Echnograph This Is the World's Biggest Truck

-^// C.//. IZjt. 3 T^, ECHNOGRAPH THIS IS THE WORLD'S BIGGEST TRUCK

Your first impulse is to dive for the ditch when you see this mastodon of

trucks roaring down the road. But if you were a contractor, you'd soon determine that this world's-largest-

truck is an 18-wheel, 750horsepower monsterthat can haul 165 tons of pay-

load each trip.

The box and frame are built from a remarkable United States Steel grade called USS "T-1" Constructional Alloy Steel. Its more than three times

stronger that standard steel, so they could use thinner, lighter sections. Result: They shaved 72^ tons of dead weight from the trailer by de-

signing with the new steel, a net weight savings of 25%. The savings went into extra payload capacity.

Unlike most ultra-strong alloy

steel, "T-l " Steel can be easily

formed, and it can be welded in the

field without fancy heat treating equipment. "T-1" Steel resists impact,

corrosion, abrasion. And it retains its strength down to a hundred degrees below zero. "T-1" Steel's only one of the amazing high-strength metals pro-

duced by U. S. Steel.

U. S. Steel is constantly working on newer and stronger metals for the important jobs of the future. The success of this research and the application of these steels depends upon engi-

neers. If you would like details of the many engineering opportunities in the

steel industry, .send the coupon. USS and ••T-1 are registered trademarks

United States Steel

United States Steel Corporation Personnel Division 525 William Penn Place Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania

Please send me the booklet, "Paths of Opportunity.' Editor Dave Penniman THE ILLINOIS

Business Manager Roger Harrison TECHNOGRAPH Circulation Director Volume 75, Number 5 February, 1960 Steve Eyer Asst. —Marilyn Day

Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Granville King Table of Contents Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews ARTICLES: Ron Kurtz Jeri Jewett Wanted: Engineers Who Can Write Verne Moberg 14 Business Staff Human Capabilities and Space Flight Milton Haefner 20 Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Job Opportunities Overseas ludy Ondria 25

Production Staff Women in Engineering Eileen Morkham 26

Mark Weston Solid Rocket Fuels Mike Murphy 27

Photo Staff The Other Role of the Engineer Robert Jones 29 Dave Yates, Director The Inscription Helen Geroff 41 Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin FEATURES: William Stepan

Art Staff From the Editor's Desk 9 Barbara Polan, Direct In and Around Chicago Sheldon Altman 30 Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich The Deans' Page 34 Jill Greenspan Technocutie Photos by Dave Yates 44 Advisors The Thing That Couldn't Be Done Stephen Lucas 49 R. W. Bohl Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by the Staff 52 N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis Brain Teasers Edited by Steve Dilts 60 P. K. Hudson Begged, Borrowed, and . . Edited by Jack Fortner 64 O. Livermore E. C. McClintock

MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Cover . Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- Pictured on this month's cover is a "pensive young man" tive Engineer, City College \'ector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- studying engineering who might someday become a writer also. neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech For more about engineers in the writing field turn to page 14. Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, —Barbara Polan Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State IJniversity Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- braska Blueprint, New York University Copyright, 1959, by Illini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc- Quadrangle, North Dakota Engineer, North- tober, November, December, January, February, March, April and May) by the Illini western Engineer, Notre Dame Technical Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post Review, Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma office at Urbana, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Office 215 Engineering State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdue Engi- reserved liy The i'.linois Technograph. Publisher's Representative — Littell-Murray- neer, RPI Engineer, Rochester Indicator, Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- New York 17, New York. neer, Spartan Engineer, Texas A & M Engi- neer, Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer, Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. Westinghouse scientist Robert Sampson analyzes a special photoelastic model under polarized light to ( the stresses which would be built up in an atomic reactor component now in the design stage.

If your design must resist severe stress and shock, the Mechanics Lab can help you

Engineers at Westinghouse can count on the Mechanics up by specialists like those in the Mechanics Laboratory. Lab for expert advice and help on problems involving If you have ambition and ability, you can have a static or dynamic mechanics. If an engineer's design rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product must withstand the shock of a missile blast, or the stress line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical in an atomic reactor, the men in the Mechanics Lab will assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportunities analyze it for him and point out ways to improve it. for talented engineers. This laboratory supplements the work of engineers in Want more information? Write today to Mr. L. H. all departments at Westinghouse. Its typical activities Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, include studies of flow and combustion, heat transfer, Ardmore & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pennsylvania.

lubrication, stress, and vibration . . . studies aimed at solving today's si)ecific problems, as well as building a you CAN BE SURE . ..IF it's store of knowledge for tomorrow. The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to

know all the answers . . . our work is often too advanced Westinghouse for that. Instead, his abilities and knowledge are backed

THE TECHNOGRAPH HOW TO MAKE A "LEFT TURN" IN OUTER SPACE

(and the ''right turn" toward a gratifying career)

Like the dimensions of the universe tude of space vehicles. It consists ponents activities. These include itself, the future of space technology of a series of gas reaction controllers prime contract responsibility for is beyond imagination. The fron- (actually miniature rockets) which the Navy's advanced missiles, Talcs tiers of space will edge farther and are mounted around the satellite. and Eagle. farther from us as engineering and Individually controlled by a built- The many career opportunities scientific skills push our knowledge in intelligence system, they emit at Bendix include assignments in closer to the stars. Bendix Aviation metered jets of gas on signal when- electronics, electromechanics, ultra- Corporation, long a major factor in ever it is necessary to change the sonics, computers, automation, America's technological advance, orientation of the satellite. radar, nucleonics, combustion, air offers talented young men an out- The development of this unique navigation, hydraulics, instrumen- standing site from which to launch control equipment is but one of the tation, propulsion, metallurgy, com- a career. many successful Bendix projects munications, carburetion, solid In the field of controls alone, for involving knowledge of the outer state physics, aerophysics and example, Bendix (which makes con- atmosphere and beyond. Bendix, a structures. See your placement trols for almost everything that major factor in broad industrial re- director or write to Director of rolls, flies or floats) has developed search, development and manufac- University and Scientific Relations, practical, precision equipment for ture, is heavily engaged in advanced Bendix Aviation Corporation, steering and controlling the atti- missile and rocket systems and com- 1108 Fisher Bldg., Detroit 2, Mich.

A thousand products a million ideas

FEBRUARY, 1960 alia1)1 ii

General Motors en(jincers lueasnre the torque ainl voin lali-ri[ r;in ri-;ill\ i;(i placi-.. 'I'lieic's im dcad-

and efliciencii chnracteristics of torque con- iTnlinf; licie. Vm can i;(i liuuanl liy Wdikiiij; cm a

V'"i''l^ "'' 'li-iU'-n^Airi- pnijc-rls. mc.viii- up lliin,,;:!, verier blade designs uith hifih velociti, fluid ur divi>i(in. ami there's also a possihiHlv DliiKiving floir, nsinq eleetronic nieasurenienl devices to aciijss to oliiri- divisions. solve for unknoirns in highlfi complex inathe- lrltere^tt•d in postgraduate studies? CM provides finan- malic desifin priddenis. cial aid. 'I'heres also a summer program for uudcr-

whil<' Wliafs ydur sppcialilN . vdur fust love in science and gradualcs. ^on gain woik experience vacationing engineering? Astronautics? Automobiles? Elcclmnics? from school.

