DOCSLIB.ORG

Distichiasis and Ectopic Cilia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distichiasis and Ectopic Cilia Distichiasis and Ectopic Cilia Rhea V. Morgan, DVM, DACVIM (Small Animal), DACVO BASIC INFORMATION TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP Description Normal eyelashes develop from hair follicles on the skin surface Treatment Options of the eyelid. Distichia and ectopic cilia are eyelashes that grow No treatment of distichiasis is needed in dogs that are asymptomatic from small glands in the middle layer of the eyelid. Distichia grow (including most American cocker spaniels). If only a few distichia or out the duct of the gland and point downward or upward from the only minor signs are present, then topical lubricant ointments may be smooth edge of the eyelid. These cilia may brush against the cor- used to coat the cilia in oil and protect the cornea. If signs resolve, nea as the lids open and close. Ectopic cilia exit from the conjunc- then this therapy may be continued indefinitely. Temporary plucking tival or inner surface of the lid and point directly at the cornea. of the eyelashes is not usually performed, because they invariably Ectopic cilia most often develop on the central upper eyelid and grow back. may occur alone or in combination with distichia. Ectopic cilia Multiple distichia are often treated with cryotherapy, which is may arise in just one eye, but it is common for distichia to be found the application of a freezing agent to the underside of the eyelid, in both eyes. over the affected gland. Affected glands may also be cauterized, Causes but the heat generated by cautery often damages surrounding tis- Distichiasis may be inherited. It is common in certain breeds sues more than freezing does. Surgery to remove the hairs is not of dogs, such as the American cocker spaniel, shih tzu, often performed unless only one or two clusters are present. Bedlington terrier, boxer, Weimaraner, Shetland sheepdog, col- Ectopic cilia are best treated by surgical removal of the cilia lie, Pekingese, and others. Purebred dogs are affected more and the associated eyelid gland. Because these lashes are so small, often than mixed-breed dogs and cats. Ectopic cilia are less surgery may be performed under an operating microscope. It is common but may be found in all types of dogs, usually before important to remove these cilia as soon as possible, so that the cor- 1 year of age. nea is no longer irritated and pain is relieved. Clinical Signs Follow-up Care Signs associated with distichiasis often depend on the number and Following distichia surgery, a topical antibiotic or lubricant may be character of the lashes present. American cocker spaniels often applied to protect the cornea, because eyelid swelling is common for have numerous distichia, but they are short and fine and often several days. An Elizabethan collar may also be applied to prevent cause no clinical signs. In other dogs, watery tearing, increased self-trauma. Dark eyelid margins may turn pink after they are treated mucus production, blinking or squinting, or conjunctivitis may be with cryotherapy, but the black color typically returns in 6-8 weeks. noted. Corneal ulcerations may occur in some dogs. After surgery for ectopic cilia, topical antibiotics and pain reliev- Ectopic cilia often cause corneal ulcers, marked squinting, and ers may be used for corneal ulcers, and an Elizabethan collar may be pain. Signs may improve for awhile if the conjunctiva grows over applied until the ulcer heals. Dogs are periodically monitored post- the eyelash, but invariably they return when the cilia grows longer operatively until the corneal ulcer and surgery site have healed. and becomes exposed again. The resulting corneal ulcer does not Prognosis respond well to medical therapy. No single procedure is effective for removing all distichia, because hair follicles are very difficult to kill. Some distichia can be expected Diagnostic Tests to persist or return. In addition, more distichia may grow in new Distichia can often be seen with the naked eye and a light beam locations over the course of months to years. Periodic monitoring focused on the eyelid, but ectopic cilia can be very difficult to see. for regrowth is warranted, and repeated treatments may be needed. Magnification is often needed to locate ectopic cilia. The cornea Many dogs with ectopic cilia are cured with one surgery, if the is often stained with fluorescein to determine the presence of an entire hair follicle and associated glands are removed completely. ulcer. The eyelids and surface of the eye are also examined for Any recurrence of clinical signs (especially pain and squinting) other defects. requires re-examination for regrowth or eruption of new cilia. Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Novel Anterior Segment Phenotypes Resulting from Forkhead Gene Alterations: Evidence for Cross-Species Conservation of Function
