DOCSLIB.ORG

Who Uses Our Parks?| an Evaluation of the Application of Standards-Based Recreation Planning Methods for Assessing Neighborhood Park Needs in Urban Missoula, Montana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Who Uses Our Parks?| an Evaluation of the Application of Standards-Based Recreation Planning Methods for Assessing Neighborhood Park Needs in Urban Missoula, Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1984 Who uses our parks?| An evaluation of the application of standards-based recreation planning methods for assessing neighborhood park needs in urban Missoula, Montana Barbara K. Ten Broeck The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ten Broeck, Barbara K., "Who uses our parks?| An evaluation of the application of standards-based recreation planning methods for assessing neighborhood park needs in urban Missoula, Montana" (1984). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4088. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4088 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS, ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : 1Q Q WHO USES OUR PARKS?: An Evaluation of the Application of Standards-based Recreation Planning Methods for Assessing Neighborhood Park Needs in Urban Missoula, Montana. by Barbara K. Ten Broeck B.A., Kenyon College, 1979 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Recreation Management UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1984 Approved by: Or{ Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School t /5~ '-7 ^ Date UMI Number: EP35035 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI OlsMrtation Publishing UMI EP35035 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Ten Broeck,Barbara K.,M.S.,May 1984 Recreation Management Who uses our parks?: an evaluation of standards-based recreation planning methods for assessing neighborhood park needs in urban Missoula, Montana. (165 pp.) Director: Dr. Stephen F. McCool This study is an examination of the nonuse of neighborhood parks. The study theorizes that most neighborhood park nonuse is because neighborhood parks do not provide the recreational opportunities people seek when they recreate close to home in a limited time frame. It postulates that neighborhood park nonuse is symptomatic of the fact that neighborhood parks are the product of deficient community recreation planning methods. The study analyzes data collected from 167 residents, or a 55% response, of two urban areas in Missoula, Montana. Each area surrounded a neighborhood park representing a similar level of development. Respondents answered questions identifying those areas close to home, including the neighborhood park, where they preferred to recreate. Applying a procedure developed and tested by Driver (1977), the study first characterized and then compared the recreational opportunities provided in the neighborhood park with those provided in the nonpark settings. Additionally the study explored the degree to which two factors contributed to the explanation of neighborhood park nonuse: socio-demographic and economic characteristics and recreational opportunity needs. Results indicated that neighborhood parks do provide characteristic recreational opportunities. However, neighborhood park users and nonusers do not seek mutually exclusive recreational opportunities. Differences in socio-demographic and economic characteristics contribute most significantly to the identification of neighborhood park users or nonusers. Page iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my appreciation to all the individuals who contributed to the completion of this project. Thanks to Joel Meier for smoothing my initiation to graduate research and for starting me on the right track. Special thanks to Steve McCool for helping me crystallize the conceptual and methodological bases of the study. Thanks for his arrangements for financial assistance from the School of Forestry, University of Montana. His guidance was instrumental to the completion of the project. The technical assistance of the City of Missoula, Montana is acknowledged with thanks. I am indebted to Dan Obermeyer of the Missoula Planning Department and Jim Van Fossen of the Missoula City Parks Department for their assistance in study site selection and their input into the formulation of the project's objectives and the development of the questionnaire. Thanks to Mark Clark and Adrienne Corti for their invaluable reviews of the evolving manuscript. Thanks to Margaret Hillhouse, Emily Chesick, Brian Donner and Bill Aney for their friendship, encouragement and their help in keeping me abreast of the computer's idiosyncrasies. Page iv Finally, thanks to my family — Jeanine and Hunter — for their patience, their flexibility and their love. Page v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Page ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents v List of Tables viii List of Figures x Chapter One Overview of the Problem 1 Introduction 1 Definition of the Problem 6 Statement of the Problem 9 Study Purpose 12 Chapter Two Literature Review 15 Evolution of Urban Recreation Planning Strategies: 1900-1971 15 Problems with the Traditional Standards Planning Process 28 Criticisms of Traditional Standards 29 Contemporary