DOCSLIB.ORG

Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate Full Paper DOI: 10.1002/prep.201600073 Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate Masahiro Tagawa,*[a] Reiko I. Hiyoshi,[a] Masaru Takeuchi,[a] and Kimiya Akita[a] Abstract: Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a highly sensitive distances of 5 and 7 m (8.9 and 12.5 m kgÀ1/3, respectively), nitrate ester that has a molecular structure similar to nitro- as verified by the waveforms and high-speed camera glycerine and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In this images. Previous TNT data for peak overpressure vs. scaled study, experiments detonating 175 g of ETN were repeated distance were used to calculate the TNT equivalents for the three times to measure blast waves 0.6 m above the experimental data, which revealed that ETN had a similar ground. TNT and PETN were also tested under the same value to PETN. The fragment velocities of steel cylinders conditions for comparison. The average peak overpressure were measured, and that of ETN (1040 msÀ1) was higher of ETN was about 30 kPa at 3 m from the explosion center than that of TNT (957 m sÀ1) and lower than that of PETN (5.4 mkgÀ1/3 scaled distance), which was much higher than (1260 msÀ1). The Gurney constant for each explosive was that of TNT (about 22 kPa) and similar to PETN. The effects obtained by using the initial fragment velocities. of the reflected wave from the ground appeared at greater Keywords: Erythritol tetranitrate · TNT equivalent · Mach reflection · Metal fragments · Gurney constant 1 Introduction Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) (Figure 1) is a simple nitrate In the presented study, several hundred grams of ETN ester that was first prepared in 1949 by Stenhouse [1], al- was prepared and explosion experiments were conducted. though it has not been investigated as an explosive until Blast parameters, such as peak overpressure and impulse, recently. There is increasing concern that ETN will become from ETN were measured and compared with those of TNT a common home-made explosive (HME) owing to its rela- and PETN. To date, a huge amount of data has been pub- tively easy synthesis and the increased availability of eryth- lished about TNT on the relationships between peak over- ritol, the starting material for ETN [2–4]. ETN is more sensi- pressure and scaled distance, and the scaled impulse and tive than pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), but less sensi- scaled distance. These correlations were summarized in the tive than nitroglycerin [5,6]. The high sensitivity of ETN peak overpressure/scaled impulse vs. scaled distance means that it must be handled with the utmost care curves, referred to as the standard curves [9–13]. These [2,6,7]. The crystal structure, physical and chemical proper- standard curves for TNT differ from each other owing to ties of ETN have been reported recently, and its similarity the different experimental conditions, such as whether the to PETN was highlighted [2,6,8], although they have differ- explosions were measured in air, or on or above the ent melting points and oxygen balances [5]. ground. The standard curves for the explosion in air con- Recently, Manner et al. reported the detonation velocity sisted of only the incident wave, whereas the curves for on and critical diameter of ETN, suggesting that its high explo- or above the ground include the effect of the reflected sive performance is similar to PETN [8]. However, the explo- wave from the ground. We performed experiments 0.6 m sion properties of ETN have not been thoroughly investi- above the ground at the height our former data were mea- gated. The pressure of blast waves and fragment velocities sured [13]. We also compared the peak overpressures and generated by ETN, especially for large charges, are not scaled distances with standard curves reported by Baker known. [9], and reported as the MITI87 [12] and NRIPS09 [13] curves. In addition, the fragment velocities of steel cylinders [a] M. Tagawa, R. I. Hiyoshi, M. Takeuchi, K. Akita Explosion Investigation Section Second Department of Forensic Science National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan Figure 1. Molecule of erythritol tetranitrate. *e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1002/prep.201600073 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim &1& These are not the final page numbers! ÞÞ Full Paper M. Tagawa, R. I. Hiyoshi, M. Takeuchi, K. Akita filled with TNT, ETN, and PETN were measured. Gurney con- and 288.15 K, as described by Matsunaga et al. [17,18]. The stants of these explosives were calculated by using the ini- best fitting exponential curve for the overpressure was tial fragment velocity [14,15]. plotted to determine the peak overpressure values, as re- ported by Arai et al. [13]. The MITI87 standard curve was