    Novel Anterior Segment Phenotypes Resulting from Forkhead Gene Alterations: Evidence for Cross-Species Conservation of Function Ordan J. Lehmann,1 Stephen Tuft,2 Glen Brice,3 Richard Smith,4 Åsa Blixt,5 Rachel Bell,3 Bengt Johansson,6 Tim Jordan,1 Roger A. Hitchings,2 Peng T. Khaw,2 Simon W. M. John,4 Peter Carlsson,5 and Shomi S. Bhattacharya1 PURPOSE. Mutations in murine and human versions of an ances- cause it may affect the clinical management of certain trally related gene usually result in similar phenotypes. How- glaucoma subtypes and lead to excessive treatment. The ever, interspecies differences exist, and in the case of two FOXC1 and Foxe3 data, taken together with the novel ocular forkhead transcription factor genes (FOXC1 and FOXC2), phenotypes of FOXC2 mutations, highlight the remarkable these differences include corneal or anterior segment pheno- cross-species conservation of function among forkhead genes. types, respectively. This study was undertaken to determine (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2627–2633) DOI:10.1167/ whether such discrepancies provide an opportunity for iden- iovs.02-0609 tifying novel human–murine ocular phenotypes. METHODS. Four pedigrees with early-onset glaucoma pheno- types secondary to segmental chromosomal duplications or ecognition that mutations in orthologous genes frequently deletions encompassing FOXC1 and 18 individuals from 9 Rcause similar phenotypes has allowed the field of compar- FOXC2 mutation pedigrees underwent detailed ocular pheno- ative genetics to contribute to the understanding of human typing. Subsequently, mice with mutations in Foxc1 or a re- disease. As the human, murine, and Drosophila PAX6 mutants lated forkhead gene, Foxe3, were assessed for features of the (aniridia, Small eye, and eyeless) demonstrate, genotypic con- human phenotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Distichiasis (Distichia)
    DISTICHIASIS (DISTICHIA) What is distichiasis? Distichiasis is a common condition that affects dogs, and less commonly, cats. The normal eyelid margin is devoid of hairs. There are multiple glands (called meibomian glands) along the eyelids which produce an oily secretion. Occasionally a hair can arise from or near these glands and project out of the eyelid. This hair is called a distichium, and the plural is distichia. These hairs may or may not come in contact with the cornea. This depends on whether they are thick/stiff or fine, and in which direction they are growing (they may be directed inwards). What problems do they cause? Some distichia do not cause any problems. These are usually fine hairs, or hairs which are directed away from the cornea. Problems arise when the hairs rub on the cornea. It causes discomfort, and the animal may have a watery eye discharge and have excessive blinking. The hair can rub on the cornea and abrade it, causing a corneal ulcer. These corneal ulcers are very difficult to treat, as the hair continues to rub in the same area, preventing healing. Distichia grow in young dogs, and if they are going to cause a problem, they usually do so ion dogs of less than two years of age. However, occasionally they can become problematic in later life, particularly if the dog gets a condition called Dry Eye or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In this condition, there is a deficiency in tears, making the eyes dry and more susceptible to the abrading effect of the distichia. How is distichiasis diagnosed? Distichia may be seen with the naked eye with very close inspection.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Red Eye Elizabeth Barfield Laminack, DVM; Kathern Myrna, DVM, MS; and Phillip Anthony Moore, DVM, Diplomate ACVO
    PEER REVIEWED Clinical Approach to the CANINE RED EYE Elizabeth Barfield Laminack, DVM; Kathern Myrna, DVM, MS; and Phillip Anthony Moore, DVM, Diplomate ACVO he acute red eye is a common clinical challenge for tion of the deep episcleral vessels, and is characterized general practitioners. Redness is the hallmark of by straight and immobile episcleral vessels, which run Tocular inflammation; it is a nonspecific sign related 90° to the limbus. Episcleral injection is an external to a number of underlying diseases and degree of redness sign of intraocular disease, such as anterior uveitis and may not reflect the severity of the ocular problem. glaucoma (Figures 3 and 4). Occasionally, episcleral Proper evaluation of the red eye depends on effective injection may occur in diseases of the sclera, such as and efficient diagnosis of the underlying ocular disease in episcleritis or scleritis.1 order to save the eye’s vision and the eye itself.1,2 • Corneal Neovascularization » Superficial: Long, branching corneal vessels; may be SOURCE OF REDNESS seen with superficial ulcerative (Figure 5) or nonul- The conjunctiva has small, fine, tortuous and movable vessels cerative keratitis (Figure 6) that help distinguish conjunctival inflammation from deeper » Focal deep: Straight, nonbranching corneal vessels; inflammation (see Ocular Redness algorithm, page 16). indicates a deep corneal keratitis • Conjunctival hyperemia presents with redness and » 360° deep: Corneal vessels in a 360° pattern around congestion of the conjunctival blood vessels, making the limbus; should arouse concern that glaucoma or them appear more prominent, and is associated with uveitis (Figure 4) is present1,2 extraocular disease, such as conjunctivitis (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Lid Splitting and Posterior Lamellar Cryotherapy for Congenital Distichiasis and Trichiasis in Dog
    Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine. Vol. LXI (1) ISSN 2065-1295; ISSN 2343-9394 (CD-ROM); ISSN 2067-3663 (Online); ISSN-L 2065-1295 LID SPLITTING AND POSTERIOR LAMELLAR CRYOTHERAPY FOR CONGENITAL DISTICHIASIS AND TRICHIASIS IN DOG 1Andra ENACHE, 2Pip BOYDELL, 1Iuliana IONAŞCU, 1Alexandru ŞONEA 1University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Animal Medical Centre Referral Services, Manchester, United Kingdom Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract Various surgical techniques have been proposed for treating distichiasis in dogs. A technique involving eyelid splitting and double freeze-thaw cryotherapy with anterior lamellar recession was evaluated. A 3 year old, female, Staffordshire bull terrier was referred for bilateral distichiasis. There were bilateral multiple distichiasis of the upper lids, more severe on the right lid with double row of cilia and two cilia on the lower lid. Under general anaesthesia, the eyelid margin was split at the gray line and a cryoprobe was used to freeze the posterior lamella. A double freeze-thaw technique was applied in both eyes. Anterior lamellar recession was performed to prevent postoperative entropion with trichiasis. The anterior and posterior lamellas were sutured with a 6/0 Vicryl suture. Bilateral upper eyelid edema was noted postoperatively. A month follow-up revealed increased bilateral granulation and depigmentation and the recurrence of one follicle on the right upper lid. Five months postoperatively there was no recurrence in the left eye but three cilia were detected in the right upper lid. The follicles have regrown due to incomplete destruction of the roots.
    [Show full text]
  • International Classification of Diseases
    INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES MANUAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, INJURIES, AND CAUSES OF DEATH Based on the Recommendations of the Eighth Revision Conference, 1965, and Adopted by the Nineteenth World Health Assembly Volume 2 ALPHABETICAL INDEX WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1969 Volume 1 Introduction List of Three-digit Categories Tabular List of Inclusions and Four-digit Sub- categories Medical Certification and Rules for Classification Special Lists for Tabulation Definitions and Recommendations Regulations Volume 2 Alphabetical Index PRINTED IN ENGLAND CONTENTS Introduction Page General arrangement of the Index ....................................... VIII Main sections ............................................................... VIII Structure ..................................................................... IX Code numbzrs .............................................................. x Primary and secondary conditions. ................................... x Multiple diagnoses. ........................................................ XI Spelling....................................................................... XI Order of listing ............................................................. Conventions used in the Index ........................................... XII Parentheses. ................................................................. XII Cross-referexes ........................................................... XI1 Abbreviation NEC. ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The 25Th Annual Waltham/OSU Symposium Small Animal Ophthalmology October 27—28, 2001
    The 25th Annual Waltham/OSU Symposium Small Animal Ophthalmology October 27—28, 2001 Conditions of the Eyelids and Ocular Adnexa in Dogs and Cats ________________________________________ David T. Ramsey, DVM, Diplomate ACVO Associate Professor, Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences D-208 Veterinary Medical Center Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1314 ________________________________________ The eyelids and ocular adnexa comprise the primary surface defense for the globe, specifically the cornea. Physical or functional abnormalities of the lids or adnexal ocular structures may result in abnormalities of the cornea and subsequently vision. This commentary will discuss diagnosis and treatment of the more common abnormalities affecting the lids and ocular adnexa in dogs and cats. Anatomy The eyelids represent a composite structure composed of skin and cutaneous appendages, including hair follicles and glandular structures. Dogs have eyelashes only on the upper lid and cats lack upper and lower eyelashes. The palpebral conjunctiva is a highly vascular mucous membrane that lines the inner aspect of the lids. Interposed between the surface skin and palpebral conjunctiva is skeletal muscle and fibrous tissue. Eyelids are highly vascularized, therefore they are fairly resistant to microbial infection and have the property of healing rapidly after suffering trauma, but may enlarge considerably from transvascular exudation of fluid into lid tissue when irritated. Since skin comprises a substantial portion of the eyelid, a plethora of dermatologic conditions may affect the eyelids.1 The adnexa consists of all segments of conjunctiva (palpebral, nictitans, bulbar and fornix), and the nictitating membrane. The conjunctiva is the most exposed mucous membrane of the body.