Jet Power? Refrigeration? Basic Research? Youll lind ('ct the story on a rewarding GM career from your

opportunities in all of llicse fudds and nianv rriorf at riaceiricnl Olficei' or write to General Motors, I'er-

General Motors. Rerausc CM i^ a ciPiniianN ulicrr vnu sonncl .'^lalf. Di'lrnil 2. Mi, hi-an.

GENMPvALMOIXlllS

GM positions now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Metallurgical, Chemical,

Aeronautical and Ceramic Engineering* Mathematics* Industrial Design • Physics •Chemistry Engineering Mechanics' Business Administration and Reljted Fields THE TECHNOGRAPH Student Frank G. pictures himself

Hf^ on a typical Hamilton Standard engineering assignment: environmental control system for Convair 880

^^ "'1"^

ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE of HamUton Standard equipment is reflected by the selection of its air conditioning and pressurization system for the new Convair 880 jet. Frank G. readily sees the variety of engineering applications involved and learns that he would, as an engineer, participate in its development in one of the following groups: DESIGN ENGINEERING—Where the engineer, using technical skills in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, vibration, servo mechanisms and electronics, creates a working concept of the product to meet rigid specifications of jDerformance, weight, size, reliability, cost and safety. Engineers shown at right are discussing stress analysis problems of the turbo compressor rotor system. ANALYSIS ENGINEERING—Where the engineer, acting as a consultant in applied research, derives and evaluates data on performance, structures, vibration and reliability. In addition, Frank G. finds that close liaison is maintained with project and design engineers, who incorporate this information in the development of the product. Such machines as the Philbrick Analog Computer, shown at right, facilitate compilation of technical data. PROJECT ENGINEERING—Where the engineer's prime responsibility is coordinating all activity from design through qualifi- cation testing. Frank G. discovers this means "shirt sleeve" work at laboratory test facilities, verifying product specifications with analysis and design groups, working with experimental technicians and contact with customers and vendors. Electronic temperature control pictured at right, was developed by our autonomous Broad Brook Electronics Department.

For full color and illustrated brochure "Engineering for You and Your Future"

write R. J. Harding, Administrator—College Relations HAMILTON STANDARD A DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP. BRADLEY FIELD ROAD, WINDSOR LOCKS, CONN.

FEBRUARY, 1960 I '^^'P^k ;*

Robert King(B.S.E., M. Princeton '57, M.S., Carnegie Tech) is investigating applications of the chetronic computer in advanced compute design. A skilled computer programmer, he has done original work in orgaiuzing programs that make possible computer self-diagnosis HE GETS COMPUTERS TO

-| ^ETtT 3ICACIA DIAGNOSE THEIR OWN FAULTS

With tlie increasing size and complexity of modern computers, one

of tlie most interesting problems that engineers face is the rapid and efficient location of failures within the system.

The method which they have found most practical is to use the

speed and logical abilities of the computer itself to make the

diagnosis. Programming computers to perform this function is the job of Robert M. King.

The Diagnostic Technique

He prepares programs for the computer which actually simulate the deductive processes of a man investigating the faults of the machine. Each program instructs the computer to exercise various

segments of its circuitry in a logical order.

The result of each test is checked against the correct result, stored in the computer memory, of previous tests of the same circuitry when in proper working order. If the results do not agree, a mes-

sage is automatically typed which indicates the failure and which

component caused it.

A computer is particularly adept at this job. It can take into con-

sideration simultaneously a large number of factors. It can also

work at very high speeds. Once a program is properly written, the computer makes no errors. Appropriately enough, diagnostic pro- 1 gramming often aids in designing better computers. A Programmer's Background Computer programs are the result of ingenious applications of many intellectual qualities. Computer design and language are based on sound laws of logic. Therefore an important prerequisite

is the ability to analyze complex problems and to deduce from them useful methods of solution consistent with machine requirements.

If you think you might be interested in working in one of the many fascinating areas of computer programming, you are invited to

talk it over with an IBM representative. The future can be as un- s.- ^Am^-^'^'i limited as the future of the computer itself. r . . I I r? IBM INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

Your Placement Officer can tell you \\'hen an IBM representative will visit your campus. Or write, outlining briefly your background and interests, to: Manafi^er of Technical Emploi/mcnt, IBM Corporation, Dcpt. 845, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N. Y. Williani Whewell...on mind and mattei

...tlu'Sc iiu'laplu >ic .il tlisrussions aro not to l)(' piil in riia\ In lliis w.iy please bimselt. and admire tlie creations opposition lo llic sliuK ol fails; Inil arc to \>v sliimiLihxI. ol Lis own l)rain. lie can ncxri. \)y ibis course, bit upon nourisnocl and uircclcu In a constant rtn ourse to experi- llie real sclieme of nature. Willi bis ideas unfolded by ment and observation. 1 lie eultivation of ideas is to be edui.ition. sharpened b> (onlroversy, reclified by meta- conducted as having for its oujet t llie lonnexion of fa( Is: pll\^i^s. he may iiikIcisUiikI the nalur.u world, but he never to be pursued as a mere exircise ol llic subllcly of ( .iruHil iurcnl it. .\l e\ir> step. Ii<' iiiusi try ihe value tlie mind, striving to build up a world of its own. iind ol the atKances he has made in lliought b\ applying his neglecting that wliicli exists about us. For altbougii man thoughts to things.

~Pliih,soi,l,y <>/ (/,e Inductive Sciences. 18-17

Tlfll RA\D C O R PO R ATTOX, SA\TA M O \' I C A, CALIFORNIA

A no,,, .r. .1,1 „rf.,„,/.„lio„ ,„..., l,. I ,„ ,,.,.,„!, ,.„ nr„l,|,„,. r.K,l.-,l I.. „„hu„„l M,,.r,l) .,„,! ll,, |,„l,l,c .nicest

THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Editor's Desk

Room for One More

If you have taken a look at the table of contents, you will have

seen that this issue leans heavily toward the engineer as an individual. We have included two essays and several articles concerning human

interest and human factors that must be considered in your professional

future.

These articles, we hope, will whet your interest in yourself. You must think of yourself as a unique person with ideas and feelings

of your own. If you are a senior and have started interviewing, you

will begin to realize the pitfalls open to you. Conformity is an easy rut

to travel. The men interviewing you represent companies which in essence are strange new worlds. One of these unknown worlds con-

tains a place for you: a rut if you make it so.

In your first effort to fit into the company you may find con-

formity the easiest method. Questions such as: "Should I join the com-

pany country club? Should I stock up on the 'tailored look' suits?" may become more important than you think now. Sure you've been o self- made man and grown a beard, or gone beat for a month, but these are very weak memories to cling to when you become part of an organization.

Conformity of the mind is the real danger for which to be on the

alert. You have come from college relatively unspoiled in that your

mind is still pliable. You should be alert for new areas of knowledge and grasp at new facts, but don't grasp at the first pattern of opera-

tional procedure.

This may fit you into the cocktail club at noon and the poker

club at night, however it will stifle your chance of making room in the

true professional field of engineering. There is no niche for you there;

you have to make a place for yourself. WDP

FEBRUARY, 1960 .

Look beyond the obvious . .