obtained by TNT explosions at a scaled distance from 1.4 to 2 Experimental Section 21.5 mkgÀ1/3, and with scaled height of 0.18 mkgÀ1/3.The NRIPS09 standard curve was obtained by TNT explosions at 2.1 Preparation of Explosives a scaled distance from 1.4 to 31 mkgÀ1/3, and a scaled The explosives used in this study are summarized in height of 0.22 to 0.70 mkgÀ1/3. The MITI87 standard curve Table 1. TNT was purchased from Chugoku Kayaku Co., Ltd. was expressed as polynomial functions of the scaled dis- and PETN from Kayaku Japan Co., Ltd. TNT were prepared tance in any range, and it was used to estimate TNT equiva- by passing crystalline TNT through a 1.2 mm sieve. ETN was lents in this study. In addition, the ratio of the peak over- synthesized according to the mixed acid method reported pressure against the MITI87 curve (Pexp/PMITI87), and the ratio by Oxley et al. [5] and recrystallized according to the litera- of the scaled impulse against the MITI87 curve (Iexp/IMITI87) ture [6]. ETN was identified by GC/MS by comparing the re- were also calculated. The ratios were obtained by using ex- tention time and mass spectroscopic data with reference perimental data (Pexp or Iexp) and values derived from MITI87 standards (AccuStandard Inc.). ETN was kept wet until it functions at the corresponding scaled distance (PMITI87 or was used because dry ETN is very sensitive. IMITI87) and averaging. Because the scaled distances were from 5.33 to 13.2 m kgÀ1/3 in this study, MITI87 functions with a range of 4.30<Z<6.81, 6.81<Z<10.80, and 2.2 Blast Wave Measurement 10.80<Z<17.11 were used, where Z is the scaled distance. Blast wave measurements were repeated three times with ETN (175 g). The same measurements were done with TNT 2.4 Visualization of Shock Front by using High-speed and PETN separately, although the PETN amount used was Camera Images 150 g instead of 175 g for one measurement. Composition C-4 (2 g) was used as a booster for TNT (Table 1). Explosives High-speed camera images of the explosions were record- were loaded into a paper tube (diameter: 68 mm) and ed at 22,002 frames per second (fps) in the blast wave ex- placed on top of timbers at a height of 0.6 m. A No. 6 elec- periments by Phantom V2010 (Vision Research Inc.). The tric detonator (Kayaku Japan Co., Ltd) was placed on the distance from the explosion center to the camera was top of the explosive charge. The pressure values of the about 50 m. The experiment was performed with 175 g of blast wave were measured with pressure sensors (137A23, TNT without pressure sensors. To help visualize the shock PCB Piezotoronics Inc.) placed 3, 5, and 7 m from the explo- front, a checked cloth was placed behind the explosion sion center and 0.6 m above the ground, which was the site. Camera images were edited to clarify the shock front same height as the explosive charges. Two sensors were according to Kudo et al. and Leete et al. [19,20] by using used at each distance. Blast pressure data were recorded software (Photoshop Elements 10, Adobe). The differences by oscilloscopes at a frequency of 500 MHz, as mentioned between two adjacent frames were subtracted, and the in Ref. [16]. gamma values and white balances were adjusted. The dis- tance in the images was calculated by software (Pixel Runner, TellusImage, Co., Ltd.). 2.3 Obtaining Blast Wave Parameters and Comparing with Previous Data 2.5 Fragment Velocity Measurement The peak overpressure and the positive phase impulse were obtained by applying Sachs’ scaling law and convert- Seamless steel pipe was used as a cylindrical container ed into the values for 0 m above sea level of 101.325 kPa (inner diameter: 54.1 mm; thickness: 3.2 mm; height: Table 1. Explosives and casings used in this study.a) Experiment TNT ETN PETN Blast wave Three replicates of 175 g Three replicates of 175 g, Two replicates of 175 g and one measurement (2 g Composition C-4), 10.83 gcmÀ3 10.73 gcmÀ3 replicate of 150 g, 1 0.87 gcmÀ3 Fragment velocity C=99 g, M=229 g, C/M=0.43, C=81 g, M=229 g, C/M=0.35, C=101 g, M=229 g, C/M=0.44, measurement 1=0.86 gcmÀ3 1=0.71 g/cm3 1=0.88 gcmÀ3 C=94 g, M=228 g, C/M=0.41, C=84 g, M=230 g, C/M=0.37, C=103 g, M=227 g, C/M=0.45, 1=0.81 gcmÀ3 1=0.73 gcmÀ3 1=0.89 gcmÀ3 a) All explosives were in powder form, and 1 is the loaded density of the explosive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Factors Affecting Anfo Fumes Production
