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Hagia Sophia Stood As a Symbol of the Byz- Antine Empire for Over 9Oo Years

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Hagia Sophia Stood As a Symbol of the Byz- Antine Empire for Over 9Oo Years PREVIEWCOPY Introduction Previewing this book? Please check out our enhanced preview, which offers a deeper look at this guidebook. Travel guidebooks for the ultra curious, Approach Guides reveal a destination’s essence by exploring a compelling aspect of its cultural heritage: art, architecture, history, food or wine. A wonder of 6th century engineering, Istanbul’s church of Hagia Sophia stood as a symbol of the Byz- antine empire for over 9oo years. So great is its magnetism that it was adopted by the conquering Ot- tomans and converted into a mosque to signal their rightful inheritance of the empire’s distinguished legacy. And the magic remains on full display today: a massive dome that appears to float weight- lessly above the floor, filtered light that infuses the interior with a glow symbolic of God’s wisdom and gold-filled mosaics that encourage contemplation. It is yours to discover. What’s in this guidebook • An introduction. We review the church’s history and explain why the emperor-builder Jus- tinian broke from earlier design precedent in favor of an innovative central plan that features a prayer space covered by an enormous dome. • Review of the architectural highlights. Following our tradition of being the most valu- able resource for culture-focused travelers, we profile the church’s most important architec- tural features and offer a discussion that ties it all together. • Tour of the mosaics. The church holds one of the greatest collections of mosaics in the world. To do it justice, we crafted a comprehensive tour that features eleven of the premier works. For each, we review its history, stylistic features and iconography. • A visit to the prototypePREVIEW. Since the nearby church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus likely served as a small-scale prototype for theCOPY great church, we offer a tour that focuses on their shared characteristics. • Advice for getting the best cultural experience. To help you plan your visit, this guide- book supplies logistical advice, maps and links to online resources. Plus, we give our personal tips for getting the most from your experience while on location. • Information the way you like it. As with all of our guides, this book is optimized for intui- tive, quick navigation; information is organized into bullet points to make absorption easy; and images are marked up with text that explains important features. Contact us anytime Our readers are our greatest inspiration. Email us at [email protected] to let us know about your experience with Approach Guides — many of our recent updates have been inspired by customers like you. We personally respond to every email. We hope this cultural guidebook offers you fresh insights into Hagia Sophia’s legacy and sets you on a path to making your own discoveries. Enjoy your trip! David and Jennifer Raezer Founders, Approach Guides www.approachguides.com Other Cultural Sites in Istanbul: Sinan’s Mosques Presiding over the Ottoman empire at the height of its power, sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (ruled 1520-1566) championed the construction of large Friday mosques throughout Istanbul. Mimar Sinan, the chief royal architect who was himself a convert to Islam, oversaw this building campaign, trans- forming the landscape of the capital city. Sinan’s mosques — designed for sultans, royal family mem- bers and high-ranking government and military officials — are sublime works of art and architecture. They are yours to explore with our Approach Guide to Sinan’s mosques. PREVIEWCOPY Get the Approach Guide to Sinan’s Mosques in Istanbul Istanbul Revealed: Hagia Sophia Version 1.0 by David Raezer and Jennifer Raezer © 2015 by Approach Guides All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, with- out permission in writing from the publisher (excluding Creative Commons images). Further, this book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only and may not be resold or given away to other people. Copyright, licensing and attribution information can be found in the metadata for all images and illustrations. Approach Guides and the Approach Guides logo are trademarks of Approach Guides LLC. Other marks are the property of their respective owners. Although every effort was made to ensure that the information was as accurate as possible, we accept no responsibility for any loss, damage, injury or inconvenience sustained by anyone using this guidebook. Approach Guides New York, NY www.approachguides.com ISBN: 978-1-936614-51-6 PREVIEWCOPY Contents Introduction Watch Before You Go Tour Map and Itinerary HAGIA SOPHIA Background Introducing the Great Church A New Vision The Construction Ottoman History Layout Layout of Justinian’s Church Layout of the Current Structure Church of Light A Walk Through Visiting Exterior PREVIEWCOPY Entrance Interior The Dome