... as you consider your first professional job. At Melpar, we believe that all young engineers and scientists should develop the habit of looking beyond the obvious. First, what is the obvious? It's obvious that you're in demand. You don't have to worry about getting your material wants satisfied. And you don't have to worry about getting opportunities for professional growth. Since you are in demand, you can expect to get the things you want from any number of potential employers. But, if you look beyond the obvious, you'll realize now that you're going to want something more than "want satisfaction" out of your career. You're going to want pride—pride in your personal, individual contribution. At Melpar, where we are now working on 120 advanced defense and space exploration projects, we are interested only in young men who realize that pride is a reward that extends much beyond the obvious. Because Melpar is a proud Companv. We're proud of our IMAGINEERIXG approach to the solution of electronic problems; we're proud of our uninterrupted growth and controlled expansion; we're proud of the communities that sur- round our laboratories and plants in Northern Virginia and Boston, and we're proud of our creation, design, and production of electronic products destined for universal application. If you want an opportunity to be proud of your contribution and your Company, we're interested in hearing from you. Tell us about yourself. Either ask your college's Placement Director to arrange a personal interview with the Melpar representative who will be visiting your campus, or write to our Professional Employment Supervisor. Tell him if you would like to hear from one of your college's graduates who is now progressing ^' at Melpar.

"^MJ" IVIELPAR y INC A SUBSIDIARY OF VVESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY

3401 Arlington Boulevard, Foils Church, Virginia

\n Historic Fair/ax County

(10 miles from Washington, D. C.)

10 THE TECHNOGRAPH NASA LEADS U.S. VENTURES INTO SPACE OUTSTANDING PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO GRADUATING SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

NASA plans, directs and conducts the Nation's Career Opportunities aeronautical and space activities for peaceful pur- At NASA career opportunities for graduates poses and the benefit of all mankind. with bachelor's or higher degrees are as unlimited NASA's efforts are directed toward discovering as the scope of our organization. Because of our new knowledge about our universe and formu- dynamic growth and diversified operations, ex- lating new concepts of flight within and outside cellent opportunities for personal and professional the earth's atmosphere. Through the application advancement are available for graduates with of the resulting new knowledge and supporting majors in: technology, we will gain a deeper understanding of our earth and nearby space, of the moon, the Engineering: Aeronautical, Mechanical, Electronic, sun and the planets, and ultimately, of inter- Electrical, Chemical, Metallurgical, Ceramic, Civil, planetary space and the distant gala.xies. Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Physics Science: Astronautics, Physics, Electronics, Chem- NASA is now engaged in research, development, istry, Metallurgy, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geo- design, and operations in a wide variety of fields, physics including: For details about career opportunities, write Spacecraft • Aircraft • Boosters • Payloads Flight dynamics and mechanics • Aeroelasticity to the Personnel Director of any of the Launching and impact loads • Materials and struc- NASA Research Centers listed below or tures • • Heat transfer Magnetoplasmadynamics contact your Placement Officer. Propulsion and energy systems: nuclear, thermal, electrical, chemical • Launching, tracking, naviga- NASA Research Centers and their • tion, recovery systems Instrumentation : electrical, locations are: electronic, mechanical, optical • Life support systems • Trajectories, orbits, celestial mechanics • Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. Radiation belts • Gravitational fields • Solar and • Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. stellar studies • Planetary atmospheres • Lunar • Lewis Research Center, Cleveland 35, Ohio and planetary surfaces • Applications: meteor- • Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. ology, communications, navigation, geodesy. • Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington 25, D.C.

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

IFEBRUARY, 1960 11 .

Look ^

around you . . makes big things happen in exciting products

Paints, chemicals, E;lass, plastics, fiber p;lass ... all these products have exciting family trees. .And at Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com- pany, tomorrow's offspring promise to be even more intriguing. Look around you ... at paint, for example. It's much more than mere color. Paint protects. It must be thoroughly researched O and carefully compounded to withstand infinite variations of atmosphere, heat, stress and other conditions. Or look at chem-

icals . . . their roles in the creation and development of textiles, metals, paper, agriculture, missiles, medicine. You name it; chemicals are there, making important contributions. Glass? These days, it can be made to remain rigid at blast furnace temperatures, withstand supersonic speeds, have the tensile strength of bronze. And it's much the same story for plastics and fiber glass. Everywhere you look—in architecture, industry, the home, everywhere—PPG products find new, exciting applications with fascinating and challenging potentialities. Are you seeking a career that requires creative thinking, utilizes all your skills and know-how, offers a chance to learn the latest techniques? Then look into your enticing career possibilities with the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. Contact your Placement Officer now, or write to the Manager of College Relations, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, One Gateway Center, Pictsl)urgh 22, Pennsylvania.

PAINTS • GLASS • CHEMICALS • BRUSHES • PLASTICS • FIBER GLASS

12 THE TECHNOGRAPHl .

Scientific imagination

focuses on . . . RADAR...

. . SONAR . . . COMMUNICATIONS

MISSILE SYSTEMS . . . ELECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY... SOLID STATE

Challenging professional assignments are offered by Raytheon to outstanding graduates in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, physics and mathematics. These assignments include research, systems, development, design and production of a wide variety of products for commercial and military markets.

For specific information, visit your placement director, obtain a copy of "Raytheon Future," and ar- . . . and your Professional range for an on-campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. John B. Whitla, College Relations, 1360 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton 36, Massachusetts.

Excellence in Electronics

13 FEBRUARY, 1960 — — ; WANTED:

Engineers Who Can Write

By Verne Moberg

Iiuiiistry needs engiiuns who can ex- do this, he may as well gi\e uii trying Prof. JoDean Morrow in the T. & A.

" press theiiisehes. to be a profe.ssional engineer. M. department. "People like that are And the student enj;ineer can most Other engineering educators say com- second-rate technical clowns," he feels. lirotitahh- spcnil the little spare time munication skill is more important for "Either \ou ha\e professional piide or axaihihle dmini: his undergraduate the engineer than for a man in pure sci- you don't." \ears hy iearnins; to write. He ma\' ence, because he must sell his ideas to So you want to be ;m engineer? So e\en douhle his income. all kinds of people—politicians, econo- you'd better learn to write. If \ou'll Why is it, tlien, that the earmark of mists and businessmen of all kinds, in- put down that slide rule, you can start engincer.s on the llhnois campus is that cluding other engineers. right now. the\' can't write or speak well? ^'es, the\ care. And like girlfriends, The fust thing to keep in nun

"If you can't communicate, you may tor of the T. (i' A. M. Fatigue Labora- Before you begin to formulate what as well gi\e your ideas away. We'd have tory, calls Rowley's guess conser\ati\e. you have to say, put these in mini! and

" to hire two people instead of one. Effective commimication skill, he savs, you'll ha\e an overall frame to simplify The people who communicate, Isaac- will probably double an engineer's life- your thoughts. son says, are the ones who make the time income. In producing good writing you'll con- grade in tangible rewards, "prestige, re- Estimates vary, but all professionals centrate on three basic proce.sses: design- sponsibility and the dollar," as well as agree, the dollars increase. ing, molding, and refining your intangibles (pride of a job well done). Of coiu'se, an engineer can get a job thoughts, or as rhetoric teachers will Ci. H. Duff, Westinghouse central without knowing how to express lum- say, organizing, writing and reviewing Illinois branch sales manager, Peoria, self, according to Isaacson. (correcting and or revising). Each one agrees. About 85 per cent of the West- "But he'd better be Einstein, " he is important, and none can be left out inghou.se personnel in management posts warns quickly. "He'll ha\e to make up — not even in an impromptu theme for began as engineers who were able to put to the company what it's paying anothei' rhet class. If, at any one of these three acro.ss their ideas effectively. man to interpret him. Einstein could stages, you discover that preparation at And here's how engineering college coinmunicate his more complex theories an earlier stage was faidty or incom- faculty rate communication skills. to very few men. But that was Einstein. plete, go back to it and start from there.

