodiversity. differences in soil texture between patch types contribute to The most common approach to studying biome tran- patch-scale variation in composition. The association of species sition zones is along transects between the adjacent to patch types was not related to their geographic range and occurrence in the adjacent biomes. biomes and through the transition between them. These Conclusions: Patch types at this biome transition zone have transects reveal changes in a single or few variables characteristic life-form and species composition, but species across biome transition zones, and usually address patch are associated to patch types due to local constraints, inde- structure (Timoney et al. 1993) or the performance of pendently from their affinity to the adjacent biomes. the dominant species (Lavoie & Payette 1996; Minnick & Coffin 1999). A different approach is to focus on one, usually intermediate area along this broad-scale transect Keywords: Association; Bouteloua gracilis; Bouteloua and study patch types in more detail within this area. eriopoda; Chihuahuan desert grassland; Geographic range; This approach is more applicable when conducting ex- Life form; Patch mosaic; Semi-arid grassland; Short-grass periments (Wesser & Armbruster 1991; Weltzin & steppe; Soil texture; Species composition. McPherson 1999), studying fine-scale patterns of envi- ronmental variables (Barras & Kellman 1998), analyzing Nomenclature: Anon. (1999). changes in patch structure through time (Loehle et al. 1996), and also when patterns in species composition are addressed (Hovestadt et al. 1999). Abbreviation: SNWR = Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. Patch types within biome transition zones have been conceptualized as representatives of the two adjacent 532 Kröel-Dulay, G. et al. biomes based on the dominant species (Gosz 1993; B. gracilis or B. eriopoda at a shortgrass steppe – Risser 1995). While adjacent biomes differ in species Chihuahuan desert grassland transition zone. Specific and life form composition (Cox & Moore 1985; Begon objectives were: (1) to test if subordinate species are et al. 1996), it is unclear if patch types at the transition associated with patch types dominated either by B. zone also differ in these features. Since the dominant gracilis or B. eriopoda, (2) to compare the life form species of these patch types dominate at different geo- composition of the two patch types, (3) to compare the graphic areas in the broad scale (biomes), we hypo- soil texture between the two patch types and test its thesize that they occupy and provide different habitats relationship with life form composition, and (4) to ex- for the subordinate species at the landscape scale of the amine if the association of species to patch types at the biome transition zone. Subordinate species may be as- transition zone is related to their geographic range and sociated with these patch types due to differences be- occurrence in the adjacent biomes. tween the dominant species (growth form, competitive ability, etc.), but also due to potential environmental differences between patch types (topography, soil char- Methods acteristics, disturbance regime, etc.). Subordinate species occurring at a biome transition zone may have very Site description different geographic ranges that include the two adja- cent biomes (Neilson et al. 1992; Risser 1995). Thus, it The study area is the Sevilleta National Wildlife is a further question if species found associated with the Refuge (SNWR; 34.5°N, 106.9°W) located in central two patch types at the transition zone differ in their New Mexico, USA. Grazing by cattle has been excluded geographic range and occurrence in the adjacent biomes. from the SNWR since 1973, although grazing by native In central New Mexico, a broad-scale transition herbivores, such as pronghorn antelope and rabbits, zone occurs between the short-grass steppe dominated occurs at low to moderate intensities. The climate of the by Bouteloua gracilis and the Chihuahuan desert grass- area is subtropical semiarid. Mean monthly tempera- land dominated by B. eriopoda (Gosz 1993). Although tures recorded in Socorro, south of the SNWR at similar shortgrass steppe and Chihuahuan desert grassland vege- elevation and topography, range from 2.6°C in January tation types are dominated by congeneric species, they to 24.6°C in July. Long-term (65yr) mean annual pre- represent different biomes, temperate grassland and cipitation is 232 mm (SD = 79) (Peters 2000). Local, but desert (Cox & Moore 1985), respectively. Each biome intense summer thunderstorms between 1 July and 1 occupies geographically and climatically distinct areas November account for 60% of the annual precipitation. that also differ in species composition, disturbance re- A complete site description is available from http:// gime, and evolutionary history of grazing by large her- sevilleta.unm.edu. bivores (Lauenroth & Milchunas 1992; Schmutz et al. The study site was the McKenzie Flats (1650 m 1992; Sims & Risser 2000; Hochstrasser et al. 2002). elevation) where vegetation is typical of the shortgrass Landscapes within this transition zone contain a mosaic steppe - Chihuahuan desert grassland transition zone. of patches dominated by one or both Bouteloua species Patches of vegetation of variable size (< 10 m2 to > (Gosz & Gosz 1996). 1000 m2) and shape may be dominated or co-dominated Several studies have examined patterns in, and con- by B. gracilis and B. eriopoda at this location. The trols on, species dominance and structure of this biome topography is level on sandy loam or loamy sand soils transition zone (Gosz 1993; Gosz & Gosz 1996; Fields with > 64% sand content. et al. 1999; Minnick & Coffin 1999; Peters 2000; Anand & Li 2001). However, patterns in species composition Patch selection relative to patch types of the two Bouteloua species have not been addressed. Since in semi-arid climates the most Aerial photos from 1993 were used to identify patches important limiting factor is soil water availability (Noy- potentially dominated by either B. gracilis or B. eriopoda Meir 1973), we hypothesized that this factor may affect based upon color contrast and field experience. Several fine-scale species distribution patterns within the biome criteria were then used in the field to select a patch for transition zone. Therefore, our study of subordinate sampling: plant cover dominated by one of the two
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