    FACTORS AFFECTING ANFO FUMES PRODUCTION James H. Rowland III and Richard Mainiero ABSTRACT For many years there have been small scale tests available for evaluating the toxic fumes production by cap- sensitive explosives (DOT Class 1.1), but these could not be used with blasting agents due to the large charge sizes and heavy confinement required for proper detonation. Considering the extensive use of blasting agents in construction and mining, there is a need to determine the quantities of toxic fumes generated by blasting agents. At the International Society of Explosive Engineers Twenty Third Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique in 1997, the authors reported on a facility for detonating large (4.54 kg), confined blasting agent charges in a controlled volume that had been constructed at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Pittsburgh Research Lab’s Experimental Mine. Since 1997, this facility has been used to collect data on toxic fumes produced by the detonation of various ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) mixtures and several cap-sensitive explosives. ANFO composition ranging from 1 to 10 percent (pct) fuel oil have been studied. As expected from previous studies, with an increase in fuel oil content the carbon monoxide production increases, while nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide production decrease. The detonation velocity varies from 3,000 to 4,000 m/sec for the 1 to 10 pct range of fuel oil content, suggesting that ANFO mixes with improper fuel oil content may appear to detonate properly, while their fume production differs significantly from optimum. The study also considers such factors as degree of confinement, water contamination, and aluminum content on blasting agent fume production.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fume Comparison of a Few Explosives Used in Trench Blasting
    Toxic Fume Comparison of a Few Explosives Used in Trench Blasting By Marcia L. Harris, Michael J. Sapko, and Richard J. Mainiero National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory ABSTRACT Since 1988, there have been 17 documented incidents in the United States and Canada in which carbon monoxide (CO) is suspected to have migrated through ground strata into occupied enclosed spaces as a result of proximate trench blasting or surface mine blasting. These incidents resulted in 39 suspected or medically verified carbon monoxide poisonings and one fatality. To better understand the factors contributing to this hazard, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carried out studies in a 12-foot diameter sphere to identify key factors that may enhance the levels of CO associated with the detonation of several commercial trenching explosives. The gaseous detonation products from emulsions, a watergel, and ANFO blasting agents as well as gelatin dynamite, TNT, and Pentolite boosters were measured in an argon atmosphere and compared with those for the same explosives detonated in air. Test variables included explosive formulation, wrapper, aluminum addition, oxygen balance, and density. Major contributing factors to CO production, under these laboratory test conditions, are presented. The main finding is the high CO production associated with the lack of afterburning in an oxygen poor atmosphere. Fumes measurements are compared with the manufacturer’s reported IME fume class and with the Federal Relative Toxicity Standard 30 CFR Part 15 in order to gain an understanding of the relative toxicity of some explosives used in trench blasting. INTRODUCTION Toxic gases such as CO and NO are produced by the detonation of explosives.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES
    Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES This chapter classifies commercial blasting compounds according to their explosive class and type. Initiating devices are listed and described as well. Military explosives are treated separately. The ingredi- ents and more significant properties of each explosive are tabulated and briefly discussed. Data are sum- marized from various handbooks, textbooks, and manufacturers’ technical data sheets. THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES In general, an explosive has four basic characteristics: (1) It is a chemical compound or mixture ignited by heat, shock, impact, friction, or a combination of these conditions; (2) Upon ignition, it decom- poses rapidly in a detonation; (3) There is a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high-pressure gases that expand rapidly with sufficient force to overcome confining forces; and (4) The energy released by the detonation of explosives produces four basic effects; (a) rock fragmentation; (b) rock displacement; (c) ground vibration; and (d) air blast. A general theory of explosives is that the detonation of the explosives charge causes a high-velocity shock wave and a tremendous release of gas. The shock wave cracks and crushes the rock near the explosives and creates thousands of cracks in the rock. These cracks are then filled with the expanding gases. The gases continue to fill and expand the cracks until the gas pressure is too weak to expand the cracks any further, or are vented from the rock. The ingredients in explosives manufactured are classified as: Explosive bases. An explosive base is a solid or a liquid which, upon application or heat or shock, breaks down very rapidly into gaseous products, with an accompanying release of heat energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization and Analysis of Tetranitrate Esters Jimmie C