According to Prof. T. J. Dolan, head The ideas most engineers come up with The stage you are in will be the most of the U. of I. Department of Theoreti- every day aren't that good." important when you are in it. cal and Applied Mechanics, "The prin- If you know you're no Einstein, but First comes design. As soon as \ou cipal job of an engineer is to sell his still think engineers at Illinois don't ha\'e a topic, narrow it down. I sually ideas and to sell himself, ll he c.iu't ha\e to leain to write, don't go ne.ar in factu.nl wiitintr, the more worils that

14 THE TECHNOGRAPH .

are in your title, the smaller your sub- tr\ing to pull intellectual wool o\er related. I3e safe— u.se the comma—and ject becomes and the more specific and anybody's e\es. .Make it \our goal to usually you'll be right. meaningful will be the things you say express what you know, not to impress Now that you're familiar with the about it. Next choose a thesis—a com- the reader. If you can express yourself terms, here's the main point. You can plete sentence which expresses your gen- well, natm'ally the audience will be im- give your ideas weight by placing them eral topic in its subject and the particu- pressed. properly. A main clause always carries lar slant you're taking on it in the Now, are >ou orgaiuzed? All right, the most important idea ; a dependent predicate—and write it down. Now de- get it down in black and white. clause, a less important one. If two cide on your purpose and \our scope Here's where the streamlining really ideas rate equally and are closely re- and write them down. Now stop. comes in. You'll want to weigh and lated, put them in a compound sentence test e\erything to find the best com- with either a coordinating conjunction Take a look at \our audience. Who bination of parts each of the three will be reading your paper? Engineer- in ("and," "but," "or" or "nor") or a ftmctional units expression para- ing professors? Rhetoric instructors? of — semicolon to separate them. Other professional engineers? Find out graphs, sentences and words. Another major factor in sentence The largest and simplest unit is the who they are, learn as much as you can structure which can add or take away paragraph. As you know, it's a group of about their likes and dislikes regarding from the emphasis you want to put on sentences tied together to give logical the subject and, more important, know your ideas is the order of the sentence support to larger section of the paper. what they can and what they uill read. a elements. Unlike man\' other languages, Make sure this thought unit carries Fnglish has a traditional order for parts Robert Gunning says in his book, through one idea and, if possible, ar- of the sentence and that is, subject- "The Technique of Clear Writing," range the specific ideas at the beginning verb-object. One, two, three; Mary that technical writing is due for a Co- and the end of the paragraph so the\' loves John. If you want to put across perican revolution. Over four hundred your idea quickly and clearly, follow years ago the Polish astronomer said this order. Don't change it without one that the earth orbited around the sun

of these two good reasons : 1 ) The sen- not vice versa. It's about time now. tence sounds stilted and completely lui- says Gunning, that engineers centered natural, or 2) Your sentence patterns their thoughts on the reader, not on need variation. Most important, sub- themselves. jects and verbs belong together, and if So after you've noted the aspects of you can help it. don't separate the two your topic you'll want to cover, or- with irrevelant words. ganize them in a pattern most agree- Likewise, modifiers either words or able and appropriate to your reader. For — phrases belong as close as possible to engineers this will generally mean a — elements which they complement. When logical structure of deductive reasoninir. your date comes down the stairs on the That is, in your paper as a whole you'll night of the big dance with a gorgeous state your main points and then show new dress, you don"t wait till next year why the\'re true. For instance, you to tell her about it. In the same way, might start like this: readers forget what you"re talking about 1. The moon is a spherical mass mov- when you tag on a modifier at the end ing around the earth. of the sentence that refers to a word at A. Newton said so. the beginning. If you write, "The alloy B. The Russians say so{ they saw- melted quickly that was nitrided at its backside). lOOF." you're talking nonsense. Place C. Walking home last night, yoiu- the modifiers right after the elements girlfriend agreed that the moon is a and make sense. -pherical mass moving around the let's look at words, the most i-arth (Ma\be your word choice gave Finally, her that headache?) basic units of meaning. Once more, Engineers who think they don't need for the simple, specific, familiar, Of you might use a time or space se- search to learn to write ore second-rate tech- and you'll communicate quence of relating the main points in concrete terms nical clowns. descriptive writing. faster. With the wealth of $64,000 engineers have in their technical In any ca,se, jot down the main ideas words will naturally from the preceding can't afford to fog up in outline form and then ask yourself, How language, you more non- "What questions would an intelligent and to the following ideas. the reader's mind with any technical syllables than necessary. So reader ask about my topic that I ha\en't Next: sentences. Keep them short. Of keep it short. covered?" Then fill in the blanks. course, at times, \\'hen you want to var\' Another important factor to consider the pace of yoiu" thoughts, you'll add Since most of our short, brisk words ancestral about your reader is the suitable le\el some compovMid, or maybe e\en complex came from the Anglo-Saxon of language. In what situation are you sentences. tongue of the English language, and not addressing this person? At the college If sentence structure leaves you in the Romance languages of .southern Eu- level, you will probably need to use a the dark, check a grammar book to get rope, you'll to well to favor them o\er or Spanish back- professional tone. This means you will the facts. While you're at it, save your- words of Latin, French stick to business and tell what happened self much pain in rhetoric classes by ground. in the most direct, objective way pos- learning these general punctuation rules: For instance, use "come" instead of

sible. You will not relate the experi- 1 Almost always use a comma after "approach" and "great" instead of "im- ment to your instrtictor or employer in an introductory dependent clause. mense." The most sparkling literature the same way that \ou would tell yoiir 2. Almost always use a comma before in English has been composed chieHy of roommate, "A very funny thing hap- the "and," "but," "or " or "nor " which these words and they can help you too. ." pened to me in met. lab today . . joins two main clauses. In his major works, Shakespeare drew .'^t the same time you don't want to The rare exception occurs when the 00 per cent of his words from the An- strain \ourself to sound "scientific" h\ sentences are unusuallv short or closeh glo-Saxon, Milton used SI per cent and

FEBRUARY, 1960 15 Some words you'll miss|iell o\er and ''4 a-nt. l?ut w liting is easier with rules than tin- 15ibli- (thiTC tiospi-ls). per they can help you organize over out of habit. List them, learn to not outdo these best sellers, without, and \()ii mi'ulu make a real your writing. Hecome familiar with spell them correctly and but your paper will at least be reaii. they effort to memori/.e them. Never be them if you can, but see them as A woiil about word choice: sa\ what up the overall picture, not just as afraid to use a dictionary. possible, don't say the make you mean. If punctuation, yes, leam the a set of facts. Remember, no rule is in- As for so often that your reader is same thintr tell you non-restrictive fallible. Break an\ one if necessary to rules. They'll to express it in bored ; find synonvms what \ou mean. clauses and phrases (ones that aren't Sometimes, of course, say exactl> a different light. meaning of the sentence) Now your paper is down in black and essential to the tiiere's no more than one word tor the written. Mut it's not com- are set off" on both sides by commas. about. So, tor white—it's thill}; you are talking of quotation plete until after the iiiial process of re- Atu\ learn the placement use it it can t your instructor's sake, — other punctuation. fining your thoughts. marks in regard to be helped. (lO back and look at your work again. It's sim|ile: professor is now re- One engineering w(ir

If you feel, as we do, that the publication of technical less, because Allied makes over 3,000 products—chemi- papers adds to the professional stature of the individual cals, plastics, fibers—products that offer careers with a employee and his worth to his company, you will see why future for chemists, chemistry majors and engineers.

