A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

1 In an open letter plies and toilet paper on eBay, Amazon, and $1.4 billion, leaving $1.5 explaining the pricing billion in pretax revenue Gilead chose for the Craigslist (Tiffany 2020), to drug companies that (Nathan-Kazis 2020). COVID-19 drug rem- jack up prices for medications like insulin—and desivir—$3,120 for a remdesivir (Thomas 2019).1 five-day course of treat- ment—Daniel O’Day At best, entrepreneurship is just another word In the United States, the federal government (2020), the chairman and for capitalistic behavior. CEO of Gilead Sciences, failed to take responsibility for regulating the wrote that the company —“What Does Determine the Profit Rate? The Neoclassical prices of necessities during the pandemic ini- chose to “price remde- Theories Presented in Introductory Textbooks,” tially, leaving a void to be filled by private enti- sivir well below” the Michele Naples and Nahid Aslanbeigui savings that will result ties, some of which enacted more seemingly from shorter hospital ethical policies than gov- stays. An investment 2 ernment itself. From a 2 Trump signed Execu- bank analyst calls the It can be tempting to view tive Order 13,910 on 23 price a “spectacularly social-reproduction per- March 2020, prohibit- good value” (Lupkin hoarders, price gougers, Theorizing spective, one would expect ing hoarding and price 2020). Critics of Gilead and people who refuse to capitalist employers to gouging related to health range from Public Citi- wear masks during pub- Entrepreneurial Price and medical resources, zen, which described the respond if illness threat- including N95 masks, pricing as an “offensive lic health crises like the Gouging: ens their ability to extract respirators, ventilators, display of hubris and COVID-19 pandemic as surplus value through the hydroxycholoroquine disregard for the pub- selfish jerks with antiso- Interdependency, (HCL), medical gowns, lic,” to U.S. Represen- less and less sustainable and other personal pro- tative Lloyd Doggett, a cial or even sociopathic Injustice, and Hand exploitation of increasingly tective equipment. The Democrat from Texas, tendencies. But focus- ill workers. During the pan- order does not apply who said that it was “an Sanitizer ing on individual “rule to consumer products outrageous price for a demic, people, especially like hand sanitizer. See very modest drug, which breakers” pulls them out women, may be forced to Exec. Order No. 13,910., taxpayer funding saved of social context and con- act as “shock absorbers” to 85 Fed. Reg. 17001 (26 from a scrap heap of fail- ceals economic structures: March 2020), https:// ures” (Thorbecke 2020; mitigate this problem by www.federalregister.gov/ Erman, Burger, and capitalism stipulates profit Jennifer Cohen providing home-based care documents/2020/03/26/ Maddipatla 2020). Both seeking—and it does so for the sick and taking on 2020-06478/preventing- refer to the what Public with significant costs to hoarding-of-health-and- Citizen estimates is over additional household labor. medical-resources-to-re- $70 million of taxpayer public health. Price goug- However, such mitigation extends the already spond-to-the-spread-of- money that Gilead ing hoarders are not “breaking rules.” Their fraught work of reproducing life in nonpan- covid-19. received through federal entrepreneurial behavior is consistent with cap- demic conditions, potentially to the detriment of grants for development italist logic. and clinical trials of health generally and women’s health in particu- remdesivir (Thorbecke lar (Cohen and Venter 2020; Cohen 2019). In this 2020). According to Antisocial “entrepreneurialism” occurs at mul- one analyst, total 2020 tiple levels: from a student who charges class- relatively early stage in the pandemic, even at the sales of remdesivir are mates 50p (about US$0.65) for single squirts local scale and even where the COVID-19 virus likely to be about $2.9 has caused many deaths among wage workers, billion, while study and of hand sanitizer (Harvey 2020), to people who manufacturing costs are stockpile and unashamedly resell cleaning sup- the threat to profitability is a crisis of consumer projected to be about demand, not (yet) one of incapacitated labor. 205 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