    Characterization and Analysis of Tetranitrate Esters Jimmie C. Oxley; James, L. Smith; Joseph E. Brady, IV; Austin C. Brown University of Rhode Island, Chemistry Dept; Kingston, RI 02881 Abstract Thermal behaviors, vapor pressures, densities, and drop weight impact results, as well as analytical protocols, are reported for three tetranitrate esters: erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), 1,4‐ dinitrato‐2,3‐dinitro‐2,3bis(nitratomethylene) butane (DNTN), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). ETN and DNTN both melt below 100oC and have ambient vapor pressures comparable to TNT. While LC/MS was shown to be a viable technique for analysis of all three tetranitrate esters, only ETN was successfully analyzed by GC/MS. Performance of these nitrate esters as evaluated in lab using the small-scale explosivity device (SSED) suggested RDX >> DNTN > PETN > ETN. Detonation velocities were calculated using Cheetah 6.0. Since the starting material is now widely available, it is likely that law enforcement will find ETN in future improvised explosive devices. This paper with its analytical schemes should prove useful in identification of this homemade explosive. Keywords: erythritol tetranitrate, ETN, 1,4‐dinitrato‐2,3‐dinitro‐2,3bis(nitratomethylene) butane, DNTN, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, PETN, vapor pressure, densities, drop weight impact, thermal behavior, HPLC‐HRMS 1. Introduction In recent years there has been growth in use of so-called “homemade” explosives (HME). Preparation of HME can require little synthetic expertise. It can be as simple as mixing oxidizers and fuels as opposed to the preparation and isolation of discrete compounds. When specific characteristics are required terrorists do engage in more complex synthetic procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Investigation of the Toxicity of Post Detonation Blasting
    Small Scale Study of the Role of The Muckpile in the Blasting Fumes of Commercial Explosives By Kerina Ruth Taylor A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Mining Engineering in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science. Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September 2015 Copyright © Kerina Ruth Taylor, 2015 Abstract Blasting fumes are an important safety topic for the mining industry because toxic fumes are generated by the detonation of explosives. Prediction of the amount and concentration of blasting fumes is important for underground mines to provide enough ventilation to ensure worker safety. The production of toxic fumes in open pit mines is a significant hazard to workers and surrounding communities because fumes are easily able to travel from the blast zone with wind. An important hazard often overlooked is the potential for blasting fumes to remain trapped in the blasted material until it is handled or for the fumes to slowly escape to the atmosphere. The present investigation into blasting fumes examines the real time concentrations of the fumes produced after detonation using a continual gas analyzer. The fumes analyzed were nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The first set of experiments studied the effect of accepted factors affecting fume production, mainly product formulation and confinement. The second set of experiments simulated fumes travelling through blasted material in an attempt to measure the portion of fumes that remain trapped after detonation and to observe the fume output over a long amount of time. This improves on previous studies by analyzing the sample continuously throughout the period of concern, instead of obtaining few discrete samples that require offsite analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation on Oxygen-Rich Materials Based on Nitrocarbamates and Fox-7
    DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES AN DER FAKULTÄT FÜR CHEMIE UND PHARMAZIE DER LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN INVESTIGATION ON OXYGEN-RICH MATERIALS BASED ON NITROCARBAMATES AND FOX-7 Quirin Josef Axthammer aus München, Deutschland 2016 ERKLÄRUNG Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von §7 der Promotionsordnung vom 28. November 2011 von Herrn Prof. Dr. T. M. Klapötke betreut. EIDESSTATTLICHE VERSICHERUNG Diese Dissertation wurde eigenständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe erarbeitet. München, den 03. Februar 2016 _______________________________ Quirin J. Axthammer Dissertation eingereicht am: 05.02.2016 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. T. M. Klapötke 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Karaghiosoff