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Achene Morphology; an Aid to Taxonomy of Indian Plants. I

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Achene Morphology; an Aid to Taxonomy of Indian Plants. I ACHENE MORPHOLOGY; AN AID TO TAXONOMY OF INDIAN PLANTS. I. COMPOSITAE. LIGULIFERAE G urcharan Singh, Bimai, Misri and P. Kachroo Department o f Botany, Kashmir UnivcrsUy, Srinagar A bstr a c t The morphology of achcncs of hguliferous composilae of India has been discussed with special reference to their use in identification of taxa. A key to the genera based on achene characters is presented. Diagnostic characters of the species found in India are also given. A representative sample of each genus is illustrated. I ntroduction drupaceous Chrysanlhemoicles of Africa, fruit is an achene, and shows sufTicient Plasticity is an attribute of nature which consistency within a species and diversity enables living beings to survive over dis­ of characters in dilTerent taxa; yet reliance crepancies of environment. The mainaimof’ merely on achene structure for such a large taxonomy has been to sort out least plastic group would obscure the very value of characters so as to form the basis of classi- characters. This is, however, a valuable lication. The somatic bodies arc more plas­ tool in regional floras. In fact, characters tic as compared to gametic bodies and as of achene supplcniented by other charac­ such latter have been greatly exploited for ters have been extensively used in several taxonomic purposes. The characters of taxonomic works dealing with Compositae seed and fruit, in this connection, have re­ (Hooker, 1872-97; Rydberg, 1954; Ferris, ceived more attention in most of the fami­ 1960; Gupta, 1968, etc). lies of flowering plants. In the proposed Indian Compositae are represented by ca series, of which the present treatise is the 697 species (Datta, 1965). Though treated first communication, the detailed morpho­ variably, there is general agreement in logical characters of achene are being ex- recognizing two subdivisions in the family: r>loitedfor taxonomic studies independent Tubiflorae withca 12 tribes and Liguliflorae if other characters. This in addition, may with a single tribe Cichorieae. The latter serve to identify the seeds of the concerned characterised by presence of only ligulate nlants. florets and milky latex is so distinct from Compositae, easily the largest family of other Compositae that some authors lowering plants, embraces nearly 2 0 , 0 0 0 prefer to remove the ligulate genera into a Decies distributed in about 950 genera separate family, Cichoriaceae (Rydberg, Lawrence, 1951). In all of them, excepting 1954), It is represented in India by ca 22 genera with nearly 80 species, barring Accepted for publication on December 7 ,1972. numerous species of Taraxacum recognised byV onSoest (1963). stra ig h t........................................................ 9 Twenty two liguliferous Compositae Pappus uniseriate achenes slightly genera are studied for their aehene charac­ curved upwards and narrowed into ters. To determine the range of flexibility inconspicuous (less than a mm) if any of achene structure large number beak ...................................................Pier is. of fresh as well as herbarium specimens 9. Achenes short, 5-6 mm long usually were examined. The representative species b ro a d e r..........................................Epilasia are described in detail and illustrated, for Achenes longer than 8 mm, usually other Indian species only distinguishing narrow........................................Scorzonera characters are given. The characters which 10. Achenes beaked conspicuously... 11 were most static were selected for diagnosis Achenes beakless or inconspicuously of taxa. In a very few cases where actual so (beak less than a m m )...................2 0 specimens were not available for exami­ 11. Achenes with toothed ring below the nation help was taken from literature. b e a k .............................................ChonJrilla Achenes without a toothed ring below KEY TO SEEDS OF THE INDIAN the beak......................................................1 2 LIGULI FERAE 12. Achenes echinate near apex, strongly 4-,‘5 angled, (at least lower ones are so) 1. Pappus a b s e n t..........................................2 ...................................................... Taraxacum Pappus p resen t..........................................3 Achenes not echinate ab o v e............13 2. Achene straight or slightly curvcdbut J3. Achenes less than 4 nim long (incl. not sickle shaped, without prickles... beak) ..........................................................14 ..........................................................Lapsana Achenes more than 4 m m long (incl. Achene strongly curved and sickle beak) .......................................................... 