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Cahiers Du Monde Russe, 46/1-2 | 2005, « La Russie Vers 1550 » [Online], Online Since 17 November 2005, Connection on 06 October 2020 Cahiers du monde russe Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants 46/1-2 | 2005 La Russie vers 1550 Monarchie nationale ou empire en formation&nbsp? André Berelowitch and Vladislav Nazarov (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/2707 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.2707 ISSN: 1777-5388 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2005 ISBN: 2-7132-2055-6 ISSN: 1252-6576 Electronic reference André Berelowitch and Vladislav Nazarov (dir.), Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005, « La Russie vers 1550 » [Online], Online since 17 November 2005, connection on 06 October 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/monderusse/2707 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.2707 This text was automatically generated on 6 October 2020. © École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris. 1 La thèse communément admise en Russie est que les princes de Moscou, lorsqu’ils ont réuni sous leur sceptre la majeure partie des territoires dépendant jadis des grands- princes de Kiev, entreprennent d’édifier un Etat centralisé qui préfigure la Russie moderne. Mais s’agit-il bien d’un Etat, au sens de Max Weber ? Peut-on parler d’Etat centralisé à propos d’une bureaucratie qui évoque, démesurément agrandie mais bien reconnaissable, l’administration encore rudimentaire d’un domaine seigneurial ? La nouvelle entité politique ressemble-t-elle aux monarchies nationales anglaise, espagnole, française, ou faut-il la comparer à ses voisins le royaume polono-lituanien et les khanats héritiers de la Horde d’Or ? Ces problèmes cruciaux pour la compréhension de l’histoire russe sont abordés dans une trentaine d’articles qui traitent les sujets les plus variés, depuis l’étude du crime de lèse-majesté à travers l’Europe jusqu’à l’image d’Alexandre Nevski dans l’histoire, la légende et le cinéma. Ils sont l’œuvre des professeurs et auditeurs, venus de toute l’Europe et des Etats-Unis, qui ont pris part à l’école d’été tenue à Paris, à l’EHESS, en septembre 2003. Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Avant-propos André Berelowitch, Vladislav NAZAROV and Pavel Uvarov Introduction Limites et portée du comparatisme André Berelowitch L'État : typologie, problématique Culture and politics, or the curious absence of Muscovite state building in current American historical writing Valerie A. KIVELSON Наследие Золотой Ордьı в Формировании Российского госүдарства Bulat R. RAHIMZJANOV La similitude du dissemblable La Russie et la grande-principauté de Lituanie XIVe-milieu du XVIe siècle Elena RUSINA La notion d’État Moderne est-elle utile ? Remarques sur les blocages de la démarche comparatiste en histoire Jean-Frédéric SCHAUB Modalités de l'expansion Incorporation des territoires de l’Est dans l’État moscovite (XIVe-premiÈre moitié du XVIe Siècle) Irina L. MAN´KOVA Россия и появление казачества на Волге и на Дοнү Igor´ O. TJUMENCEV Histoire socio-politique От «земель» к «великим княжениям» Andrej A. GORSKIJ Les réformes du milieu du xvie siècle et l’évolution structurelle de la noblesse russe Andrej P. PAVLOV Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 3 Économie et société Крестьяне в социальной структуре средвневековой Руси Vladimir A. ARAKCEEV Croissance et crises dans le monde médiéval xie-xve siècle Réflexions et pistes de recherche Mathieu ARNOUX Персональньıй состав нижегородского дворянства Pavel V. CHECHENKOV Аграрная микроистория нa примере ВолокаЛамского и Радонежа Sergej Z. CHERNOV Город и вече Pavel V. Lukin Значение «законa» в средневековом праве Konstantin V. PETROV Autour de la monarchie Sacre des tsars et sacrements de l’Église AUX XVIe-XVIIe siècles Olivier AZAM Les princes de Moscou face à la mort Modèle monastique et sainteté lignagère (1263-1598) Pierre GONNEAU La monarchie russe à la lumière de la crise politique des années 1530-1540 Mohail M. KROM Le couronnement d’Ivan IV La conception de l’empire à l’Est de l’Europe Olga NOVIKOVA The Muscovite monarchy in the sixteenth century: “national,” “popular” or “democratic”? Maureen PERRIE L’image du pouvoir monarchique dans les relations entre la Russie et la Pologne-Lituanie Seconde moitié du XVIe siècle Luc RAMOTOWSKI Princes, parents et seigneurs Loyautés et crime contre le souverain en Europe centrale ou occidentale et en Moscovie XIVe-XVIIe siècle ANGELA RUSTEMEYER The limits of Muscovite autocracy The relations between the grand prince and the boyars in the light of iosif Volotskii’s Prosvetitel´ Cornelia SOLDAT Отношения правителя и знати в СевероВосточной Руси Peter S. STEFANOVIC Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 4 Idéologies, mentalités, religions A few notes about the strigol´niki heresy Alexey I. ALEXEEV Aleksandr nevskii: Hagiography and national biography Anna NAVROTSKAYA La mémoire de la bataille de Kulikovo dans l’idéologie de l’état russe des xve-xvie siècles ANDREJ E. PETROV Political thinking in Moscow in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Peresvetov, križaniç