Nonetheless, Amazon and eBay quickly banned that embraces entrepreneurialism and econo- secondhand sales of hand sanitizer and clean- mistic thought dominates in the abstract. As of 1 ing wipes, noting that these sales violated “fair July 2020, the Facebook post by the above-men- pricing” policies (Terlep 2020; Tiffany 2020). tioned student’s mother had attracted 228,350 eBay pointed to its “Disaster and Tragedy Pol- reaction icons: 154,009 were “Haha,” 65,508 icy,” which prohibits attempting “to profit from were “Like,” 8,005 were “Love,” and 615 were 3 “Disaster and Tragedy human tragedy or suffering.”3 Meanwhile, there “Wow”; 131 were “Angry,” 81 were “Sad,” and one Policy,” eBay, accessed 4 4 The Facebook post, 24 April 2020, https:// is little political will to limit price gouging on was “Care.” In the same moment that people published 11 March www.ebay.com/help/pol- $700 EpiPens at the governmental level. are dying from COVID-19, stores have short- 2020, was shared 198,650 icies/prohibited-restrict- ages of hand sanitizer because of hoarding and times and accrued ed-items/disaster-trage- At the microentrepreneur- 110,424 comments by 1 dy-policy?id=5051. price gouging. The cog- ial level, the profit seek- July 2020. The com- How is it that this entrepreneurial, nitive dissonance is clear ments were overwhelm- ing activity incumbent to profit seeking perspective is at once as profit seeking wins ingly congratulatory. Of one hundred randomly capitalism, celebrated in “unique” and simultaneously the plaudits even as it causes more usual times, is decried selected for review, fifty motor of capitalism? Why is the same deaths. from men and fifty from during crises. Yet ambiguity entrepreneurialism that is appar- women, ninety were pos- itive, seven were ambig- around whether to applaud ently laudable under usual conditions Where this activity is rec- or punish profit seeking ognized as troubling, as uous, and three were shameful under unusual conditions? negative. See J. Tomp- behavior is demonstrated The obvious response is that this in the case of two broth- kins, “This is a picture of my teenage son just by the case of the student “profiteering” is different from “prof- ers in Tennessee, it is selling single squirts of often framed in terms of getting in from school,” iting.” But how? It cannot simply be Facebook, 11 March hand sanitizer, whose “dad because price gougers exploit (draw the behavior of a few “bad 2020, post linked from https://www.huffpost. was calling him up [from profits from) innocent people who are apples,” which shames work] to let him know he’s sellers while conceal- com/entry/hand-san- suffering; innocent people also suffer itizer-school-suspen- a f#%*ing legend” (Harvey exploitation in the generation of prof- ing the economic struc- sion_n_5e6b071ec5b6d- da30fc642ef. 2020). A commenter on the its through production. ture that compels exactly HuffPost news story wrote, this behavior (Vigdor “Give him ten years he’ll be a great businessman 2020). In comparison to the boy selling squirts who understands supply and demand.” Com- of hand sanitizer, these entrepreneurial adults menters were overwhelmingly of the opinion were given a chillier reception. With help from that he should be commended for his “entrepre- his brother, Matt Colvin spent thousands of dol- neurial genius.” lars on 17,700 bottles of hand sanitizer to resell. Colvin was profiled in a New York Times article Despite unprecedented political action in the about his reselling that garnered almost 4,400 social interest during the pandemic, in which comments. After the article was published, he people fundamentally altered their lives to pro- reported getting hate mail and death threats tect their health and the health of those around (Nicas 2020a, 2020b; Vigdor 2020). them, contradictory-but-internalized ideology 206 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

In another article about the price gouging broth- ing activity. At the same time, however, if entre- ers, Simkins wrote (2020), “It takes a unique per- preneurialism is just profit seeking, it is ubiqui- spective to witness the suffering of innocent tous and foundational in an economic system people and think, ‘How can I turn this into a driven by profit. As noted by Naples and Aslan- profitable enterprise?’” But does it? We are left beigui (1996, 57), “Entrepreneurship is then just a with unresolved questions. How is it that this euphemism for ‘being a capitalist.’” Echoing the entrepreneurial, profit seeking perspective is at sentiment, a commenter wrote of the boy selling once “unique” and simultaneously the motor squirts of sanitizer, “That’s awesome … he’s a lit- of capitalism? Why is the same entrepreneur- tle capitalist.” ialism that is apparently laudable under usual conditions shameful under unusual conditions? The second line of thought (and praxis) is soli- The obvious response is that this “profiteering” darity. Such thinking recognizes human interde- is different from “profiting.” But how? It cannot pendency and shared interests. The move from simply be because price gougers exploit (draw the imaginary of the self-made man to the actu- ally existing social world reveals the tangible profits from) innocent people who are suffer- 5 ing; innocent people also suffer exploitation in ways in which men are, in fact, made. Interde- 5 I continue using the the generation of profits through production. pendency is a condition for reproducing human terms “man” and “men” life. Herein lies the recognition that no man ever because of the ways in The answers lie in (a) the in/visibility of interde- which both entrepre- pendency and (b) the in/visibility of