15 shaped, with rows of strong prickles 14. Achenes usually sm ooth................Ixer/s .........................................................Koflpinia Achenes usually with muricate ribs 3. Pappus pJaeaceous .................................4 ....................................................Laduca (pp) Pappus hairy...............................................5 15. Achenes strongly compressed............16 4. Achene short straight............Cichorium Achenes terete or slightly compressed Achene curved almost sickle shaped . and 4 angled ..........................Crepis (ppj ....................................................Garhadiolus 16. Achenes with beak less than 0.75 the 5. Hairs plumose ..........................................6 length of body........................................17 Hairs not plumose, sim ple.................10 Achenes with beak more than 0.75 the 6 . Beak (at least on inner achene) conspi­ length of b o d y ......................................18 cuous.............................................................. 7 17. Achenes usually more than 5 mm long Beak absent or inconspicuous (less ................................................Cicerbita (pp) than a mm long)................................... 8 Achenes usually less than 5 mm long 7. Outer achenes beak less, inner with a ..................................................Lactuca (pp) very slender beak, pappus hairs atta­ 18. Body of achenes cleft at top into which ched individually..............Hypochaeris base of beak fits i n ................................. 1 ^ All achenes beaked, beak gradually Body of achcne entire at top, conti­ narrowed from body and stout, pappus nuous into beak ..............Lactuca (pp) hairs forming a deciduous ring........... 19. Beak more than 1.5 times the length .................................................... Tragopogon of b o d y ................................. Lactuca (ppS 8 . Pappus multiseriate, achenes almost Beak almost equalling or shorter than b o d y ...................................Cicerhiia (pp) collar. Pappus absent. 20. Achcacs strongly compressed, faces Koelplnla.—Koclpinia linearis Pall. usually strongly 3 ribbed... (Fig.2).—Achenes curved sickle shaped, Achenes terete or angled or slightly 1.2-1.8 cm long, cylindrical, faintly ribbed, com pressed.............................................. 2 1 dorsal surface with prickles arranged in 21. Pappus uniseriatc, rigid, brittle, persis- rows. Prickles 1.5-3 mm long, hooked at tent, usually tawny, achenes dark apex, those at apex of achene spreading coloured.....................................Hieracium stellately, 6-9 in number. Achene glochidi- Pappus multiscriate, hairs usually soft, ate all over. Pappus absent, deciduous silvery.................................. 22 Cichorium.— Cichorium infyhus Linn. 22. Pappus hairs forming a deciduous ring (Fig. 3).— Achene short, 2-3 mm longca 1.5 ..................................................................... 23 mm broad, mottled, 5-anglcd, angles dark- Pappus hairs individually deciduous greyish. Achenes broadest nearapex which ......................................................................24 is truncate, gradually narrowed towards 23. Achenes 4 angled, constricted above, base. Pappus paleaceous, pales 2-3 seriate, ribs 4 strong...............................Picridium few, 0.4-0.6 mm long. Achenes subterete or slightly com- Garhadlolu*.— Garhadiolus minutis- pressed, ribs 4-5, usually not constric- sinm.—(Bunge) kit. (Fig. 4).—Achenes ted above..........................................Launea 5-9 mm long, curved, cylindrical. Outer 24. Achenes slightly comprcssed, narrowed achenes glabrous gradually narrowed, at both ends, pappiferous disc distinct abovefrom the base, enclosed in involucre ......................................................................25. bracts. Inner with more prominent pappus Achenes not compressed, terete or than in outer achenes. Pappus palaeaceous, angled, pappiferous disc not distinct.. pales fringed, usually less than a mm long. ......................................................................26 All achenes faintly ribbed. 25. Achenes narrowly linear, less than 5 Hypochaaris.— Nypoc/iacris glahra mm long........................................Youngia Linn.—Achenes of two types: outer 4-5 Achenes narrowly oblong usually more mm long, nearly ) mm broad, linear oblong, than 4 mm long...................Prenanihes truncate, beakless, pappus plumose short- 26. Achenes very slender, curved, broader ly exceeding the achene; inner 7-10 mm towards base....................... Phaecasiutv long, beaked, beak slender longer than the Achenes slender, straight, narrowed body, pappus as long as beak, towards both ends, usually narrowly Tragopogon.— Tragopogon kashmiriam linear........................................(pp). Singh (Fig. 5).—Achenes
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