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Andreas Peter Berns Torff

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Andreas Peter Berns Torff Andreas Peter Berns torff Jørgen Hornemann Erscheint in der Reihe »zeit+geschichte« Andreas Peter der Sparkassenstiftung Schleswig-Holstein als Band Nr. 52 Berns torff Ein europäischer Staatsmann des Revolutionszeitalters Kunst der Reform – Politik des Ausgleichs Gefördert durch Gaedeke-Stiftung / Wotersen Herausgegeben von Hartwig Graf v. Berns torff Sparkassenstiftung Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holsteinische Ritterschaft Aus dem Dänischen von Jens Schmid- Mölholm Ritterschaft des vormaligen Fürstentums Lüneburg Billardclub von 1693 Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landschaft Familie v. Bernstorff Inhalt 9 Geleitwort in Nöten 84 · Rasches Avancement 85 · Gicht 86 · Kulturförderung 87 · 13 Vorwort des Herausgebers Krieg als Geißel der Menschheit 88 · Verlobungswünsche 89 · Die Stol- 15 Vorwort des Autors zur Originalausgabe bergs 90 · Verlobung 96 · Mission nach Paris 97 · Angst vor Großfürst Peter 97 · Zar Peter III. 101 · Dänische Truppen in Holstein 104 · Wun- 19 KINDHEIT UND JUGEND derbare Rettung 106 · Haus und Hof 108 · Landwirtschaft 112 · Von den (1735 BIS 1752) Pflichten eines Gutsbesitzers 114 · Landwirtschaftsreformen auf dem Das Familienstatut Andreas Gottliebs des Älteren 19 · Die Eltern 22 · Berns torff ’schen Besitz 116 · Ämter häufung 121 · Konfirmation des Kron- Inhalt Kindheit 25 prinzen Christian 122 · Verlosung der landwirtschaftlichen Flächen 123 · Tod Friedrichs V. 125 33 STUDIENJAHRE (1752 BIS 1755) 127 EIN KRANKER KÖNIG: CHRISTIAN VII. Leipzig 33 · Die Perücke 33 · Klopstock und Gellert 34 · « Les bons cœurs (1766 BIS 1808) s’attachent facilement » 35 · Göttingen 36 · »Warum bin ich nicht bürger- Kritik des alten Systems 127 · Jagd auf die Fremden 129 · Vorwürfe lich?« 37 · Studieninhalte 39 · Patria ubique 40 · Genf 41 · Instruktionen des gegen Johann Hartwig Ernst 132 · Caroline Mathilde 133 · Christian VII. Onkels 42 · Voltaire 44 · Kammerjunker Friedrichs V. 46 · Reisepläne 47 un berechenbar 135 49 GRAND TOUR 139 GROSSE ERFOLGE (1755 BIS 1757) Unterzeichnung des provisorischen Austauschvertrages 139 · Ab- Italien 49 · Instruktionen 49 · Offene Türen 50 · Erste Aufgaben 53 · schluss der Agrarreform auf dem Berns torff ’schen Besitz 142 · Standes- Wien 55 · Gräfin Bentinck 56 · Durch Deutschland 57 · Auf dem Weg nach erhöhung 143 · Stiefelkathrine 144 · Die Geburt des Kronprinzen Paris 59 · Fürst Stanis laus Leszczynski 61 · Paris 61 · Als Neffe des däni- Frederik 145 · Personelle »Säuberungen« 147 · Die Auslandsreise schen Außenministers 62 · Pariser Salons 62 · Im Siebenjährigen Krieg 63 · Christians VII. 148 · Dänischer Provinzialismus 151 · Tod des Vaters 152 · England 64 · Landwirtschaft in East Anglia 64 · Legationsrat Schrader 65 · Ein Bauer in Gentofte verkauft seinen Hof 153 · Eine neue Zollverord- Versuchung 65 · Heimwärts 66 · Gartow 67 nung für die Herzogtümer 154 71 IM DIENST FRIEDRICHS V. 157 STRUENSEE (1758 BIS 1766) (1770 BIS JANUAR 1772) Dänischer Absolutismus 71 · Erste Meriten 72 · Landsitz in Gentofte 74 · Als Leibarzt im Hintergrund 157 · Tod Voltaires? 