Allied encourages its people to put their findings in print. Why not write today for a newly revised copy of "Your Some recent contributions from our technical stall are Future in Allied Chemical." Or ask our interviewer shown below. about Allied when he next visits your campus. Your

It's interesting to speculate on what you might publish placement office can tell you when he'll be there.

as a chemist at one of our 12 research laboratories and Allied Chemical. Department 26-R2 development centers. The possibilities are virtually limit- 61 Broadway, New York 6, New York

SOME RECENT TECHNICAL PAPERS AND TALKS BY ALLIED CHEMICAL PEOPLE

"What is a Foam?" "Isocyanate Resins"

Donald S. Otto, National Aniline Division Leslie M. Faichney, National Aniline Division American Management Association Seminar on Polymeric Modern Plastics Encyclopedia Packaging Materials "Concentration of Sulphide Ore by Air Float Tables- Flexible Inorganic Coatings on "Electrically Insulating, Gossan Mines" Metal Produced by Gaseous Fluorine Reactions" R. H. Dickinson, Wilbert J. Trepp, I. O. Nichols. Dr. Robert W. Mason, General Chemical Research General Chemical Division Laboratory Engineering and Atining Journal American Ceramic Society Meeting, Electronic Division 'Urethane Foams" "Gas Chromatographic Separations of Closing Boiling Dr. Maurice E. Bailey, National Aniline Division Isomers" For publication in a hook on modern plastics by Dr. A. R. Paterson, Central Research Laboratory Herbert R. Sunomis Secoiui International Symposinni on Cas Chromatography at Michigan State University "The Booming Polyesters" James E. Sayre and Paul A. Elias, Plastics and Coal "Correlation of Structure and Coating Properties of Chemicals Division Copolymers" Polyurethane Chemical A Engineering News Dr. Maurice E. Bailey, G. C. Toone, G. S. Wooster, "7', 2', 4'—Trimethoxvfiavone" National Aniline Division; E. G. Bobalck. Case In- Dr. Sydney M. Spatz and Dr. Marvin Koral, Na- stitute of Technology and Consultant on Organic tional Aniline Division Coatings Journal of Organic Chemistry Gordon Research Conference on Organic Coatings "Physical Properties of Perfiuoropropane" "Corrosion of Metals by Chromic Acid Solutions" James A. Brown, General Chemical Research Lab- Ted M, Swain, Solvay Process Division Annual Conference of the National Association of oratory Corrosion Engineers Journal of Physical Chemistry " "Use of Polyethylene Emulsions in Textile Applications" "Su lfur Hexafluoride Robert Rosenbaum, Semet-Solvay Division Dr. Whitney H. Mears, General Chemical Research D. D. Gagliardi, Gagliardi Research Corporation Laboratory Technology American Association of Textile Colorists i*i C hemist: Encyclopedia of Chemical

BASIC TO AMERICA'S PROGRESS

DIVISIONS: BARRETT • GENERAL CHEMICAL NATIONAL ANILINE • NITROGEN •

PLASTICS AND COAL CHEMICALS -SEMET-SOLVAY- SOLVAY P ROCESS I NTER N ATI ON AL

FEBRUARY, 1960 17 The industry that impurity built

Exit rones capable of withstanding temperatures of 6000° F. represent one example oj advanced eng;ineer- ing beinp performed by the Hughes Plastics Laboratory.

This photomicrograph (at left) of an etched silicon studies in Advanced Airborne Electronics Svstems,

crystal is used in the study of semiconductor materials. Space \ chicles. Plastics. Xuclear Electronics. Global and Impurities introduced into crystals such as this form Spatial Communications Systems. Ballistic Missiles...

junctions for semiconductor devices. and many more. Hughes in Fullerton is developing radar

In the fast-growing semiconductor industry. Hughes antennas which position beams in space by electronic

Products, the commercial activity of Hughes, is leading rather than mechanical means. the field. Its programs include basic research on semi- The diversity and advanced nature of Hughes projects conductor surfaces: alloying and diffusion techniques; provides an ideal environment for the graduating or and materials characterization studies to determine the experienced engineer interested in building rewarding, electrical effects of imperfections and impurities. long-range professional stature.

In addition, Hughes Products is developing new semiconductor devices such as parametric amplifiers, high frequency performance diodes, and improved types of silicon transistors. New techniques are being devised for ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND PHYSICISTS casting silicon into various configurations. Also under- Members of our staff will conduct way is the development of new intermetallic compounds

for use in semiconductor devices. CAMPUS INTERVIEWS

Other activities of Hughes provide similarly stimu- MARCH 10 and 11, 1960 lating outlets for creative engineering. The Hughes For Interview appointment or informational Research & Development Laboratories are conducting literature consult your College Placement Director.

The HV.(('s Lculvr m aAvanml ULUC'iRONICS HUGHES

HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY

Cidi'er City, El Scgtitido, Ftillcrtoii,

Newport Beach, Matihii and Los Aii^vlcs, Citliforiila Tucson, Arizotia

\ Falcon air-to-air ^tiiilpil missiles, shoirn in an environmental stralo chamber arc being developed and manufactured by Hughes ens,ineers in Tucson. Arizona. The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe.

But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man.

This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them ... the kind of space found between mainland and off-

shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply

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Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be-

tween all earthbound places.

Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs arc some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the vehicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation.

Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical

engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet.

For information about careers with us, please ad- CLIKORSKY dress Mr. Richard L. Aufen, Personnel Department. AIRCRAFT

One of the Divisions of Untied Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH HUMAN CAPABILITIES and SPACE FLIGHT

By Milton Haefner

Introduction forces. There are two factors which will ations as high as 40-50 G's may be ex- greatly affect man's ability to tolerate perienced. These accelerations can, of In recent years, a freqLiently asked this force. These factors are the position course, be reduced by increasing the question has been, "Is it possible to put of the man relative to the direction of turning radius of the maneuver while a man into space?" From a technical the acceleration and the duration of time holding the velocity of the vehicle con- point of view, the answer to this ques- for which the acceleration will last. stant (see Figure 2 ). tion would be yes, a man can be put that dining into space. It has been calculated Consider now how a man's tolerance take-off of a three-stage orbital rocket. to acceleration varies However, man is designed to exist with the direction within a comparatively limited en\iron- and duration of the force. When man ment. Due to his chemical and structur- is in the upright position, with the ac- al composition, he can tolerate only celeration acting along his longitudinal relatively small changes in this environ- axis, he has the lowest tolerance to ac- ment. Therefore, the question of putting celeration. Refering to Figure 3. it can be seen that an acceleration of three a man into space is largely a question (I's sustained for duration of of whether or not man is capable of a one to surviving in space. Looking at Figure ZZo two minutes would cause black-out. The cause of this condition is that the blood 1, it can be seen that many of man's Zoo physical limitations and tolerances fall pressure is not great enough to over- outside of the range of conditions whicii tSo come the added weight of the blood, and the blood then drains exist in space. From this, it is evident away from the eyes. Unconsciousness soon follows that if man is to survive in space, he black-out. iTiust either adapt to his new environ- ID ment or change the environment. There is, however, a significant increase in tolerance to acceleration It is impossible to present here all \oa when the problems which must be faced and the subject is placed in a supine or prone 9a solved before man can enter into his position. The only difference between new environment, space. import- the supine and prone positions is that Two *f.Trftw»uSB*J ant factors, however, which must be SSo.lJBC supine refers to lying face up while JJJ" taken into consideration are man's tol- prone refers to lying face down. Again Co erance to stress caused b\' acceleration refering to Figure 3, it is seen that at and man's reaction to lack of weight 4 ,'-l«C ten G's acceleration, man's tolerance kW.I pi' both of which must be encountered if limit is now about three hundred sec- 26 man is to accomplish space travel. An- 155- AVM. onds or five minutes. At an acceleration other consideration is the internal en- of three Ci's, a man's useful tolerance A7H, vironment which must be maintained , limit would be about six thousand sec- in the space vehicle if man is to con- onds or one hundred minutes. From the acceleration point of view, tinue to function efficiently. Decom- TftMP- PSEit- ACCEL- it then appears that the tolerance limits pression and radiation problems nuist EHATyRE v;re eratiou also be taken into account when study- of man will not cause too serious an ing the possibility of survival in space. obstacle in the problem of sending man A less often considered aspect of the into space. I.Icii problem of man in space is the psycho- Figm'e 1: in the Weightlessness logical-social problem which will be en- Phyiical YJorld. countered due to confinement inside a Weightlessness is perhaps one of the small container. most difficult orbital conditions to re- the passenger will be subjected to accel- produce vmder laboratory conditions. Acceleration erations ranging from .i Cl's for 10 min- There are only two ways in which it is These and other problems will now utes to 10 (I's for 3 minutes. However, possible to simulate this gravity-free be considered in more detail. Due to these are not the only acceleration forces condition. One of these ways is to place the method by which man will be pro- which will affect the pilot of a space a body in a state of free-fall, and the pelled into space, it is inevitable that vehicle. For instance, in a turning ma- other is to transport a body in an air- he will be subjected to high acceleration neu\-er at high \cIocity, normal acceler- (Contlniicil on Next Paejc)