    [Show full text]
  • 10867 Ocular Vol 9 #1.Indd
    Volume 9, Issue 1 October 2010 ® A Quarterly Publication for the Veterinary Community from Eye Care for Animals When Hairs Meet the Eye become shortened the facial skin has sequestra. In some dogs we see corneal not correspondingly been reduced - this vascularization and medial corneal results in the formation of large nasal pigmentation as a result of the chronic folds of haired skin. Hair on the nasal cilia irritation. This pathology is often folds may impinge on the eye and cause compounded by the abnormally large problems in some dogs. As the facial palpebral fissure (macroblepharon), the skin is pushed towards the eye there is shallow orbit which limits the extent to a tendency for the lower eyelid to roll which the eye can be retracted and the against the eye (entropion). This is lids closed over the cornea, the extreme usually compounded by tight attachment rounded (rather than elliptical) shape of the medial canthus (the location where of the upper and lower eyelids around the upper and lower eyelids join on the the medial canthus which may reduce nasal side of the face) to the underlying the effective medial corneal coverage bone via the medial palpebral ligament. during blinking, and in some dogs Nicholas J. Millichamp, The net result is a rolling of the medial reduced tear secretion from the lacrimal BVetMed, PhD, DVOphthal, DECVO, part of the lower (and occasionally glands (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). All MRCVS, DACVO upper) eyelid such that normal eyelid of these factors (and probably some that Eye Care for Animals cilia contact the conjunctiva or cornea.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflammation of the Eyelids
    Customer Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone number, Alt. phone number, Fax number, e-mail address, web site Inflammation of the Eyelids (Blepharitis) Basics OVERVIEW • Inflammation of the outer (skin) and middle portion (muscle, connective tissue, and glands) of the eyelid, usually with secondary inflammation of the moist tissue lining the inner surface of the eyelid (known as the “palpebral conjunctiva”) • May be associated with bacterial infection, self-trauma to the eyelids (as from rubbing or scratching), or disorders of the meibomian glands • The meibomian glands are located along the edge of the back part of the eyelids, just under the lining (palpebral conjunctiva) of the inner surface of the eyelid; they produce secretions along the edge of the eyelid to help hold tears within the eye SIGNALMENT/DESCRIPTION OF PET Species • Dogs • Cats Breed Predilections • Listed under “Causes” SIGNS/OBSERVED CHANGES IN THE PET • Discharge from the eye(s); may be clear or may contain mucus and/or pus • Squinting or spasmodic blinking (known as “blepharospasm”) • Redness of the eyelid (known as “hyperemia”), fluid buildup in the eyelid (known as “edema”), and thickening of the eyelid • Itchiness (known as “pruritus”) • Scratching and/or rubbing the face and eyelids, leading to skin trauma, with or without bleeding and dried discharge (skin lesions are known as “excoriations”) • Loss of pigment (known as “depigmentation”) of the skin and/or hair • Loss of hair (known as “alopecia”) • Swollen, cream-colored meibomian glands; the meibomian
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Entropion in Felines
    Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Diagnosis and treatment of entropion in felines Author : Jesus Diaz and Rachael Grundon Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : July 13, 2015 ABSTRACT Entropion is an eversion of an eyelid margin, resulting in trichiasis (hair rubbing against the cornea). Cats as well as dogs can suffer from entropion. However, this condition is not well recognised or reported in the veterinary ophthalmology literature. Cat entropion can be primary or secondary (spastic or cicatricial). The aetiologies of cat entropion can be multiple, including persistent conjunctivitis or corneal ulceration. Two categories have been proposed based on age (young or old animals). A further category was proposed in relation with an elongated facial anatomy. Diagnosing entropion may be challenging and for this reason it is very important to perform a complete ophthalmic examination. The treatment for cat entropion is normally surgical and various methods have been described. This review summarises the surgical procedures including preparation of the eye and the outcome of surgery, comparing different techniques. According to the literature, combined modified Hotz- Celsus (HC) and lateral canthal closure (LCC) is the most successful technique to correct lower eyelid entropion in cats. A prophylactic lateral canthal closure in the contralateral unaffected eye may decrease the risk of entropion developing. Cats with entropion usually have a concurrent disease, such as ulceration or corneal sequestra, which may need to be addressed concomitantly with lid correction. The eyelids and ocular adnexa protect the globe, produce one of the three components of the precorneal tear film (the lipid layer), spread the tear film over the corneal and conjunctival surfaces, remove debris from the corneal surface and promote normal tear drainage1.