Standards Planning Process 39 Three Contemporary Standards Planning Methods 41 Nonuse of Neighborhood Parks 47 Chapter Three .... Conceptual Framework 50 The Outdoor Recreation Program Evaluation Framework 53 A Model of Recreation Demand 55 Study Hypotheses 62 Page vi Chapter Four The Study 67 Study Design and Method 67 Study Population 67 Study Design 75 Data Collection Instrument 78 Sampling Procedures 80 Sampled Population 85 Chapter Five Results 89 Hypothesis 1 89 Hypothesis 2 98 Hypothesis 3 Ill Hypothesis 4 and Hypothesis 5 115 Hypothesis 6 117 Hypothesis 7 122 Summary of the Results 125 Neighborhood Park User/Nonuser Profiles 127 Chapter Six Conclusion 128 Introduction 128 Implications for Standards Planning 128 Considerations for Future Research 133 Methodological Considerations 135 Recreational aspirations are influenced by many factors 135 Sample sizes must be sufficient 137 Account for sources of error in survey instruments 138 Page vii Choose samples that more broadly represent park users/nonusers 139 Theoretical Considerations 139 Conclusion and Recommendations 142 Appendix A: Community Recreation Survey 144 Appendix B: Survey Cover Letter 156 Appendix C: Second Followup Postcard 157 Appendix D: Third Followup Letter 158 Literature Cited 159 Page viii LIST OF TABLES 1. Illustration of space standards by government level and region Page 32 2. A summary of recommended space standards 35 3. A comparison of neighborhood park developments and needs in urban Missoula, Montana 70 4. Respondent selection key 84 5. Response rate summary 87 6a. Percent of neighborhood park users and nonusers in Areas A and B 87 6b. Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample 88 7. Cluster analysis of preferred site outcomes. ... 90 8. Relationship between preferred residential recreational settings and the scale Escape Pressures 93 9. Relationship between preferred residential recreational settings and the scale Family Togetherness 94 10. Relationship between preferred residential recreational settings and the scale Change of Routine 95 11. Relationship between preferred residential recreational settings and the scale Enjoy People 96 12. Relationship between preferred residential recreational settings and the scale Skill Practice 97 13. Cluster analysis of neighborhood park outcomes . 100 14. Comparison of preferred site and neighborhood park outcome domain scales 102 Page ix 15. Comparison of neighborhood park user/nonuser subgroups on the basis of mean scale scores on preferred site outcome domain scales 106 16. Comparison of neighborhood park user/nonuser subgroups on the basis of scores on neighborhood park outcome domain scales 106 17. Crosstabulation of neighborhood park users and nonusers on the basis of high and low scores on preferred site and neighborhood park outcome domain scales 109 18. Comparison of the means scale scores of users and nonusers who stated they did not use the park because there was nothing to do there 110 19a. Percent of neighborhood park users in families with children 113 19b. Percent of neighborhood park users and nonusers in families with children under 16 years, or 16 years and older 114 20. Comparison of neighborhood park users and nonusers across significant socio-economic and demographic variables 114 21. Barriers to neighborhood park use 116 22. Cluster analysis of leisure attitude scales. 119 23. High and low leisure attitude scale scorers that significantly differed among high and low scorers on preferred site and neighborhood park experience expectation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental Planning in Urban Areas Through GIS Spatial and Temporal Planning Meshram Sagarkumar [1], Ramteke P
    International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 3 Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2015 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Environmental Planning In Urban Areas through GIS Spatial and Temporal Planning Meshram Sagarkumar [1], Ramteke P. Deepa [2], Shingne Nilesh [3] M.Tech, [1], [2] & [3] Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad – India ABSTRACT The use of GIS in environmental planning is increasingly being sought to address problems of spatial and temporal modeling. It has been proved for such task more useful highly and appreciated. Apart from that GIS aids in providing information regarding the nature of contamination and environmental suitability of a land and its level. It can also be used to ascertain the probability of an area for treatment and waste disposal. Factors such as physical, biological, topographical and chemical properties of the area should be examined and taken into attention. Well-known issues like that of wetlands can be easily addressed with the help of GIS and remote sensing technologies. GIS has been used to monitor changed geographical features for change of environment. Technologists exploit the monitoring properties of GIS to trace changes of pattern or manners of a land over a specified time. It helps professionals make cognizant decisions about the improvement condition of an area and work out a plan. The first generation had to rely on the thinking and opinion of sociologists, working towards urban planning designers and economists to achieve their objectives .With the advent of GIS, the scenario changed with professionals reaping the utmost benefits of urban design and planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Residential High-Rise Clusters As a Contemporary Planning Challenge in Manama by Florian Wiedmann Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Dr