FEBRUARY, 1960 21 RoutE tuffii masculinit\ luul physical attri- humiditv' level. The problem of heating wlulc total deconnuession would not butes and as a result, lack of co-ordina- ilue to friction will be accounted for by occur for almost ten minutes. It can tion may cause some concern as to loss providing sufficient insulation and a pos- then be seen that the time it takes for

(if masculine traits. This may in turn sible heat sink. However, the amount of hypoxia to occur would be the limiting cause some men to strive to regain their heat produced by the human body is ap- factor when considering decompression vclf-confidence by aggressive actions and proximatelv 3,000 cal. per day or about effects. bullying. Of course, in the close qviar- 12,000 B.T.U. per day. As a result, Decompression sickness is the result ters of a space vehicle, this is intolerable. the same insulation which earlier proof two things: lowered boiling points tected the man mav' now cause him and gas expansion. From Boyle's Law Cabin Environment some discomfort if suitable air-condi- it is known that as the pressure applied

If HKUi is to sui\i\e and to continue tioning is not provided. Perspiration will to a gas is decreased, the volume in- to function efficiently in space, then he over a period of time, raise the hu- creases. Because of this, any gas which must be provided with an en\ironnient midity level if steps are not taken to is trapped in tissues when decompres- which, within moderate limits, will ap- proximate that on earth. Pressvne, temperature, humidity, and chemical composition of the atmosphere are the most important considerations in determining Og. Ui>eti ('f«ed«y/{»J man's en\ironment requirements.

There is a great deal of correlation between pressure and oxygen requirements. At sea level, 14.7 psi pressure with an oxygen content of 21 per cent

Is MifHcient to provide man with needed (iwgen supplies. Howe\cr, as the total pressure of the atmosphere and the partial pressure due to the oxygen decrease, a greater percentage of oxygen is required. When the total pressure has been reduced to about 3.5 psi, 100 percent oxygen is required to give the effect of sea level breathing. From a technical viewpoint, it is not feasible to consider a 100 per cent oxygen atmosphere and as a residt, pressures considerably above 3:5 psi will have to be maintained. Ideally, sea level pressures woidd be desirable from the physiological standpoint, but the resulting pressure ilifferential in space vehicles would pro-

\ ide serious structural difficulties. The oxygen consumption rate of man depends on how hard he is working. Figure 4 gi\'es some values of this consumption rate, a reasonable overall aver-

age being about 24 cu. ft. per day or 2 pounds per day. Corresponding to this oxygen consumption rate, about 21.6 cu.

ft. or 2.5 pounds of carbon dioxide would be released per day.

It will therefore, be necessary to provide means of supplying oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. Since the first attempts at manned space flight will most likely be of short duration, the oxygen problem will probably he solved by storing a sufficient supply ahead of time. The carbon dioxide problem will most likely be solved by utiliz- ing a chemical reaction which will absorb or decompose the carbon dioxide. Temperatme and humidity are also two important aspects of cabin environment. While man can withstand reasonable temperature extremes for a short

period of time, it must be taken into account that man in space must be an efficient mechanism. In order for him to function properly for extended periods of time, provisions must be made til maintain a comfort:ible temperaturc- tliat the tcnipcriituri' control will In- oi' tele\ ision links with cirih wciuiil llii\\c\cr, it woulil seem that mosi accomplisju'il by makinj; sonif areas ot greath rehe\e the seus.itKJii ot beuig 111 these problems can be solved with the vi'liicic radiation ri'ilcctors while separ.ateil tidni realir\. .Small games or picsent day engineering practices. It is other surfaces will absorb railiation. problems which would jiresent a chal- hoped that satellite programs now in

Cosniic radiation is at present larfjely lenge to man's intellect would also be progress will shed light on some prob-

a matter of speculation. It is known of great help in relieving boredom. lems such as radiation effects and me- that as altitude increases primary rad'a- .\s space flights increase in length teorite concentrations about which icla- tion (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) also in- aiul Clews increase in si/.e, the problem ti\ely little is now known. creases. It is believed that the cticct-- of inter-personality relations will be of With all problems taken into con- of this radiation on man will be much interest. There is much truth in the sideration, it is reasonable to make the " the same as the effects of radiations ailage, "Familiarity breeds contempt. statement "Man in space is possible." which are found on earth, llowexer, Tests have indicated that even the best Ki:i'KRI'.NCI',S: since heavy radiation shieldinji is 'm- of friends can become enemies when t. 1. Ratfiine, "AcceieratiDiis I'Drccs and practical in space vehicles, the soliit on s ibiected to e.-icb others conip;my for J. llu' Space Pileit," Journal of :l slronaulics, this problem is not readily appannr. _'4 hours a da\ tor extended periods of to viil. 2, 11(1. 3, '55, p 100-4. time. The solution to this problem is 2. II. StruKhold, "Medical Prolilems Iii- Social-Psychological Problems tluit enough room must be proxided to vcilveil ill Ortiital Space FliEht," 7/7 l'>o/>iil- sioii. vnl. no. Sept. '56, 745-8, 7 56, The most pressing psychological prob- ;issure each indixidual a certain degree 26, 9, p 788. be those of isolation and bore- of pri\ac\'. It has also been shown that lems will 3. K. H. Kiinccii, "lliiinaii FacKirs in dom. Once a space vehicle has b-eii personalities which are too evenly Space FIijj;ht," .Ifio/Sptti r lint/irii'iiiiit/, vol. successfully put into orbit, there will matched will not prove to be a good 17, no. 6, Tunc '58, p 34-40. 4. C. A. Heny, "Tlic F.m iiniime iit (if be little for the crewman to do except (imilition for extended periods of time. Space in Human I^light," .Irroiiaulu al hniji- for occasional monitoring of iiistu- This brings up the possibility of mixed- ncertnq Kcvicu:, vol. 16, n((. 3, Mar. '58, mcnts. Ill addition, there will be phy-i- sex crews because of the obvious per- p 3 5-8, 60. cal restraints due to the I'estricted si/e sonality differences. However, on flights 5. O. N. Micliael, "How to Keep Space Crews Content," Missies and Roikiis, vol. 3, of orbital vehicles. of durations oxer a year's length, this no. 4, Apr '58, p 110, 112-4. Studies on the effects of sustained iso- could ;ilso produce some obvious diffi- lation and boredom indicate reduced in- culties. emotional depres- Motel Skyscraper tellectual capacities, Summary sion, and a tendency to\\ard hallucina- A motel building, 23 to ,iS stories tions. Of course, these conditions will While ti(im a technical point of \iew, high and costing $18 million, is planned be intolerable in prolonged space m.iii in space is ipiite possible, physio- for downtown Fort Worth. Parking flights. There are however, \aiious ways logical and psychological problems must will be on the same floors as the rooms. of overcoming, to a certain degree, the ,ilso be taken into consideration before The building also will include an audi- effects of isolation and boredom. Radio manned space flights are undertaken. torium seating 6,000 to 8,000 persons.