    [Show full text]
  • Disorders of the Eyelids
    Molecular Genetics Simon Petersen-Jones Professor, Comparative Ophthalmology Dept. Small Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University What’s your diagnosis? Mendelian Inheritance • Mendel’s laws apply to genes on separate chromosomes • The simplest genetic characteristics depend on the genotype at a single locus • Modes of inheritance: – autosomal recessive – autosomal dominant – X-linked recessive – X-linked dominant The Work of Gregor Mendel • Mendel crossed pea plants with different characteristics and observed the resulting physical appearance (phenotype) – round peas vs wrinkled peas – yellow peas vs green peas – gray seed coat vs white seed coat – tall plants vs short plants The Work of Gregor Mendel • Mendel presented his findings in 1865 to a natural history society • Published “Experiments with plant hybrids” in 1866 • Frustrated by lack of interest in results became an administrator What We Learned from Mendel • There is a specific pair of genes for each trait – the genotype for a given trait is specified by a pair of genes – some loci may have more than one allele • During formation of gametes the gene pair for a trait segregates equally – one gamete only receives one of a pair of genes – Mendel’s law of equal segregation (first principle) What We Learned from Mendel • A gene has two forms - alleles (e.g. A and a) – genotype aa (homozygous for a) express a recessive phenotype – genotypes AA or Aa express a dominant phenotype What We Learned from Mendel • During formation of gametes the segregation of the gene pair for
    [Show full text]
  • Dog Breeds Volume 5
    Dog Breeds - Volume 5 A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents 1 Russell Terrier 1 1.1 History ................................................. 1 1.1.1 Breed development in England and Australia ........................ 1 1.1.2 The Russell Terrier in the U.S.A. .............................. 2 1.1.3 More ............................................. 2 1.2 References ............................................... 2 1.3 External links ............................................. 3 2 Saarloos wolfdog 4 2.1 History ................................................. 4 2.2 Size and appearance .......................................... 4 2.3 See also ................................................ 4 2.4 References ............................................... 4 2.5 External links ............................................. 4 3 Sabueso Español 5 3.1 History ................................................ 5 3.2 Appearance .............................................. 5 3.3 Use .................................................. 7 3.4 Fictional Spanish Hounds ....................................... 8 3.5 References .............................................. 8 3.6 External links ............................................. 8 4 Saint-Usuge Spaniel 9 4.1 History ................................................. 9 4.2 Description .............................................. 9 4.2.1 Temperament ......................................... 10 4.3 References ............................................... 10 4.4 External links
    [Show full text]
  • Eyelid Disease and Surgery Mark Bobofchak, DVM, DACVO Eye Care for Animals Cleveland, OH
    Eyelid Disease and Surgery Mark Bobofchak, DVM, DACVO Eye Care for Animals Cleveland, OH The eyelids of domestic animals have many important functions. They are important in protecting the globe, contributing to and spreading the tear film, and preventing the buildup of ocular pathogens and environmental debris. This article will review the basics of eyelid anatomy and function as well as discuss common problems associated with these structures The eyelids near the margin are thought to be composed of four primary layers: the conjunctiva, the tarsus and stroma, the orbicularis oculi muscle, and the dermis/epidermis. The margin is a mucocutaneous junction that connects the conjunctiva on the bulbar surface with the haired skin of the external surface. The primary muscle involved in eyelid closure is the circumferential orbicularis oculi muscle, innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). The primary muscle involved in opening of the eyelid is the levator palpebrae superioris innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III). The tarsus (stroma) is comprised of connective tissue, levator muscles, and the tarsal or meibomian glands. These glands secrete the lipid component of the tear film and the openings for the secretory ducts are visible along the eyelid margin. The palpebral conjunctiva is the smooth, inner lining of the eyelid. It is continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva and contains lymphoid follicles, goblet cells (secrete the mucous portion of the tear film) and lymphatics. Congenital abnormalities of the eyelids are occasionally seen in both dogs and cats. Physiologic ankyloblepharon is typically present until 10-14 days after birth. Premature opening of the palpebral fissure can result in severe ulceration since the lacrimal tissue is not fully developed.
    [Show full text]