and the grammatisation of knowledge STEFAN SCHNECK Формировaние идеологии русской монархии в xvı в. и Сmeneннaя кнuzа Aleksej V. SIRENOV La naissance de l’Union de Brest La curie romaine et le tournant de l’année 1595 Laurent Tatarenko Le temporel de la chaire métropolitaine de Russia orientalis (XIVe siècle -- premier quart du XVIIe siècle) Élisabeth TEIRO Ментальньıе основьı древнерусского монaрxизма Oleg G. USENKO « Освяшенньıй собор » в источникаx xıv Varvara G. VOVINA-LEBEDEVA Флорентийская уния и автокефалия Моской церкви Valerij E. ZEMA Liste des abréviations Abréviations Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 5 Avant-propos André Berelowitch, Vladislav NAZAROV et Pavel Uvarov 1 En 2003, le Centre d’études du monde russe, soviétique et post-soviétique de l’EHESS (aujourd’hui Centre d’études des mondes russe, caucasien et centre-européen, ou CERCEC) à Paris a proposé aux jeunes chercheurs d’Europe, du Japon, des États-Unis un séminaire doctoral autour du thème : « Naissance d’une monarchie nationale et formation d’un État russe (milieu du XIVe-milieu du XVIe siècle) dans le contexte européen ». 2 Organisé conjointement par le Centre et par l’Institut d’histoire universelle (Académie des sciences de Russie, Moscou), le séminaire était financé par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale. Le comité scientifique tient à remercier ici les organismes et les établissements d’enseignement supérieur qui lui ont prêté leur concours : le ministère de l’Éducation nationale, le Centre franco-russe en sciences humaines et sociales de Moscou, l’École doctorale de l’EHESS, l’École normale supérieure de la rue d’Ulm, l’Institut d’études slaves, la Maison des sciences de l’homme, la Section des sciences historiques et philologiques de l’École pratique des hautes études. Il remercie également le Centre d’études slaves et l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, à Paris, et le Centre « Pierre Le Grand » de formation en lettres et sciences humaines à l’Institut physico-technique de Moscou qui ont soutenu cette initiative. 3 Les 36 candidats retenus étaient presque tous docteurs ou préparaient une thèse de doctorat. Originaires de treize pays différents, ils se sont réunis à Paris, du 15 au 27 septembre 2003. Chacun a présenté un projet de recherche qui a été discuté en séance plénière. On trouvera dans le présent volume un choix de ces projets, revus et corrigés par leurs auteurs en fonction de la discussion. 4 Ils ont par ailleurs écouté une série d’exposés, mettant en parallèle les faits est- européens avec les évolutions de l’Europe occidentale. Le comité remercie chaleureusement les professeurs Mathieu Arnoux (EHESS), Pierre Birnbaum (université de Paris-I), Alain Boureau (EHESS), Monique Bourin (université de Paris-I), Robert Descimon (EHESS), Claude Gauvard (université de Paris-I), Jean-Philippe Genet (université de Paris-I), Pierre Gonneau (IVe section EPHE, université Paris-IV), Anton Gorskij (Académie des sciences de Russie), Valerie Kivelson (université du Michigan, Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 6 Ann Arbor), François Menant (École normale supérieure), Andrej Pavlov (Académie des sciences de Russie), Maureen Perrie (université de Birmingham), Jean-Frédéric Schaub (EHESS), Ludwig Steindorff (université de Kiel). Plusieurs articles de ce volume reprennent les conférences prononcées par les professeurs au cours du séminaire. Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 7 Introduction Cahiers du monde russe, 46/1-2 | 2005 8 Limites et portée du comparatisme André Berelowitch On ne peut pas comparer un pou et un cheval. Paul Reboux et Charles Muller 1 Le thème proposé aux participants, venus pour moitié de Russie, pour moitié d’autres pays d’Europe, du séminaire doctoral de septembre 2003 (nom de code : « Drerupa »1) était simple en apparence, et même canonique : « Naissance d’une monarchie nationale et formation d’un État russe (milieu du XIVe - milieu du XVIe siècle) dans le contexte européen ». En réalité, il soulevait une série de questions plus complexes les unes que les autres. La Russie du XVIe siècle est-elle, à proprement parler, un État, même si l’on prend soin d’ajouter « archaïque » ? Peut-on parler d’État, en Europe occidentale ou ailleurs, avant le XVIIIe siècle, voire le XIXe siècle2 ? Évitons donc d’employer ce terme controversé : l’entité politique qui se désigne elle-même par l’expression Moskovskoe gosudarstvo (les contemporains traduisaient « Moscovie ») est-elle bien « nationale » dans le sens que nous donnons à ce mot ? Multiethnique, multiconfessionnelle, est-elle vraiment semblable à l’Angleterre, à l’Espagne (sans l’empire colonial), à la France de son époque ? La conquête, au milieu du XVIe siècle précisément, des khanats de Kazan, puis d’Astrakhan, n’est-elle pas un premier pas vers l’empire ? Les quatre derniers mots du titre, enfin, délibérément ambigus, semblaient annoncer une étude comparative entre la Russie et les puissances d’Europe centrale et occidentale, exercice maintes fois tenté, mais jamais de façon systématique et avec un succès généralement médiocre3.
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