exploitation “made himself,” that people are produced, both neurialism and social physiologically through women’s [going into] reproduction are gen- and injustice in the spheres of production and dered. circulation. labor and through ongoing effortful activity dis- proportionally done by women (Cohen 2019, At the societal level there are two lines of thought 2018). This is not to suggest that men and their at play that may appear compatible in the activities have nothing to do with said process; it abstract but are contradictory in practice—and is to point out that societies rely on women and not only in disaster conditions. One obscures their labor in fundamental ways that are erased interdependency and exploitation while the by, and erased in, the mythology of the self-made other acknowledges both. The first posits entre- man.6 6 For feminist critiques of Homo economicus, see preneurialism as an ideal, self-motivated, mas- In this nonindividualistic reality, price gouging Hewitson (1999) and culinized, individualized mode of (socially fan- Hewitson and Grapard tasized) subjectivity (Madra and Özselçuk 2010): during a pandemic renders injustice visible to (2011). he is rational economic man at his self-made all—even to those otherwise invested in entre- manliest. In this social imaginary (and in main- preneurial imaginaries—except for the most stream economics), entrepreneurs’ gains are willfully resistant, egotistical, or thoughtless understood as merited, earned through inno- (Arendt 1963). Writes a commenter on the story vation or risk bearing (Naples and Aslanbeigui on Colvin (Nicas 2020a), one of the brothers in 1996; Tsaliki 2006). Here, entrepreneurialism is Tennessee, “I am generally a free-market capi- seen as a unique talent put to work in profit seek- talist. But government’s role in a free market is to 207 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

adjust incentives. Such pernicious exploitation terms of the site of profit seeking and the source should be punished.” of profit must be examined. First, injustice has been extended beyond the “hidden abode of Interdependency in the “public” nature of public production,” where exploitation is mystified, health is similarly made visible in the context of into the sphere of circulation, where it takes on a pandemic. In the face of disasters, it is typical a very visible form. Consequently, price gougers’ that price gougers are selling commodities per- profits—gained from workers’ wages—appear ceived to have the potential to make a difference unjust in the social imaginary while exploita- between life and death. Unique to a pandemic tion in production as the usual source of profit are the ways in which our individual health 8 8 remains mystified. The- Most Marxists would becomes more obviously oretically, this injustice argue that there is Interdependency in the “public” deep cruelty in capital- contingent on the health of comes through an unjust others. Therefore, others’ nature of public health is simi- ist profit generation in larly made visible in the context of price, which may be inter- production as well, but abilities to protect them- pretable as a form of sec- exploitation is mystified selves and their health is a pandemic. In the face of disas- by the illusion of equity ondary exploitation. between contracting a social interest—a public ters, it is typical that price goug- parties in the labor mar- good. In response to Col- ers are selling commodities per- Aquinas (n.d., 2nd pt. of 2nd ket. vin’s hoarding and price ceived to have the potential to pt., quest. 77, art. 1) addresses gouging, a commenter make a difference between life price gouging directly acknowledging both inter- and death. Unique to a pandemic under “Fraud in Buying and dependency and injustice are the ways in which our individ- Selling” in Summa Theolog- wrote, “For every person ual health becomes more obviously ica. For Aquinas, all sales that was deprived of nec- should be exchanges of contingent on the health of others. essary supplies due to cal- equal value. He believed lous profiteering not only Therefore, others’ abilities to pro- that under conditions that affects the health of that tect themselves and their health is raise a buyer’s willingness person but of all others a social interest—a public good. to pay but do not raise a sell- in a chain reaction that er’s costs, selling something would have never happened but because of the for more than it is worth is unjust. Specifically, disappeared supplies …There is deep cruelty in when the buyer is willing to pay a price above this type of profiteering” (Nicas 2020a). the worth of an item, the benefit that accrues to the buyer is not due to the seller but rather to the That type of profiteering is deemed unjust, while 7 See Erçel (2006) for conditions impacting the buyer. a rich description and other forms of profit generation are socially postcolonial analysis understood as reasonable.7 The term “profiteer- Similarly, Marx (1999) writes that under normal of this dissonance with ing” describes unreasonable profits in an acute conditions, exchange of equivalents prevails. respect to exploitation as orientalized in sweat- crisis. In price gouging, then, profit seeking Marx identifies competition as the mechanism shop discourse. has gone too far. What “gone too far” means in through which a price will reflect the underly- 208 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

