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Table of Contents Item Transcript DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Moisey Frid, full unedited interview ID STP012.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4rb6w422 ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION 2 CITATION & RIGHTS 13 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 1/13 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Moisey Frid, full unedited interview ID STP012.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4rb6w422 ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION —Today is September 19, 2008. We are in St. Petersburg, meeting with a veteran of the Great Patriotic War. Please, first of all, introduce yourself, tell us about your childhood, your family, what your parents did, about your brothers, sisters. What school did you attend? How did you end up in in the army and how you spent the war years? Please proceed. My name is Moisey Abramovich Frid. I was born on August 17, 1923. I turned eighty-five recently. I am a veteran of the Second World War, with 2nd degree disability. I was born in Belarus, in Minsk. As for my family, Father finished a Realschule [a type of secondary school] and later specialized in engineering; he worked as an engineer in Minsk. Mother graduated from Mariinsky Gymnasium in Minsk. I still have her diploma. I also have a sister, Emilia, who is two years older than me. Until 1927 we lived in Belarus, but then, due to family circumstances—the end of the New Economic Policy—there were [difficulties] with employment for my father and grandfather who owned some forest land there, so we moved to Leningrad [St. Petersburg]. I was then four years old. Naturally, I don’t remember much of that time, but at the age of seven I went to school, a former grammar school on Fontanka Street. We lived on the corner of Nevsky Prospect and Fontanka Street, in a famous building with a pharmacy—house no. 66. We had a small room which Father bought having sold all our property in Belarus. And of course, this move to St. Petersburg, or Leningrad, has had a great influence on my and my sister’s upbringing. We stayed there until the start of the Great Patriotic War. I went to this former grammar school, which still retained wonderful teachers, the remnants of the classical education in literature, mathematics, and history. This happened in 1930. I finished tenth grade on Tchaikovsky Street, a very good school, situated in a former manor house. Having graduated with flying colors in 1940, I enrolled in the Shipbuilding Institute. Even at school, I had been keen on maritime affairs and shipbuilding, so together with my buddies . Thus, on the eve of the war, I managed to finish the first year of the Shipbuilding Institute. I was preparing for the last exam in physics, which was scheduled for June 24. At the time, we were staying in our country house in Sestroretsk district. I remember, when we approached the Gulf, we came across a fence, and an anti-aircraft guns were being installed, so we were not allowed farther. This was on the eve of the war. And on June 22, my friend and I went for a walk in the woods in the morning. As we made our way back, we felt tension in the air, people with downcast faces passed us by. We wondered what had happened. We were told that Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, Molotov, had announced that the war had begun, that the Germans had attacked us. Of course, it was surreal . Naturally, we appreciated that the war would be a hard one. By then, the German Army had conquered nearly all of Europe. But I was still shy of eighteen. I was seventeen, going on eighteen. 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 2/13 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Moisey Frid, full unedited interview ID STP012.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4rb6w422 ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN Then, I went to the institute to take my exam with one other student. Our examiner was an excellent pedagogue, Associate Professor Isaac Metter. He said, “Boys, this is war. God willing you survive it. I am not going to ask any physics questions. Hand over your report cards, I am giving you high marks and hope you survive this terrible war. Trying times are in store for our people”. He understood, but we were young and didn’t grasp the magnitude of what was happening. A week later, when we went to the institute, an announcement had already been made that the people’s militia was being organized. We signed up and were told to expect a call-up. I came home and Mother reported that the house manager had been to see her, saying that all young people, especially boys, were mobilized to dig fortifications. Fortunately, we were not taken outside the city, because many were bombed there; instead, we were given shovels and sent to dig trenches and foxholes in Letnii Sad [Summer Garden], Marsovo Pole [Champ de Mars], and other places, where anti-aircraft guns were being placed. This is where I got my first toiler's blisters. We worked for about two weeks. Upon my return—this was already in the beginning of July—I found Mother in tears. Turns out, my call-up papers had arrived, I was being summoned to the military recruitment office. But I was still underage, not yet eighteen, and the year 1923 was not yet on the mobilization list announced in newspapers and on the radio. So we went, and were at once sent for a medical on Konyushennaya Square, from where, skipping home, we marched straight to the anti-aircraft artillery school on Mir Street. The mothers who had managed to learn that we were being sent to an officer course to be trained as commanders, accompanied us. A few days later, our heads were shaved, we received new uniform, and drove to Krasnoye Selo and Dudergof, where the school’s camps were situated. We had been studying for about a month there, when suddenly, we were told not to undress, given rifles, and driven half-asleep to the Peterhof Highway, to form a cordon. This was in the area between Peterhof and Krasnoye Selo, where we also dug trenches. We were told that the Germans could break through. But we only saw how the remnants of our routed army marched from Kingisepp. The Germans had already broken through and occupied Narva, cutting off Leningrad from the Baltic states . Our commander told us to open fire if we see any Germans. We were issued live ammunition, though we had only once been at the shooting range. In fact, I had an exemption from the army, because of poor eye sight; since school, I had been wearing glasses +5½ diopters. During training, I lost my glasses, broke them; nevertheless, I was not a bad shot. Well, we thought we would perish there, because we saw the state of the retreating army: wagons full of the wounded, and those who could walk, went on foot, their heads and hands bandaged up. We realized that this was real war. Next day, out of the blue, our commanders told us to return to the school immediately. We boarded trucks and went. The General Staff and the Stavka made, I think, one of the few sound decisions amid this catastrophe, when the army was unprepared and completely defeated, to evacuate from Leningrad all those who had at least some education—seven to ten years of high school, as well as university students—and all the military schools and academies. For in early July, Pskov was taken and the Germans were halted at Vyritsa for about a month. There was an encirclement, but they broke through . the blockade was established in September. 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 3/13 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Moisey Frid, full unedited interview ID STP012.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4rb6w422 ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN It took us a week to load all our equipment. This was heavy physical work, for we had to load our anti- aircraft guns and other inventory, searchlights, and the fire control system. Well, sometime at the end of August our trains moved off, but the Moscow line had already been cut off near Lyuban, and we slipped through the station Mga along the Northern Railway, which had not yet been seized by the Germans. This journey lasted for about two weeks, because we had to allow the trains, carrying tanks and artillery to the front, pass. And so, at the end of August beginning of September, we found ourselves in Omsk, where we resumed our studies at an accelerated pace. We studied field guns, searchlights, and the fire control system. Since this was more of an engineering school, we studied for more than a year, until September 1942. Then they began to form batteries, assign ranks and send cadets to the front. At the time, we had been sent to harvest potatoes and were thus delayed. But it so happened—God Almighty has seen us through—that instead of the front, we were sent to Ufa, where Sevastopol Anti-aircraft Artillery School had been evacuated. An anti-aircraft unit began to form on the basis of this school. American weapons started to arrive in 1942, and our factories began manufacturing 37mm and 85mm anti-aircraft machine guns. It took us half a year to form: first battalions, then regiments, and then an entire division.
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