Things to Look For Islamic Features Tour of the Mosaics The Basics A New Figurative Aesthetic Virgin Mary as Theotokos Christ as Pantocrator 1. Inner Narthex 2. Christ with Leo VI 3. Apse Virgin and Child 4. Alexander 5. Archangel Gabriel 6. Deesis 7. Seraphim 8. Church Fathers 9. Virgin with John, Eirene, Alexios 10. Christ with Constantine and Zoe 11. Virgin with Constantine and Justinian SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS Visiting Layout Exterior Interior Our Recommendations Continuing on Your Own PREVIEWCOPY Continuing Travel in the Middle East Where to Eat, Stay and Shop Packing List About Approach Guides Join Us! Videos More from Approach Guides Free Updates and Enhancements — So the church has become a spectacle of marvellous beauty, overwhelming to those who see it, but to those who know it by hearsay altogether incredible. For it soars to a height to match the sky, and as if surging up from amongst the other buildings it stands on high and looks down upon the remainder of the city, adorning it ... And it exults in an indescribable beauty. Indeed one might say that its interior is not illuminated from without by the sun, but that the radiance comes into being within it, such an abundance of light bathes this shrine. — From Procopius of Caesarea’s “Buildings of Justinian,” likely written in the late 550s, soon after the comple- tion of Justinian’s Hagia Sophia. Translated into English by H. B. Dewing, as printed in volume VII of the Loeb Classical Library edition, published in 1940. Read the full text here. PREVIEWCOPY Watch Before You Go Watch the Istanbul episode of OnLocation, an online travel show from the creators of Approach Guides. In this quick video of Istanbul’s skyline, we highlight the principal monuments in the old city (Fatih) visible from the Galata tower across the Golden Horn. PREVIEWWatch the videoCOPY on Istanbul’s skyline. To see all episodes in our video series, visit approachguides.com/video or subscribe to our YouTube channel. Tour Map and Itinerary PREVIEWCOPY Fig 1. Map with tour itinerary. See detailed view in Google Maps. While this guidebook is focused chiefly on Hagia Sophia, we have also included a visit to the church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, which likely served as a small-scale prototype (Fig. 1). 1. Hagia Sophia 2. Saints Sergius and Bacchus Author tip: Only a 12-minute walk from Hagia Sophia, Sergius and Bacchus is worth visiting, as it provides valuable insight into the starting point from which architects crafted the much grander church. — Pages Missing — Download the complete book online at www.approachguides.com HAGIA SOPHIA PREVIEWFig. 2. ViewCOPY from southeast. A New Vision PREVIEWCOPY Fig. 5. Justinian holding a model of Hagia Sophia. Shown from the southern perspective, the model reveals a central plan with a huge semi-spherical dome. The Innovative Central Plan • Basilican plan precedent. Prior to Justinian’s Hagia Sophia, most of the greatest churches in the Christian world were based on a design adopted from the Roman secular basilica, a meeting hall where issues of public concern were resolved by an administrator-judge: a rect- angular plan with a nave and flanking aisles that drove movement along the longitudinal axis, a protruding apse, a wooden roof (usually a triangular truss) and no dome. As mentioned in the prior section, the two earlier versions of Hagia Sophia were based on such a plan (Fig. 4 in the prior section). Further, the legacies of the religion’s two most sacred churches — the origi- nal 4th century versions of St Peter’s in Rome and the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, both built by Constantine to a basilican plan (Fig. 6) — loomed large. • Justinian’s choice of a central plan. Justinian broke with earlier precedent, opting for a central-plan design. The core feature of a central-plan church is typically the large dome, which functions as the gravitational center and encloses much of the interior space (Fig. 5). We explore the details of this centralized plan in the section entitled “Layout.” Fig. 6. Basilican plan of the original 4th century St Peter’s in Rome. PREVIEWCOPY Historical Context Justinian’s decision to embark on such an innovative design was shaped in many respects by recent events. • Nika riots. When the third version of Hagia Sophia was planned, Justinian — who was at that point less than five years into his reign — had only just recently survived a serious challenge to his rule. The Nika riots, a week-long uprising in 532 aiming to overthrow the government and install a replacement emperor (Hypatius), were put down by Justinian’s trusted general Belisarius, resulting in the deaths of 30,000 rioters. • Theodosian Hagia Sophia destroyed. It was in this uprising that the second (Theodosian) Hagia Sophia was burned to the ground. • Church helps re-establish authority. The building of the magnificent third version of the church helped Justinian reassert his authority — as God’s regent on earth — in the wake of this destabilizing event.
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