    Revista Gremium® | Volumen 2 | Número 04 | Agosto - Diciembre 2015 | ISSN 2007-8773 | México, D. F. Residential High-Rise Clusters as a Contemporary Planning Challenge in Manama by Florian Wiedmann Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Dr. Florian Wiedmann is a Senior Urban Planner and part-time Lecturer at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences. He holds a PhD in urban planning and his recent research efforts are focused on the urbanization in the Gulf region. In addition to his academic occupation he is co-founder and principal of ARRUS, an urban planning consultancy located in Frankfurt and Chicago. Email: [email protected] Received: 29 April 29 2015 Accepted: 05 July 2015 Abstract Available online: 01 August 2015 This paper analyzes the different roots of current residential high-rise clusters emerging in new city districts along the coast of Bahrain’s capital city Manama, and the resulting urban planning and design challenges. Since the local real-estate markets were liberalized in Bahrain in 2003, the population grew rapidly to more than one million inhabitants. Consequently, the housing demand increased rapidly due to extensive immigration. Many residential developments were however constructed for the upper spectrum of the real-estate market, due to speculative tendencies causing a raise in land value. The emerging high-rise clusters are developed along the various waterfronts of Manama on newly reclaimed land. This paper explores the spatial consequences of the recent boom in construction boom and the various challenges for architects and urban planners to enhance urban qualities. Keywords: high-rise, cluster development, housing, urban planning, Bahrain, Manama Introduction gaining national independence during 1970, the urban transformation process was dominated Since the end of the 20th century, a new vision by the welfare state mechanisms and a car- in urban development has been introduced based model of town planning (imported by in the case of the cities in the gulf, in order to Western architects and planners).
    [Show full text]
  • How Urban Planning Works by WILLIAM HARRIS SCIENCE | GREEN SCIENCE
    How Urban Planning Works BY WILLIAM HARRIS SCIENCE | GREEN SCIENCE Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/urban-planning.htm , Accessed August, 2016 The Roman Forum as seen from the Arch of Titus. See morepictures of famous landmarks. DAVE HUSS/ISTOCKPHOTO At the height of its power, Rome reached a population of nearly one million people -- the largest city of an empire that stretched from Scotland in the west to the Persian Gulf in the east. A city of that size required enormous planning, and Roman engineers obliged by taking into consideration a number of features that ensured the safety, productivity and well-being of its citizens. They provided systems to dispose of sewage. They built aqueducts to bring water to the city. They built roads to facilitate transportation and communication. They designed and arranged financing for baths, sports arenas and theaters. And they placed, at the heart of the city, a forum where Romans of every class and distinction could gather to socialize, worship and conduct business. 1 Although ancient Rome finally collapsed, the principles of municipal planning that made the city so splendid and powerful lived on. As other cities grew, they also had to address the myriad problems that arose whenever a large number of people crowded into a relatively small amount of space. Over time, the development process cities undertook -- a process that led to solutions for habitation, communication, education, transportation and more -- became known as urban planning. And the people who guided the work became known as urban planners. Today, urban planning is one of the most important occupations when you consider how much of the world's population lives in cities and their surrounding areas.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS Applications in Outdoor Recreation Planning Sergio Capozzi SORP President
    GIS Applications In Outdoor Recreation Planning Sergio Capozzi SORP President Brenda Adams-Weyant SORP Association Manager www.RecPro.org Providing National Leadership and Services for Advancing the Outdoor Recreation Profession Our Speakers Charlynne T. Smith, GISP North Carolina State University Research Associate Ph.D. Candidate Chelsey Walden-Schreiner, M.S. North Carolina State University Research Associate Darin Dinsmore, MLA, RPP, MCIP, OALA, APA, ASLA Crowdbrite CEO, Urban Planner & Landscape Architect Webinar Outline • Part 1: • Overview of GIS in Recreation Planning • New Developments in Participatory GIS and Volunteered Geographic Information • Application Examples • Participant Poll – ask the audience • Part 2: • Assessing Needs and Tools • Specialized Application Examples • Q&A • Part 3: • Crowdbrite Examples • Q&A • Part 4: • Discussion and Wrap-Up • Final Questions Recreation Resource Planning