ing value of a commodity; commodities cannot ation (Lapavitsas 2009). Price gouging may also 9 Although “willing- be sold at prices that deviate from their values belong on this list. ness to pay” is language except in instances of “inexplicable privilege” more commonly used for a seller. Further, in markets in which people A “natural” disaster throws open an extractive in economics, I distin- are both buyers and sellers, any seller who gains window—a window that opportunist entre- guish between willing- preneurs seek out. Under disaster conditions, ness to pay and ability from an above-normal price loses that gain when to pay. In capitalism, they are the buyer, facing the same above-nor- buyers are likely to be willing to pay prices for buyers’ ability to pay is mal price for the commodity themselves. Only damage-preventing or damage-mitigating com- more important than modities that are above the commodity’s worth. their willingness to pay. when a buyer and seller are of different classes Posing “willingness to is profit realized in exchange. “To sell commod- Contra Aquinas, the price gouging entrepre- pay” as key for buyers ities above their value to such a class, is only to neur aims to capture money belonging to buy- obscures the reality of ers who have the ability to pay a price above the the inequitably distrib- crib back again a part of the money previously 9 uted resources that con- given to it.” Marx is referring to buyers as a class. worth of the commodity. The profitability of strain one’s ability to pay, The example he offers is a conquered seller first such extractive windows can be high and might not one’s willingness. 10 paying tribute to a buyer, who then uses that even lead entrepreneurs to create disasters or “As someone who lives to intensify the disastrousness of those that are in the communities this money to purchase goods from the conquered guy stripped … it has seller, effectively paying for the goods with the natural. This connection clarifies the relation- been absolute madness seller’s own money. In contrast, a class of work- ship between hoarding and price gouging: for trying to find hand san- the entrepreneur, hoarding enhances the disas- itizer, masks, or even ers receives wages from capital and uses those bleach. I have one friend wages to buy commodities from capital. For a ter conditions, increasing profitability and theo- in heart failure unable capitalist class inclusive of owners of indus- retically raising the rate of secondary exploita- to get hand sanitizer and tion. face masks. I and several trial, financial, and commercial capitals, to “crib more of my friends are back” an amount of money from wages paid to immune suppressed. In Regardless of whether the high prices charged the meantime, COVID the working class that is greater than the value of by price gougers are merely unjust or are a form just popped up in Chat- commodities purchased appears consistent with of exploitation, price gouging during a pandemic tanooga, Knoxville, and price gouging. the Tri-Cities (places I (among other disasters) renders the injustice vis- bet he visited on his way There is some purview for theorizing price goug- ible. Accordingly, social judgment is harsh. A to Kentucky), and this guy, the new poster child ing as a redistributive technique, cribbing back commenter on a New York Times article went so far as to call Colvin “the new poster child for the for the banality of evil, money from the wage to capital and thereby stripped all the store redistributing, but not creating, value. It could banality of evil,” referring to Hannah Arendt’s shelves from there to body of work.10 the border. What are be considered a form of secondary exploitation immune suppressed that takes place in the sphere of circulation. In The commenter is onto something but is not people supposed to do? I volume 3 of Capital, Marx (1991) writes that sec- hope he thinks long and quite right. By my analysis above, Colvin is the hard about his 17,000 ondary exploitation comes through financial or poster child for non-banal evil. In the sphere of bottles of hand sanitizer property relations and is considered archaic, but exchange, secondary “exploitation” is visible as when people start dying other theorizations identify such a process in over here” (Nicas 2020a; unjust, inciting anger. In contrast, the banal form, emphasis added). wage theft (Rasmus 2016) and financial expropri- 209 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