160 · Neues Zollgesetz Audienz beim König 77 · Friedrich II. von Preußen 78 · Kronprinz Chris- für Dänemark 160 · Erstarken Struensees 163 · Johann Hartwig Ernst sieht tian 79 · Der Bau beginn von Schloss Berns torff 80 · Pocken 83 · Der Bruder sein Lebenswerk in Gefahr 164 · Niederlage für Johann Hartwig Ernst 166 · Privatissime 168 · »Decet imperatorem stantem mori« 172 · Algerienkom- 303 ERNEUTE ENTLASSUNG mission 174 · Die Entlassung 175 · Die Bernstorffs im Exil175 · « Le conseil Aus Opposition gegen die Kabinettsregierung 303 · »Um Misstrauen von est entièrement aboli » 180 · Auch anerkennende Urteile 185 · Auf Befehl russischer Seite zu vermeiden« 305 · Die dänischen Schiffe werden nicht des Königs, Struensee 187 · Die Berns torffs bleiben passiv189 · Struensees gebraucht 306 · Reaktionen auf Berns torffs Entlassung307 · Tod eines Sturz 195 · Die Zukunft von Johann Hartwig Ernst 198 Geizhalses 309 · Die Abreise 310 · Monarchie – Despotie 315 · Kronprinz Frederik ventiliert Berns torffs Rückkehr317 · Henriettes Tod 321 · Unge- 203 DAS SYSTEM GULDBERG duld des Kron prinzen 325 · Legalität und Legitimität 326 · Ordonnance de (1772 BIS 1784) luxe 327 · Ein Denkmal für Johann Hartwig Ernst 333 · Höchste Machtfülle Schwacher Staatsrat, starkes Kabinett 203 · Tod des älteren Berns- Guldbergs – vor dem Sturz 335 · Schattenstaatsrat 335 · Ein Meister der torff 205 · Detlev Reventlow 205 · Kabinettsorder 206 · Kassensturz 211 Verstellungskunst 336 · Der 14. April 1784 338 215 ANDREAS PETER BERNS TORFFS ERSTES MINISTERIUM 341 ANDREAS PETER BERNS TORFFS ZWEITES MINISTERIUM (1772 BIS 1780) (1784 BIS 1797) Inhalt Der jüngere Berns torff wird gebraucht215 · Schlüsselfunktion für Das Trio Berns torff, Ernst Schimmelmann und C. D. Re vent low 342 · Guldberg 219 · Entlassung des Außenministers 222 · Berns torff wird Freundschaft 343 · Die Handelshäuser 348 · Getreideengpässe 349 · Die Außenminister 224 · Beurteilung des neuen Außenministers durch aus- Kleine Landbaukommission 350 · Unterstützung der Agrarreformen ländische Gesandte 226 · Grundlinien der Außenpolitik 227 · Der Vertrag durch den Kronprinzen 353 · Mediation im Königshaus 354 · Eine deli- von Zarskoje Selo 230 · Bündnisvertrag zwischen Dänemark und Russ- kate Eheschließung 354 · Deutsche Überheblichkeit 355 · Winkelzüge land 232 · Wer wird Chef der Deutschen Kanzlei? 234 · Berns torff wird Gustavs III. 356 · Die Große Landbaukommission 358 · Gustav III. in Chef der Deutschen Kanzlei 237 · Die schleswig-holsteinische Ritter- Kopenhagen 362 · Ein gefährlicher Brief 364 · Fortschritte der Agrarre- schaft 241 · Frieden zwischen Russland und der Türkei 247 · Anerkennung formen 366 · Krieg Schwedens gegen Russland 367 · Russland verlangt des Gebietstauschs durch den Kaiser 249 · Caroline Mathildes Tod 249 · Bündnistreue 369 · Der Preiselbeerkrieg 371 · Hundemord 375 · Spezies-, Ein Aufpasser für den Außenminister 252 · Das Indigenatsgesetz 253 · Giro- und Leihbank zu Altona 375 · Auf hebung des Schollenbandes 376 · Das Kabinett regiert 258 · Populistische Kabinettsorder 262 · Re vent low – Ein bizarrer Attentatsplan 380 · Der Frieden von Värälä 381 · Der Staatsrat Schimmelmann 266 · Außenpolitik im amerikanischen Unabhängig- wird » dänischer« 382 keitskrieg 267 · Wehrhafte Neutralität 269 · Ansätze zum Völkerrecht 270 · Der Bayerische Erbfolgekrieg 