Mündliche Prüfung: 29.02.2016 MEINER GELIEBTEN FAMILIE UND IM BESONDEREN MEINEN GROßVATER JOSEF MICHAEL AXTHAMMER * 03.11.1921 ✝ 13.03.2010 Danksagung Mein Dank gilt an vorderster Stelle meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Klapötke für die die Aufnahme in den Arbeitskreis, die interessante Themenstellung, die stetige finanzielle und fachliche Unterstützung meiner Forschungsvorhaben sowie seine Begeisterung für die Wissenschaft. Herrn Prof. Dr. Konstantin Karaghiosoff danke ich nicht nur für die freundliche Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens dieser Dissertation, sondern auch für die Einarbeitung in die Kristallographie und deren Faszination dafür, die ich nun mehr als nur nachvollziehen kann. Der Prüfungskommission, bestehend aus Prof. Dr. T. M. Klapötke, Prof. Dr. K. Karaghiosoff, Prof. Dr. F. Bracher, Prof. Dr. J. Evers, Prof. Dr. Beck und Prof. Dr. A. Kornath, danke ich für Ihre Zeit und der Bereitschaft zur Bildung der selbigen. Die Erstellung dieser Arbeit wurde durch ein Promotionsstipendium der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung gefördert. Mein Dank richtet sich daher an die Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung für die finanzielle, aber auch für die ideelle Förderung.
    [Show full text]
  • Fugitive Carbon Based Gases Blasting Related Or Not
    Fugitive Carbon Based Gases Blasting Related or Not Kenneth K. Eltschlager Mining Engineer Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Pittsburgh, PA Marcia Harris Chemical Engineer National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh, PA Fred Baldassare Hydrogeologist Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Pittsburgh, PA Abstract Surface mine blasting was recently investigated as a potential source of high concentrations of stray gases found in nearby residences of western Pennsylvania. In one incident carbon monoxide was detected in a home and in the other, high concentrations of carbon dioxide were found in a home. Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are by-products of blasting. However, other potential sources of these gases may also exist in a residential setting. In each case, gas chromatography (GC) and carbon isotopic analyses were used to define atmospheric concentrations inside the homes, and to determine the source of a stray gas. Molecular and isotopic analyses provide geochemical evidence as to the origin and source of the stray gas. This paper discusses elements of a stray gas investigation and the analyses necessary to identify the source of a stray gas. Introduction Elevated concentrations of various gases have long been known to be dangerous to underground miners. Prior to active mine ventilation, stagnant mine atmospheres allowed gases to accumulate, sometimes to lethal levels. Common terms were associated with their detrimental effect and continue to be used today. Black damp is caused by an oxygen deficient atmosphere and is often a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) displacing oxygen. White damp is caused by elevated levels of carbon monoxide (CO).
    [Show full text]
  • Navapp: Explosives Worksheet
    NavApp: Explosives Worksheet Learning Objectives • review key concepts learned throughout the semester • define an explosive and differentiate between low and high explosives • define and calculate the oxygen balance of an explosive • calculate the heat of explosion in on a per mol and per mass basis • balance an explosives reaction to determine the moles of gas formed and the volume at STP 1. Introduction A chemical explosion is basically a combustion reaction, but not all materials capable of combustion reactions can be used as military explosives. We will see that explosive reactions typically release large quantities of gas and heat very rapidly; the expansion of that gas as a result of the heat leads to the high pressures that cause the damage. In this module we will explore the basics of explosives, and utilize some fundamental chemical principles we have learned to model how they work. 2. Chemistry in the Operating Forces The DoDM 6055.09M defines an explosive as a substance or a mixture of substances that is capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such temperature, pressure, and speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Combustions generally require oxygen and a fuel; explosive materials typically contain oxygen and fuel in a proportion that supports very rapid combustion in an enclosed, airless space. An explosion reaction is the ignition and rapid burning of the confined energetic materials, which builds up high local pressures, leading to breakup of the confining structure. Whether utilizing weapons with explosive materials or defending against the enemy’s explosive weapons, it is important to understand the chemistry behind the material.