Recreation resource planning is the application of analytical tools to a systematic and deliberate process of decision making about the future management of recreation resources and recreation opportunities. Recreation planning is a rational systematic decision-making process, and as such it is a fundamental tool that deters our human tendencies to make decisions based on predisposition, bias, inadequate analysis, group-think, insular perspective, resistance to change, and excessive self- confidence. It results in decisions that are more effective, efficient, fair, reasoned, and defensible. Principles • Recreation Resource Publics: Recreation resource planning must try to engage and hear from all the diverse publics who value the recreation resource. The easily recognizable publics are often labeled visitors, local business, land owners and communities, but there may also be equally important publics who vicariously value the resource, ... • Collaboration: The meaningful engagement and exchange with the public is essential throughout the planning process.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring Americaâ•Žs New •Œmegapolitanâ•Š Geography
    Brookings Mountain West Publications Publications (BMW) 2005 Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Brookings Mountain West, [email protected] Dawn Dhavale Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs Part of the Urban Studies Commons Repository Citation Lang, R. E., Dhavale, D. (2005). Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography. 1-33. Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs/38 This Report is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Report in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Report has been accepted for inclusion in Brookings Mountain West Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE CENSUS REPORT SERIES Census Report 05:01 (May 2005) Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Dawn Dhavale Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech “... the ten Main Findings and Observations Megapolitans • The Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech identifi es ten US “Megapolitan have a Areas”— clustered networks of metropolitan areas that exceed 10 million population total residents (or will pass that mark by 2040). equal to • Six Megapolitan Areas lie in the eastern half of the United States, while four more are found in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Clarifying Property Rights and Strengthening Urban Planning
    Chapter 5 Clarifying property rights and strengthening urban planning Over the next 20 years, the growth of Africa’s urban populations will propel new demand for infrastructure, housing and other physical structures, and amenities. To meet this new demand, city leaders and planners will need adaptable strategies. Plans and regulations should allow the best use of land — but they must also permit uses, and users, to change over time, as demand evolves further. Three key considerations are as follows: • How to handle land and property rights • How to manage land valuation and prices • How to strengthen land use and urban planning 117 211044_TextAppFile.indd 117 17/03/17 4:49 PM Africa’s Cities | Opening Doors to the World Africa’s cities are not developing in a well-planned impractical (Felkner, Lall, and Lee 2016). Increased fashion. Instead, they grow informally and develop investments in roads could increase productivity, even informally. Public planning is ineffective; private while affecting commuting costs and times differently development is hobbled or repelled by opaque across the city — but only if such investments are well or inappropriate regulations. Informal dwellings thought through in advance. Similarly, African cities house not only poor but also middle-income have an urgent need for well-planned and forward- households, essentially because of constraints on thinking transportation systems. All transportation formal land markets. These land market constraints development plans are not equal.17 also do much to explain the typical African city’s The lack of physical and technological structures — spatial fragmentation and the relatively low capital housing, services, and transportation — in Africa’s investment near its core.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting Notes Infill Task Force Tuesday, August 28, 2007 City Hall Room 2000 7:00 P.M
    Meeting Notes Infill Task Force Tuesday, August 28, 2007 City Hall Room 2000 7:00 p.m. Members Present Stew Dunn (Chair) Lisa May Maria Wasowski Ken Billingsley Mary Konsoulis Gaver Nichols Dave Brown Stephen Koenig City Staff Present Faroll Hamer Rich Josephson Steve Milone Valerie Peterson Hal Phipps (Consultant) Al Himes (Alexandria Transit) Introduction Stew Dunn, Planning Commission member and Chair of the Infill Task Force, began the meeting and introduced Faroll Hamer, Director of Planning and Zoning, Ms. Hamer discussed how infill is a difficult topic as it is a local, “neighbor to neighbor” issue. She cautioned that the process will take a lot of care and caution, and that the task force needs to have a lot of information on terms and numbers on the extent of the issue, such as the number of cases and their rate of development. Many think home