This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Technical Coordinators: THOMAS D. LANDIS, National Nursery Specialist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Cooperative Programs, P.O. Box 3623, Portland, OR 97208-3623. DAVID B. SOUTH, Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative, School of Forestry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5418. Layout and Editing: ALETA C. BARTHELL, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Cooperative Programs, P.O. Box 3623, Portland, OR 97208-3623. Papers were provided for printing by the authors, who are therefore responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The use of trade, firm or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement of approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, fish or other wildlife—if they are not handles or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Funding for this publication was provided as a technology transfer service by State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service. Cover: The "Target Seedling" produced by forest and consevation nurseries has improved dramatically over the past century. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations 1996 Thomas D. Landis and David B. South, Technical Coordinators U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, OR 97208 General Technical Report PNW-GTR-389 January 1997 This publication was published as a cooperative effort by the Pacific Northwest Research Station and the Pacific Northwest Region. i ii Abstract-Landis, T.D.; South, D.B., tech. coords. 1997. National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations—1996. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-389. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 282 p. This proceedings is a compilation of 51 papers that were presented at the regional meetings of the forest and conservation nursery associations in the United States in 1996. The Southern Forest Nursery Association meeting was held in Gatlinburg, TN, on June 25-27, 1996; the Northeastern Forest Nursery Association Conference was held in New England, CT, on August 19-22, 1996; and the Western Forest and Conservation Nursery Association meeting was held in Salem, OR, on August 20-22, 1996. The subject matter ranges from seed collection and processing, through nursery cultural practices, to harvesting storage and outplanting. Keywords: Bareroot seedlings, container seedlings, nursery practices, reforestation. Note: As part of the planning for this symposium, we decided to process and deliver these proceedings to the potential user as quickly as possible. Thus, the manuscripts did not receive conventional Forest Service editorial processing, and consequently, you may find some typographical errors. We feel quick publication of the proceedings is an essential part of the symposium concept and far outweighs these relatively minor distractions. iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SOUTHERN FOREST NURSERY ASSOCIATION MEETING Reforestation in Tennessee 1 Hart W. Applegate and Paul Ensminger Nursery Soil Management—Organic Amendments 6 C. B. Davey Survey of Southern Forest Nurseries: Fumigation Practices and Pest Management Concerns 19 Michelle M. Cram and Stephen W. Fraedrich Testing Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation in Southern Forest Tree Nurseries 28 William A. Carey Current Status of Methyl Bromide as a Soil Fumigant* Clarence Lemons Growing Bareroot Seedlings without Fumigation at the Bowater Nursery 29 Mike Williford Herbicide Updates (With Hardwood Emphasis)* David South Development and Field Performance of Slash and Loblolly Pine Seedlings Produced in Fumigated Nursery Seedbeds and Seedbeds Amended with Organic Residues 32 E. L. Barnard, M. E. Kannwischer-Mitchell, D. J. Mitchell, and S. W. Fraedrich Why Grow Big Seedlings? Biology of Oak Regeneration* Paul Kormanick Cultural Practices for Hardwood Production* Sam Campbell Bottom-Land Hardwoods for Today's Market 38 Randy Rentz Problems of Hardwood Seed and Planting Hardwood Seed 41 Floyd Hickam Seed Handling and Propagation of Hardwood Trees and Shrubs at Oklahoma Forestry Services' Forest Regeneration Center 43 Gregory R. Huffman Hardwood Seed Processing and Testing* Bob Karrfalt Recent Developments in Seed Technology and Obstacles to be Overcome Franklin T. Bonner (See Western Forest and Conservation Nursery Association Meeting Section) * Indicates that a paper was presented at the meeting, but was not received for this publication. The author can be contacted using the attendance list in the back of the book. v Role of State Nurseries in Southern Reforestation—An Historical Perspective 49 Clark W. Lantz Cultural Practices to Improve Survival and Growth of Loblolly and White Pine Seedlings 53 Tom Dierauf Phosphate Mine Reclamation in Tennessee 59 E. J.Griffith and H. N. Lyles Longleaf Pine Seed Quality: Can it be Improved? 