exploitation in production, is deemed reason- asks about “the morality of hoarding products able and remains invisible. Hence, price gouging that can prevent the spread of the virus, just to serves to highlight the banality of exploitation in turn a profit.” After casting about for an expla- production, not just the non-banal injustice in nation of why his “contribution” merited remu- circulation. In “Thinking and Moral Consider- neration, “Mr. Colvin said he was simply fixing ations,” Arendt (1971, 417) defined the banality of ‘inefficiencies in the marketplace.’ Some areas of evil as “the phenomenon of evil deeds, commit- the country need these products more than oth- ted on a gigantic scale, which could not be traced ers, and he’s helping send the supply toward the to any particularity of wickedness, pathology, or demand … He thought about it more. ‘I honestly ideological conviction in the doer.” In the capi- feel like it’s a public service,’ he added, ‘I’m being talist class process, exploitation on a giant scale paid for my public service’” (Nicas 2020a; emphasis is profit seeking. Its source is not an ideological added). Colvin has made reselling products into conviction, although complementary ideology is an occupation from which he reportedly “earns” constructed and revised, over $100,000 per year. Yet The price gougers’ self-reflections and ideological conviction he appears never to have grows with it. The point is are both extraordinary and utterly thought about what he is precisely that it is not the ordinary, in the same way that getting paid for in terms of wickedness of any given entrepreneurial perspective is at his own efforts. In Colvin’s “bad apple” capitalist; it is once “unique” and foundational to framing, the exchange is no capitalism itself that com- capitalism. They seem defensive, longer even a private ser- pels exploitation. While anticipating judgement by others, vice; he claims it has pub- this injustice becomes but simultaneously, and stupefy- lic benefits. With respect to apparent through price ingly, self-absorbed. necessities for health, the gouging during a crisis, it opposite is true, of course: should not come as a sur- hoarding and price gouging prise; profit maximization is a capitalist imper- have public costs. ative. The price gougers’ self-reflections are both It is, however, worthwhile to consider how this extraordinary and utterly ordinary, in the same group of commercial capitalists rationalize and way that entrepreneurial perspective is at once defend (or denounce, if “caught”) their activities “unique” and foundational to capitalism. They when confronted with the moral questionability seem defensive, anticipating judgement by of their profits. Many of these entrepreneurs are others, but simultaneously, and stupefyingly, already business owners, aside from the price self-absorbed. Their two main defenses are that gouging entrepreneurial venture, which makes “I’m not a bad person” (or “I’m not that bad”) their explanations even more intriguing. and that “others would do the same if I hadn’t.” The first case is self-congratulatory for not being In an article about the Colvin brothers, a reporter more exploitative, defending himself, perhaps, 210 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

from his own nagging doubts. One price gouger To demonstrate, she tells the story of the inter- says, “I’m not trying to sell someone an eight- rogation of Eichmann for war crimes in which ounce bottle of hand sanitizer for $100, which he repeatedly relates—to the interrogator, a Jew- I’ve seen. I’m not a bad person” (Tiffany 2020; ish refugee from Nazi Germany—how unfair it emphasis added). Returning to Colvin, a tearful was that he had been unable to ascend the Nazi denial: “‘It was never my intention to keep nec- SS hierarchy. Arendt writes, “What makes these essary medical supplies out of the hands of peo- pages of the examination so funny is that all this ple who needed them,’ he said, crying. ‘That’s not was told in the tone of someone who was sure who I am as a person. And all I’ve been told for the of finding ‘normal, human’ sympathy for a hard- last 48 hours is how much of that person I am’” luck story” (50). (Nicas 2020b). They seem to want to distance themselves-as-people from themselves-as-en- Similarly, with the 4,400 comments on the New trepreneurs, as if these York Times article, many are conflicting, or even These stories of entrepreneurial- commenters were aghast contradictory, identities. ism are not amusing anecdotes. that Colvin seemed to expect the reader to pity Perhaps this distancing They suggest that capitalism grows him because Amazon and reflects a realized, if only capitalists, from children to adults, momentarily, incompati- eBay removed his accounts, who seek to profit from human leaving him with no way to bility between the fantasy suffering. The stories are about of self-made manliness sell the sanitizer and other societal values, which the pan- and the reality of interde- items he had hoarded. He pendency. Colvin’s ratio- demic reveals are gendered and