Help Wanted

Positions are available on the editorial and production staff of

The Illinois Technograph. Experience of this type is invaluable

for personal satisfaction, job references, and development of

creative skills. Applicants need not be engineering students.

Interested persons may call the editor, Dave Penniman, at

2-4254 or leave their name at The Technograph office in 215

Civil Engineering Hall.

24 THE TECHNOGRAPH JOB OPPORTUNITIES OVERSEAS

The Myth and the Truth

By Judy Ondria

Do you see yourself in a \ear or so to fill. Mrs. C'hapman sa\s she has and the firm knows that these engineeis with a degree in one hand and a suit- talked with man\ company representa- are not just looking for ,a vacation. In case in tile other, hoarding a transcon- ti\es on the subject of foreign employ- most cases native engineers can he tinental jet on the \va\' to a joh o\er- ment. .'\lmost every company, she says, counted on as permanent help in that scas? You have heard ot telhjws who wants at least fi\e years' experience in area. gra(hiate, join a firm and go to some the re|iresenrari\ es ; most ask for ten One other strong reason for employ- ideal foreign country to represent that \ears. ing natives is the fact that it is just firm. probably have thouglit, good business .sense. You Tied in with the economic savings Natives do a much paid travel! I'll "What a setup! (let to mentioned abo\e, the Boeing representa- better .selling job to their own country- have to find out about getting one of than ti\e sa\s that often an engineer who gets men any American could do. those jobs." And then perhaps your da\- .Another main source of overseas en- an o\ erseas job doesn't want it for loii":. dreani went on to Italian wines or (ler- jobs is .American firms over.seas are mainly in gineering through the federal man beer or French women. government. countries like Saudi Arabia and South Tom Page, University rep- Lots of engineers dream of just the America. The Americans nuist lower resentative in charge of placement with agencies, same thing. Mrs. Pauline Chapman, their standard of li\ing. and not many government savs that an over- head of the engineering placement of- men can adiust. The men that do go seas job is not the first iob an engineering fice, says eacii semester she is asked re- o\er won't find large, clean homes with graduate will get. He must first go peatedly about firms looking for men modern plumbing and refrigeration. through a training period. Government pamphlets to relocate abroad and each semester The foods available aren't fresh vege- on available jobs qualify openings for "mature, she must tell many job hunters, there tables or government inspected meats. competent pro- engi- fessional and technical specialists of rec- are N(^ opportunities for starting He says most .Americans, unused to the ognized stature." are needed neers overseas. The statement, of course, native diet, get sick when the\ eat the These men as "experts in the fields of engineering." must be qualified. There are rare cases, foo.l. but Mrs. Chapman and representati\es The closest a college graduate can get The aho\e are superficial reasons, (if engineering firms who conduct inter- to a government overseas job is as a however. The real reasons lie in the \ iews on campus prefer to take the abso- su|iport specialist. Support specialists realm of diplomatic relations. When .an lute negative viewpoint becaiise of tlie work with persons of recognized stature. American firm contracts with a foreign raritx' . But here, too, is a qualifier. These spe- country to build a branch office in that There are two main reasons wh\- a cialists must have "an excellent formal country, the firm must agree to hire as -farting engineer is not sent overseas. education (or its work equivalent) . . . high as 95 per cent native help. The re- I )ne is economic, the other diplomatic. and several years of profession.al work maining five per cent employed are, of .Mrs. Chapman and a representative experience. . . . necessity, Americans in a supervisory from Boeing .Aircraft list the following If you still want to go abroad, there capacity. This again emphasizes the nec- icasons why few starting engineers have are a few possibilities. Some of the na- essit\ of at least five years' experience. a chance for foreign employment. First tional advertising of I . S. firms, pub- Not onl\' must 95 per cent of the em- ']'(( iif all, companies realize that recent lished in I'hi linn//) ii/ili offers for- is an under- maduates look upon an overseas job as plo\ees be native, but there eign opportunities. Look into these firms standing the firm and the gov- a two-year paid vacation. They realize between to find out what they are offering. that as time pa.sses, natives will the engineer thinks of the job as a final ernment (i. Brnvver, Boiang's representative, be trained to take over these supervisory "fling" before settling down to responsi- sees a somewhat optimistic future for positions. longer a compaiu' has bilities of a wife, home and children. The overseas jobs, however. He feels that as the need tor The companies know that the engineer been over.seas, the smaller industry develops overseas, so will job .American help. lioesn't want to work overseas more opportunities. There is a trend starting, than two years. The engineers don't Another source of native hel|i to till he says, for companies to contract busi- want to make a career of foreign work. engineering positions overseas are the ness in other countries. Several automo- It's a well-known fact that a person just great numbers of men who come to the bile and electronic firms are already set- starting with a firm cannot know every- United States from a foreign country to ting up firms in F'urope. Brower feels thing he needs to know to represent the get a degree. These natives, after re- foreign aid .and the United Nations'

firm ; therefore men with five or ten ceiving their degrees, go back to their policies should bring some increase m \ears' experience are much better invest- homes. They will find any kind of job jobs. ments. It's common sense to companies once they are home. These men literally But the most practical tiling is to re- that they save money by sending an old- sit around and wait for an American sign yourself to at least live years' train- er, more settled and more experienced firm to open in the area. And these are ing here in the states. If you can prove man overseas. Also most of the jobs the men that are hired. They are well- yourself with your company, they may available are top management positions trained, (]ualified engineers. American be anxious to send you as a represent.a-

that only .-ire experu-nced men qualified firms can't afford tn nut hire these men ;

FEBRUARY, 1960 25 !

Have \ou notu'ctl the shadow on I'li- tlineering classes? What shadow?— that i]uestion is easy to answer if you've Women in Engineering been readiiiu; the papers. It seems that not enough women arc entering the scientific professions. Sta- tistics to prove this have appeared in By Eileen Markham almost all major news publications at some time during the month of Decem- ber, 1959. So what?—the mniiber of engineers, chemists, physicists and other technicians could increase b\ at least

fifty per cent if the qualified women entered these fields.

Let's look at these facts rationally: Do ice need themf Of all Russian engineers fifty per cent are women. (Rus- sia has more engineers tlian the United States.) Less than one per cent of our engineers are women.