sizes will actually begin decreasing. She cautioned to think through requiring any new category of SUPs, and to think of how many there would be, and the time needed to process each one, as additional staff would be required. The SUP is a political process and not a planning process, and prescriptive or performance standards may be more appropriate. As the issue is very local, neighborhood conservation districts that establish appropriate heights and setbacks based on the individual neighborhood characteristics should be considered. Review and discussion of Task Force mission Stew Dunn reviewed the mission of the task force, as identified in the April 10, 2007 Resolution, which is: • Study the impact of large new housing construction and major residential additions, in existing single-family neighborhoods; • Analyze existing City regulations that pertain to limiting infill impacts and make recommendations to the Planning Commission and City Council for any regulatory changes; and • Keep the public informed about the study, briefing the community at large on the progress of the infill study, and briefing the Planning Commission and City Council on their analysis and recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Indices As Urban Planning Tools in Northeastern Brazil
    sustainability Article Morphological Indices as Urban Planning Tools in Northeastern Brazil Ivanize Silva 1,*, Rafael Santos 2,3 , António Lopes 3 and Virgínia Araújo 1 1 Postgraduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism, UFRN—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil; [email protected] 2 CNPq—Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Ministry of Education, Brasília DF 71605-001, Brazil; [email protected] 3 IGOT—Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning/Center for Geographical Studies, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. IGOT, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, Lisboa 1600-276, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +55-83-99659-5443 Received: 8 October 2018; Accepted: 16 November 2018; Published: 21 November 2018 Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze urban form through the mapping of morphological indices, namely impervious surface fraction, building density, verticality, height/width ratio, roughness length, and porosity, to support urban planning in the city of João Pessoa, PB, in northeastern Brazil. The application of this study identifies and calculates such significant indices for the city’s urban space from a Geographic Information System (GIS) model. The spatial indices play notable roles in climate at different scales, developing guidelines to maximize environmental quality, promote improvements to thermal comfort, minimize the urban heat island in the city of João Pessoa, and provide relevant data (considering microclimate aspects), guiding decisions related to the planning process. Keywords: morphological indices; urban climate; planning process 1. Introduction Environmental concerns, especially regarding urban microclimate, have become increasingly important, and there is no doubt that there is an international effort to reduce them.
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIA PLANNER Newsletter of the American Planning Association California Chapter
    CALIFORNIA PLANNER Newsletter of the American Planning Association California Chapter Fall 2012 In this issue Inland Empire Section Planning News . .5 2012 APA California Conference . .6 2012 APA California Awards . .9 Reinventing the California Planning Roundtable . .12 President’s Message . .13 APA California Leadership . .14 Congratulations to California’s Newest Candidate CEP and CTP Advanced Specialty Certification Recipients! .....................................15 Planning as Play: A Fun Approach to Planning .16 Rio, photo courtesy of Scott Ruhland Sonoma County’s Healthy by Design Workbook: Planning and Public Health Professionals Team With University Students An UrbBay Anlice iDsalyt, A ICVP ainde Scowtt Ru hloand f Brazil and Faculty for a Healthier County ....................17 In the country of Brazil, planning is largely conducted in departments of Scott Hettrick - Citizens Planner ........................19 “Urbanismo” by men and women who are architects by training and study Year with No Winter: A Volunteer Planner’s “arquitetura e urbanismo” at University. Having absorbed planning theory, history Experience in the Developing World - Part 3 .....20 and practice as a component of their architecture coursework, Brazilian urbanistas Legislative Update ..............................................22 go on to navigate a culturally specific confluence of design, infrastructure, social, Commissioner’s Corner .......................................26 demographic, environmental and economic concerns as they bridge the disciplines of planning and architecture. They may call themselves planners to American guests, but you may call them urbanistas. APA California Election A group of us from the APA California Northern’s International Program spent Nominations Now Open! a year planning our adventure. The result: an all-too-brief but fascinating look at Don't forget to vote for your some of Brazil’s most compelling cities through planners’ eyes.