    [Show full text]
  • A Second Appraisal of Methods for Estimating Self-Reaction Hazards
    REPORT NO. DOT/MTB/OHMO-76/6 NBSIR 76-1149 NAT L INST. OF STAND & TECH Second Appraisal of NIST Methods for Estimating PUBLICATIONS Self- Reaction Hazards Prepared by Eugene S . Domalskl Physical Chemistry Division Institute for Materials Research NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Washington, D.C. 20234 March 1977 Final Report Document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION BUREAU OFFICE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OPERATIONS Washington, D.C. 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the National Bureau of Standards who is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. NBSIR 76-1149 A SECOND APPRAISAL OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SELF-REACTION HAZARDS Eugene S Domalski Physical Chernistry Division Institute for Materials Research National Bureau of Standards Washington, D C 20234 March 1977 Interim Report for Period January - December 1975 Prepared for Office of Hazardous Materials Operations Department of Transportation Washington, D C. 20024 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Acting Director I Foreword The work reported here represents a second attempt to appraise methods employed for the estimation of self-reaction hazards for the Office of Hazardous Materials Operations of the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Josef Köhler and Axel Homburg: Explosives — 2016/2/8 — page 1 — le-tex 1 Abel Test This test on chemical stability was proposed by Abel in 1875. The test parameter determined is the time after which a moist potassium iodide starch paper turns violet or blue when exposed to gases evolved by one gram of the explosive at 82.2 °C (180 °F). In commercial nitroglycerine explosives, for example, this coloration only develops after 10 min or more. In a more sensitive variant of the method, Zinc iodide – starch paper is employed. The Abel test is still used in quality control of commercial nitrocellulose, but is currently no longer employed in stability testing of propellants. Acceptor1) Empfängerladung; charge réceptrice A charge of explosives or blasting agent receiving an impulse from an exploding → Donor charge. Acremite This is the name given by the US inventor Acre to his mixture of about 94% ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil. This mixture was at first pre- pared in a primitive manner by the users themselves to obtain a very cheap explosive for open pit mining under dry conditions. Like → ANFO, the material has widely displaced conventional cartridged explosives. Actuator Mechanical device operated by a solid propellant. Adiabatic Processes or phenomena assumed to occur in a closed system without energy exchange with the surroundings. adiabatic flame temperature The temperature obtained by thermodynamics calculations for the products of combustionCOPYRIGHTED of energetic materials MATERIAL neglecting energy loss to the surroundings. 1) Text quoted from glossary. Explosives, 7. Edition, Rudolf Meyer, Josef Köhler, and Axel Homburg. ©2015WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA.Published2015byWILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA.
    [Show full text]
  • OSHA Hazard Classification Guidance for Manufacturers, Importers, And
    HAZARD COMMUNICATION Hazard Classification Guidance for Manufacturers, Importers, and Employers OSHA 3844-02 2016 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory- impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Blast Wave Parameters for Spherical Explosives Detonation in Free Air Isabelle Sochet, Dominique Gardebas, Stéphane Calderara, Yann Marchal, Baptiste Longuet
    Blast wave parameters for spherical explosives detonation in free air Isabelle Sochet, Dominique Gardebas, Stéphane Calderara, Yann Marchal, Baptiste Longuet To cite this version: Isabelle Sochet, Dominique Gardebas, Stéphane Calderara, Yann Marchal, Baptiste Longuet. Blast wave parameters for spherical explosives detonation in free air. Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology, Scientific Research Publishing, 2011, 1 (2), pp. 31-42. 10.4236/ojsst.2011.12004. hal- 00629295 HAL Id: hal-00629295 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00629295 Submitted on 5 Oct 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2011, 1, 31-42 doi:10.4236/ojsst.2011.12004 Published Online September 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ojsst) Blast Wave Parameters for Spherical Explosives Detonation in Free Air I. Sochet1, D. Gardebas2, S. Calderara2, Y. Marchal2, B. Longuet3 1Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Bourges, Institut PRISME, Bourges, France 2Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN), Division Criminalistique Physique et Chimie, Rosny-sous-Bois, France 3 Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA) Techniques Terrestres, Bourges, France E-mail: [email protected] Received May 24, 2011; revised July 19, 2011; accepted July 25, 2011 Abstract Several formulations have been published to define the characteristic parameters of an incident blast wave.
    [Show full text]