69 James P. Barnett Seedborne Diseases of Southern Pines and Developing Strategies for Their Control 75 Stephen Fraedrich Containerized Seedling Longleaf Production 82 John McRae and Tom Starkey Field Performance of Containerized Longleaf Pine 89 Dale R. Larson Superabsorbent Gels* Ken McNabb Installing Deplyment Systems for Root Gels in Nursery Operations* Steve Cantrell Permitting for Use and Discharge of Root Dip Materials with Water* Donna Fare Mycorrhizal Fungi—Beneficial Tools for Mineland Reclamation and Christmas Trees 91 Charles E. Cordell NORTHEASTERN FOREST NURSERY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Alaska Region Cooperative Russian Far East Forestry Program 93 Andrew Youngblood, Peyton Owston, Cynthia Miner, Anne Jeffery, Gary Morrison, and Ron Overton (See "Nurseries and Reforestation in Russia" on page 223) Prospective Uses of Planting Stock in the Northeast 94 David M. Smith An Update on New Plant Materials and a Review of Old Ones* John Dickerson Developing New Coastal Plant Materials* Chris Miller Invasive Plants Species: Identification and Control* Glen Dryer • Indicates thaTa paper was presented at the meeting, but was not received for this publication. The author can be contacted using the attendance list in the back of the book. vi The Role of Nurseries in High Population Areas Reforestation in New York City* Tony Emmerich Rooting for Environmental Education at the Forest Resource Education Center—Green Side Up! 99 John Benton Chestnuts in the 21st Century* Sandy Anagnostakis Revisions to Standards of Worker Protection* Debbie Catuccio Current Issues and the Future of Seed Certification of Trees, Shrubs and Native Plants 102 Victor Vankus The Use of Organic Biostimulants to Reduce Fertilizer Use, Increase Stress Resistance, and Promote Growth 106 Graeme P. Berlyn and Saroj Sivaramakrishnan Biology and Control of White Grubs* Richard Cowles The Development of Mixed Species Plantations as Successional Analogues to Natural Forests 113 P Mark S. Ashton and Mark J. Ducey Influence of Initial Seedling Size and Browse Protection on Height Growth: 5-Year Results 127 Jeffrey S. Ward Nurseries and Their Role In The Effort To Maintain Biological Diversity 135 Stewart Pequignot WESTERN FOREST AND CONSERVATION NURSERY ASSOCIATION MEETING Methyl Bromide—Environmental Issues Overview and Position of the US Environmental Protection Agency 139 Bill Thomas Overview and Position from the Methyl Bromide Working Group* Peter Sparber The Use of Chemical Fumigants and Potential Alternatives at Weyerhaeuser Mima Nursery 144 Thomas S. Stevens Fumigation Practices in Oregon Ornamental Plant Nurseries 150 Richard Regan Fumigation in Other Agricultural Crops in the Pacific Northwest* Mike Conway * Indicates that a paper was presented at the meeting, but was not received for this publication. The author can be contacted using the attendance list in the back of the book. vii Overview of Biological Inoculants for Soils and Growing Media* Bob Lindermann A Practical Approach to Ectomycorrhizal Inoculations* Mike Amaranthus Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nursery Practice 152 Ted St. John Microbial Mixtures for Biological Control of Fusarium Diseases of Tree Seedlings 159 Cynthia M. Ocamb, Cynthia A. Buschena, and Joseph O'Brien Recent Developments in Seed Technology and Obstacles to be Overcome 167 Franklin T. Bonner (Presented at both Western and Southern meetings) The Stratification-Redry Technique with Special Reference to True Fir Seeds 172 D.G.W. Edwards Upgrading Seeds With IDS: A Review of Successes and Failures 183 Robert P. Karrfalt Seed Pathogens and Seed Treatments 187 Will Littke Seed Procedures at the Webster Forest Nursery* Mike Smith Operational Use of Vegetative Propagation in Forestry: World Overview of Cloning and Bulking 192 Gary A. Ritchie Vegetative Propagation Practices at Microplant Nursery* Gayle Suttle Propagation of Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camadulensis) for Clonal Forestry 198 Glenn Lehar Somatic Embryogenesis in Interior Spruce: Successful Implementation