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Neogene Life & Extinctions (Pdf) Neogene Worlds, Life & Extinctions Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Neogene Worlds, Life & Extinctions Objectives Understand the structure of the Neogene world in terms of timescales, geo- graphy, environments, and organisms. Understand the structure of Neogene extinction events. Understand the major Neogene extinction drivers. Understand the degree to which these putative drivers correlate with Neogene extinction events. Neogene Worlds, Life & Extinctions Presentation Topics Stratigraphy - chronostrati- graphy & geochronology Geography - tectonics & distribution Climate - circulation, temp- 0°0° erature, weather Biota - protists, inverte- brates, vertebrates, plants Evolution - evolutionary faunas, adaptive radiations, major innovations Significant Events - sea-level changes, volcanic eruptions, marine anoxia events, bolide impacts, extinctions 80 PhanerozoicPhanerozoic System Durations 64 48 Duration32 (myr) 16 0 Camb. Ord. Sil. Dev. Carbon. Perm. Trias. Jur. Cret. Paleog. Neog. Data fromQuat. ICS (2020) Cenozoic Epoch Durations 24 19.2 14.4 9.6 Duration (myr) 4.8 0 Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Data from ICS (2020) Neogene Neogene Timescale System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 2.580 Piacenzian Pliocene 3.600 Zanclean 5.333 Messinian 7.246 Tortonian 11.63 Serravillian Miocene 13.82 Neogene Langhian 15.97 Burdigalian 20.44 Aquitainian 23.03 ICS International Chronostrat. Chart 2020/03 Neogene Tectonic Configuration Establishment of modern tectonic plate configurations and establishment of modern atmospheric and marine circulation patterns. Continents continue to drift toward their present positions. Land bridge between North America and South America forms during the Pliocene due to sea-level fall. Mountain ranges appear on almost all continents owing to tectonic collisions & subductions. Tectonic collision between Africa and Europe caused Mediterranean Sea to dry up in Messinian. Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Neogene Tectonic Configuration Establishment of modern tectonic plate configurations and establishment of modern atmospheric and marine circulation patterns. Continents continue to drift toward their present positions. Land bridge between North America and South America forms during the Pliocene due to sea-level fall. Mountain ranges appear on almost all continents owing to tectonic collisions & subductions. Tectonic collision between Africa and Europe caused Mediterranean Sea to dry up in Messinian. Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Neogene Marine Circulation Essentially a modern marine circulation pattern with variations in intensity conditioned on variations in sea level, the latitudinal thermal gradient and global temperature Five permanent subtropical gyres. Northern gyres rotate clockwise, southern gyres rotate counterclockwise under Coriolis Effect. Boundary currents move water between the major ocean gyres. Vertical circulation controlled by deep-ocean conveyor which was first established in the Neogene. Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Neogene Marine Circulation Essentially a modern marine circulation pattern with variations in intensity conditioned on variations in sea level, the latitudinal thermal gradient and global temperature Five permanent subtropical gyres. Northern gyres rotate clockwise, southern gyres rotate counterclockwise under Coriolis Effect. Boundary currents move water between the major ocean gyres. Vertical circulation controlled by deep-ocean conveyor which was first established in the Neogene. Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Neogene Marine Circulation Tillinger (2011), redrawn from. Broecker (1987) Neogene Marine Circulation Tillinger (2011), redrawn from. Broecker (1987) Neogene Paleoenvironment Atmospheric O Atmospheric CO 2 2 35 5000 28 4000 21 3000 14 2000 7 1000 Percent byVol. Parts PerMillionParts 0 0 Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr Jr Ct Pg Ng Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct Pg Ng Mean Surface Temperature Sea Level 25 250 20 200 15 150 Present 10 100 Meters Above Meters 5 50 Degrees Celsius Degrees Celsius 0 0 Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cb. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct. Pg Ng Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct. Pg Ng Neogene Climate Zones Comparative Criteria Neogene O2 Content of 21,5 vo. % Atmosphere (108%) CO2 Content of 280 ppm Atmosphere (x 1) Mean Surface 14°C Temperature (0° C) Sea Level +150 m to - 100 m Climates remained relatively warm throughout the Early Miocene with a slow cooling trend that ended with two sharp drops in global temperature, one in the Middle Miocene (c. 14 mya) and the other in the Late Miocene (c. 8 mya). Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2000) Neogene Global Temperature Variation Neogene Global Temperature Variation Diagram from Hansen et al. (2012) Neogene Global Temperature Variation Diagram from Hansen et al. (2012) Neogene Middle Miocene Vegetation Model Diagram from Henrot et al. (2017) Neogene Miocene Sea-Surface Temperature Model Diagram from Tim Herbert Lab, Brown University (2021) Neogene Pliocene Land-Surface Temperature Model Diagram from Salzmann et al. (2008) Neogene Pliocene Sea-Surface Temperature Model Diagram from Fedorov et al. (2013) Neogene Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna Trilobite Graptolite Monoplacophora Inarticulata Polychaete Neogene Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna Articulata Crinoid Tabulate Coral Bryozoan Ammonite Ruose Coral Neogene Modern Evolutionary Fauna Bivalve Gastropod Echinoid Bony Fish Neogene Reefs Pliocene Reef Widespread reef formation around throughout the Tethys, the proto-Gulf of Mexico, across southeast Asia and around Pacific islands. Quite a hemispherically asymmetrical latitudinal distribution with reefs extending to above 60° latitude, bit more reefs in northern hemisphere reflecting a latitudinally asymmetrical distribution of shallow marine habitats and sea-surface temperatures. Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2000) Neogene Fish Ophiodon Emola Acanthurus Hippocampus Oncorhynchus Cretaceous Fish Neogene Elasmobranchs Carcharhinus Megalolamna Carcharoides Hemipristis Manta Cretaceous Elasmobranchs Neogene Terrestrial Environment Miocene Grassland Biome Neogene Terrestrial Environment Global climates become more seasonal with a larger latitudinal thermal gradient with a continuation of the cooling and drying trend that began in the Eocene. Ice caps at both poles grow and thicken along with the Greenland ice cap and mountain glaciers worldwide. Alternating massive glacial-interglacial phases begin at the end of the interval. Plants Arthropods (incl. insects) Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Plioene Terrestrial Scene Neogene Trees Quercus Northofagus Pinus (Oak) (Beech) (Pine) Magnolia Metasequoia Ginko (Magnolia) (Metasequoia) (Ginko) Neogene Terrestrial Arthropods Tumidocarcinus Tityus Maevia (Crab) (Scorpion) (Spider) Archaeogeryon Luthobiidid Chilopod (Crab) (Centipede) Cretaceous Terrestrial Arthropods Neogene Terrestrial Insects Acanthognathus Luzomyia Anochetus (Ant) (Sand Fly) (Ant) Undescribed Platypodid Coleopteran Hydrophiloid Coleopteran (True Bug) (Beetle) (Beetle) Cretaceous Terrestrial Insects Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Amphibians) Rana (Frog) Chelotriton (Salamander) Bufonid Anuran (Toad) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Amphibians) Chart from Roelants et al. (2005) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Reptiles) Armandisaurus (Lizard) Crocodylus (Crocodile) Meiolania Colubrid Serpentes Rhamphosuchus (Tortoise) (Snake) (Crocodile) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Reptiles) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Birds) Ostedornis (Seagull Relative) Pelagornis Titanis (Pelican/Stock Relative) (Terror Bird) Struthio (Ostrich Relative) Bathornis (Seriemas Relative) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Birds) Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Mammals) Rhynchotherium Pliohippus Aepycamellus Samotherium Chalicotherium Neogene Marine Quadrupeds (Mammals) Balaenoptera Livyatan Odobenocetops Pontolis Brygmophyster Neogene Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Mammals) Diagram from Novacek (2001) Neogene Biodiversity 800 600 400 Modern Fauna 200 Paleozoic Fauna NumberFamilies of Cambrian Fauna 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Neogene Extinctions End-Ordovician End-Devonian End-Permian End-Triassic End-Cretaceous 80 Palaeozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Neogene 60 40 PercentExtinction 20 0 Cambrian Ord. Sil. Dev. Carb. Perm. Trias. Jurassic Cretaceous Paleoc. Neo. Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Data from Sepkoski (1998) Neogene Extinctions System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 2.580 Great American Biotic Inter- Piacenzian Change (GABI) Pliocene 3.600 Zanclean 5.333 Messinian 7.246 Tortonian 11.63 Serravillian 13.82 Miocene Local mammal & benthic in- Neogene Langhian vertebrate extinctions 15.97 Mostly local terrestrial Burdigalian extinctions in Europe 20.44 (lizards, alligators, turtles) Aquitainian 23.03 0 10 20 % Extinction (Genera) Neogene Miocene Extinctions Victims Marine Plankton Foraminifera Marine Benthos Foraminifera Marine Nekton Elasmobranchs Terrestrial Ungulates Perissodactyls Overall, quite low proportions of extinction. Neogene Pliocene Extinctions Victims Marine Benthos Bivalves (regional extinctions) Gastropods (regional extinctions Overall, quite low proportions of extinction. Neogene Messinian Salinity Crisis Neogene Great American Biotic Interchange Neogene Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) 40 mya (Bartonian) - 2.7 mya (Piacenzian) Caused by continent-continent tectonic collision. Resulted in extinctions
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