said, “It was crazy money … nalization of his price racialized matters of life and death, It’s been a huge amount of gouging as a “public ser- in starker terms than usual. whiplash … From being in vice” could be interpreted a situation where what I’ve as an attempt to reconcile these conflicting iden- got coming and going could potentially put my tities. The entrepreneurs’ insistence may also be family in a really good place financially to, ‘What a demonstration of their own dissonance, being the heck am I going to do with all of this?’” (Nicas caught up in the individuated shaming of bad 2020a). The commenters were not sympathetic. apples rather than a social indictment of the These stories of entrepreneurialism are not structures compelling their activities. amusing anecdotes. They suggest that capital- The parallels between Arendt’s analysis of Adolf ism grows capitalists, from children to adults, Eichmann, a Nazi and organizer of the holocaust, who seek to profit from human suffering. The and these entrepreneurs’ own comments about stories are about societal values, which the pan- themselves are eerie. Arendt (1963) described demic reveals are gendered and racialized mat- Eichmann as thoughtless, blank, and incapa- ters of life and death, in starker terms than usual. ble of imagining himself in another’s position. 211 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

Three-quarters of healthcare workers are healthcare workers around the world have been women, 45 percent are women of color, and 22 threatened with violence during the pandemic percent are Black women (Bahn, Cohen, and (Gharib 2020). An alternative interpretation is 11 11 The author’s calcula- Rodgers 2020). Nursing occupations make up that his entrepreneurial activities are putting his tions use 2019 data avail- three of the five most common jobs held by Black own family at risk of infection and death from able at “Labor Force Sta- women in the United States (Frye 2020). When COVID-19 by impeding the ability of others to tistics from the Current Population Survey,” U.S. men hoard and price gouge for items that impact take basic precautions. Bureau of Labor Sta- public health, it is women who are put in harm’s tistics, 22 January 2020, way. This is true in women’s paid work and in Price gougers are not bad apples; they are https://www.bls.gov/cps/ emblematic of the basic principle of capitalism: cpsaat11.htm. the direct reproductive activities undertaken in households, where they may be exposed to the profit seeking. It is only because the pandemic virus by sick family members. For many women, makes apparent, first, interdependency in pub- such as single mothers, quarantine is virtually lic health and, second, the injustice and perhaps impossible. Further, it can hardly have escaped exploitation of extracting value, that their entre- the readers’ notice that value is being redistrib- preneurial behavior attracts attention and anger. uted from women to men, as it is redistributed The immediacy and high-risk nature of this con- from labor to commercial capital. Redistribu- text distinguish it from the usual, banal, seem- tion takes place both because women are dispro- ingly reasonable value extracted in production. portionately the buyers of these products and Jennifer Cohen is assistant professor of global and because the price gougers tend to be men, or at intercultural studies at Miami University and joint least they were in every instance of price goug- researcher in Ezintsha, in the Reproductive Health ing that I was able to find in the research process. and HIV Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University In addition to endangering individuals, espe- of the Witwatersrand. Her mixed-methods research cially women, the profit motive undermines focuses on women and work, nurses’ health, stress, healthcare system capacity when, for exam- households, social determinants of health, and racial ple, people hoard what are effectively necessi- disparities in health. ties for health (Cohen, forthcoming). For many workers—potential demanders of health care should they fall ill—hoarding means they can- References not take precautions to maintain their health. Aquinas, T. n.d. The Summa Theologica. Benziger This is a dangerous situation for all, including Bros. ed. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican the hoarders. Colvin shared one of his “death Province. https://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/ threats” with the New York Times. It read, “Your home.html. behavior is probably going to end up with some- one killing you and your wife and your children” Arendt, H. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the (Nicas 2020b). Maybe the author did intend it as Banality of Evil. New York: Viking. a death threat, and Colvin would not be the first; 212 A RETHINKING Pandemic and MARXISM the Crisis of Dossier Capitalism Critique of Political Economy—Pandemic Edition

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