    [Show full text]
  • Residential High-Rise Clusters As a Contemporary Planning Challenge in Manama by Florian Wiedmann Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Dr
    Revista Gremium® | Volumen 2 | Número 04 | Agosto - Diciembre 2015 | ISSN 2007-8773 | México, D. F. Residential High-Rise Clusters as a Contemporary Planning Challenge in Manama by Florian Wiedmann Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Dr. Florian Wiedmann is a Senior Urban Planner and part-time Lecturer at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences. He holds a PhD in urban planning and his recent research efforts are focused on the urbanization in the Gulf region. In addition to his academic occupation he is co-founder and principal of ARRUS, an urban planning consultancy located in Frankfurt and Chicago. Email: [email protected] Received: 29 April 29 2015 Accepted: 05 July 2015 Abstract Available online: 01 August 2015 This paper analyzes the different roots of current residential high-rise clusters emerging in new city districts along the coast of Bahrain’s capital city Manama, and the resulting urban planning and design challenges. Since the local real-estate markets were liberalized in Bahrain in 2003, the population grew rapidly to more than one million inhabitants. Consequently, the housing demand increased rapidly due to extensive immigration. Many residential developments were however constructed for the upper spectrum of the real-estate market, due to speculative tendencies causing a raise in land value. The emerging high-rise clusters are developed along the various waterfronts of Manama on newly reclaimed land. This paper explores the spatial consequences of the recent boom in construction boom and the various challenges for architects and urban planners to enhance urban qualities. Keywords: high-rise, cluster development, housing, urban planning, Bahrain, Manama Introduction gaining national independence during 1970, the urban transformation process was dominated Since the end of the 20th century, a new vision by the welfare state mechanisms and a car- in urban development has been introduced based model of town planning (imported by in the case of the cities in the gulf, in order to Western architects and planners).
    [Show full text]
  • Name: Class Period: ___Date: ___Vocabulary Unit 8: Urbanization 1. Anne
    Name: ________________________________________ Class Period: _______ Date: _____________ Vocabulary Unit 8: Urbanization 1. Annexation: control of land changing from one entity to another. For example, a city acquiring territory and population by annexing a smaller, peripheral, or weaker entity. 2. City: large permanent human settlement, larger than a town. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, sometimes benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth. 3. City Center: commercial, cultural, historical, political, and/or geographic heart of a city. 4. Commuting: recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community. 5. Gentrification: process of renovating and improving a district or area so that it conforms to middle-class taste: with the effect of increasing property values and the displacing of lower-income families and small businesses. 6. Ghetto: section of a city inhabited predominantly by members of an ethnic or other minority group, often as a result of social or economic restrictions, pressures, or hardships. 7. Greenbelt: area of woods, parks, or open land surrounding a community. 8. Mega City: usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people. A megacity can be a single metropolitan area, or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. Some examples are Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, New York City, Seoul, Beijing, Karachi, Mexico City, Delhi, and São Paulo. What are some others? 9.
    [Show full text]
  • From “Gentrification” to Community Control: an Exploration Into Urban Restructuring in New York City
    From “Gentrification” to Community Control: An exploration into urban restructuring in New York City by Aida Mas supervised by Dr. Luisa Sotomayor A Portfolio submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of in Environmental Studies York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada July 31, 2019 Land Acknowledgement For over 15,000 years, Turtle Island has been stewarded collectively by Indigenous communities. In fact, it was not so long ago that colonization imposed the concept of private ownership of land on what settlers perceived as Terra nullius, or “nobody’s land.” This idea – that collectively stewarded land belonged to nobody – ultimately allowed colonial powers to usurp land from Indigenous communities through the imposition of private property. This legacy of extractive dispossession continues to shape our society and relationship to land. From where I sit today on the unceded territory of the Coast Salish Peoples, to the occupied Lenape land where most of this research took place, Indigenous communities have been systematically displaced and extirpated from their land. The land which York University occupies is no exception, having been home to the Anishinabek Nation, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Huron-Wendat, the Métis, and the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. These Indigenous Nations have been stewarding land through agreements such as the Dish with One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant, which aims to share and preserve the natural life and harmony of the Great Lakes region. My awareness of the importance of stewardship began far from my own ancestral territories of the Iberian Peninsula and the Middle East.
    [Show full text]