273 · Gustav III. überraschend in Kopen- 385 REFORMEN STATT REVOLUTION hagen 275 · Non recepti 277 · England in Not 282 · England sucht dänische Die Französische Revolution in Dänemark 385 · Die Holger- Danske- Unterstützung zur See 284 · Schweden sucht das Bündnis mit Däne- Fehde 386 · Die leidigen Staatsfinanzen 388 · Weitere Fortschritte der mark 285 · Königinwitwe Juliane Marie 288 · Tabak, Schnaps, Moral 289 · Agrarreformen 389 · Nichteinmischung in die inneren Angelegenheiten Rousseau 290 · Abkommen mit England 290 · Misstrauen des Hofes 292 · Frankreichs 392 · Die Manie zweier Fürsten 393 · Eine Speziesbank für Balance in Europa 292 · Illoyalitäten des Hofes 293 · Proklamation Katha- Dänemark- Norwegen 395 · Die Frondienste 397 · Das Prinzip der Freiwil- rinas II. 293 · Konterbande-Abkommen mit England 295 · Bewaffnete ligkeit 397 · Ermordung Gustavs III. 398 · Dänemark soll sich der 1. Koali- Neu tralität I 296 tion gegen Frankreich anschließen 400 · Glückliches Dänemark 403 · Meinungsgesteuerter Absolutismus 406 · Verbot des Sklavenhandels 407 · Hinrichtung Ludwigs XVI. 410 · Das Völkerrecht ist un­­veränderlich 414 · Wünschen Sie Krieg? 414 · Der Preis der Neutralität 415 · Dänemark und Geleitwort Schweden nähern sich an 416 · Johann Caspar Lavater in Dänemark 418 · Bewaffnete Neutralität II 423 · Schloss Christiansborg in Flammen – die Hailes-Affäre 424 · Macht vs. Macht 427 · Bernstorff im Zenit428 · Erfolg der bewaffneten Neutralität 429 · »Uden misvisning« 430 · Erneuter Erfolg 436 · Bernstorff fordert die Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft in Es war Reinhart Koselleck, der das Zeitalter von »Auf klärung und Revolu- Holstein 437 · Anerkennung der Französischen Republik 439 · Kaperer im tion« für die zweite Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts mit der Signatur »Kritik und Mittelmeer 442 · Freiwilligkeit – die Auf hebung der Leibeigenschaft in Krise« versehen hat. Demnach habe der Aufstieg der bürgerlichen Gesell- Holstein 444 · Andreas Peter Berns torffs Tod 446 schaft einerseits und andererseits das allmähliche Zerbröckeln der älteren Adelsherrschaft sowie der jähe Fall des Absolutismus keineswegs eine Mor- 449 EPILOG genröte von Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit zur Folge gehabt. Viel- mehr sei die Folge eine Zeit schwerer sozialer, kultureller und politischer 453 Methoden und Quellen Verwerfungen gewesen. Der noch von Voltaire herbeigesehnte permanente 455 Quellen und Literatur Glückszustand einer Gesellschaft, die endgültig mit der Herrschaft des Adels Geleitwort 467 Anmerkungen gebrochen hatte, erwies sich als uneinlösbares Versprechen der Auf klärung. 489 Personenregister Statt der Herrschaft der Vernunft entwickelte sich die dauerhafte Krise. In 501 Abbildungsnachweis dieser »beginnt die Gesellschaft gegen sich selbst zu prozessieren auf der Jagd nach einem unerfüllbaren Soll. Im ›Wunderwerk‹, in dem niemand herrscht, dennoch alle gehorchen und zugleich frei sind, ist die Revolution Souverän.« (R. Koselleck, Kritik und Krise. Ein Beitrag zur Pathogenese der bür- gerlichen Welt, München 1959, 135.) Es war demnach die Kunst der Politik und ihre höchste Aufgabe, den Versprechungen der Aufklärung das Notwendige zu entnehmen
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