Do we need engineers/ I'll lea\e that answer to your discretion. Just glance at the Sunday emploxiiicnr section of any major newspaper.

(^iin the U'liiu n do tin same u'ji k men tire dnint/.' With the exception of the jobs which involve heavy construction, engineering endeavors are not too physically demanding. The mental work can be done by any intelligent person with the proper training. And, since brains do not have sex, this can be achieved by a woman.

Oh ! but, engineering is a man's field

Today it is. Tomorrow it needn't be. Ciirls may have to work harder to acquire those extra intuitive judgments which are part of a commonplace descriptive geometry situation. Yet, some of the world's foremost physicists and mathematicians were women. Even the men have produced no equal to Madame Curie who achieved two Nobel Prizes. Why don't women enter engineering?

Look at our own L . of I. Undergradu- ate Bulletin. The information on the engineering curriculum begins with a sentence about the training of "men" for engineering professions. For another thing, women are hesitant to enter the man's world. The competition is keen. It took over a hundred years for women to be accepted in medicine and law. (They are still frowned upon b>' many of their male contemporaries.) The same problem exists in engineering.

Sureh, a more casual atmosphere exists in an all male class or place of work. Hut need this be reason for the instructor in a technical course to ig- nore or downgrade a woman student ? These things have been known to occur. I, however, say NO to this treatment! U.I.C Why? Because: We're needed! We're interested! We expect to earn our degrees and become qualified and capable members of an extremely vital profession. That is whv we are engineers.

26 THE TECHNOGRAPH ture is about 5000 degrees F. The cost of this material averages five dollars a pound, but the specific impulse of 210 From the Pier and the exhaust velocity of nearly 7000 feet per second are higher than those of the cheaper materials NDRC and Gal- cit. The exhaust \elocities of the latter SOLID ROCKET FUELS are 5150 and 5900 feet per second, re- spectively.

.N'RDC stands for National Defen.se

Research Committee is By Mike Murphy and a composite propellant, fuel and oxidizer separate. It costs only one dollar a pound, for specific impulse of up to LSO pound- seconds per pound. The flame tempera-

On the nitiht of April 1, IQid, Dr. and thus expose more surface aiea. This ture is, however, only about 4,000 de- Jos. C Patricic, a chemist and i-x-physi- condition will produce erratic Hight re- grees F., and the burning rate is rela- cian, went into his laboratory to check sulting from velocity changes. Another ti\el\' low. on an experiment. Little did Dr. Pat- disadvantage is the fact that solid fuels Cordite and (Jalcit are usually made rick realize how important this experi- misses are hard to steer. These prob- up of organic pohiner fuel and inor- ment would be to the whole world. Dr. lems are rapidly being solved and the ganic nonplastic oxidizers. Patrick was trying to concoct a new- future of solid-fuels looks good. High exhaust velocities from some type of automobile anti-freeze. Instead Due to the extensive research in the (did fuels have been reported in the of finding a clear liquid which he ex- field of rocket propellents man\ difler- neighborhood of from 4,000 to 8,000 pected, he found something that was cnt types have been developed in the miles per hour. These fuels, for the most dark and s\ rupy and having a smell past few years. Most of the present day part, possess undesirable physical proper- like rotten eggs. Dr. Patrick viewed rocket fuels deliver in the neighbor- ties. the experiment n^ore or less as a failure. hood lbs. of 200 of thrust for each One propert\' of a solid fuel which is He used pieces of the unknown sub- of pound fuel consumed per second but important to know is its burning rate. .stance, which hardened upon cooling, hiirher \alues are rare. One example of This figure tells the weight or amount for paperweights. In 1928 a man named solid fuel having more thrust is one of propellent consumed per second per Bevis Longstretch became interested in which Allegany Ballistic Laboratory square inch. Most burning rates are the substance which Patrick had named has been working on and is reported to between 0.2 and 2.0 inches per .second. Thiokol, which is derived from the be about 285. In order to reduce the thickne.ss of Greek words thio (sulphur) and kol A term known as specific impulse is solid fuel rocket walls, the charge has (glue). It was found that Thiokol was generally referred to solid fuels when a hole from top to bottom. This hole impervious to petroleum and therefore are being compared. Specific impulse is is generally star shaped. The purpo.se could be used as an extremely efficient the impulse per unit mass of a propel- of this is to permit the charge to burn gasket for sealing gasoline tanks and lant expressed in units of pound seconds toward the wall of the rocket. This other petroleum products containers. per pound. The final height reached by situation permits the use of thin wall The two men searched for a place to a missile is proportional to the square construction. By varying the geometri- open a factory but were refused many of the specific impulse. cal shape and size of the hole different sites because of the sulphurous stencii In regard to solid fuels specific im- effects in power and burning time can produced when Thiokol was processed. pulse can be foimd by multiplying the be had. Finally they were able to set up a fac- thrust by the time and dividing by the I oda\ more and more mi.ssiles pow- tory in Trenton, N. J. Business was mass of the propellent. Another factor general!)' poor but iluring World War ered with .solid fuel are appearing. A which enters into the computing of the few of these mi.ssle II it improved because of the demand are the Sparrow, the specific impulse is the operating pressure for gaskets for ;iir|ilane fuel tanks. Dur- Falcon, the Sidewinder, the Oenie, the in the combustion chamber, or the ratio ing the year PHI the company made Dart, which is used against tanks and of the nozzle exit area to throat area, $89,000. It was not until after the war the Rat, which swoops down on subs. and on the OLitside pressure. To achieve that the possibilities of Thiokol as a Familiar to many m various .'\merican sp.ice Hight with chemical propellants we solid rocket fuel were investigateil to cities is the .Nike-Hercules. The recent need those that gi\e the most energ\" any extent. Thiokol has been a leader ni success of the Polaris is further proof of pel' unit weight. the field of solid fuels ever since that the potential use of solid fuel. time. In I'H.S tlic sales mounted to i'ii,- The specific Impulse of most solid 000,000. fuels has increased by about 70 pound- Solid fuels have definite advantages secoiuls per pound, but there is little over liq\iid fuels. The\ can be pocketed hope of passing .^00 since the energy of into smaller spaces because of their high solid fuel is rather limited. Some double- density and the fact that the oxidizer base and composite solid blends offer the More from is built in. There are few moving parts best possibilities of exceeding 230 pouiul- in the combustion chamber which re- seconds per pound, but 245 will be the duces the chance of mechanical failure. probable limit for standard carbon-hy- Solid drogen-oxygen-nitrogen types. NAVY PIER fuels rockets are easier to tr.ans- port and easier to fire. Some of the more important solid On the other hand there are se\eral fuels are Ballistite, NDRC, and Cor- disadvantages to solid fuels. Solid fuels dite. on Page 30 rockets are relatively less powerful than Iiallistite can be safely stored at 12(1 liquid fuel rockets. There is a chance degrees 1''; its ignition temperature is that the "grain" or charge ma\' crack ,i(l(l degrees 1'', and its dame tempera-

FEBRUARY, 1960 27 MASTER & DOCTOR OF SCIENCE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CANDIDATES

COMPLETING REQUIREMENTS IN

Engineering Physics Applied Mathematics |

Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.. Los Angeles, California.

recognizes your scholarly and technical achievements by encouraging you to

have your findings published in recognized scientific journals and

to present them before scientific and technical societies.

For members of STL's Technical Staff, a group proficient in the preparation

of written and oral presentations is available to give able assistance.

Since 1954, STL has been a pioneer in virtually every phase of theoretical

analysis, research, development, and administration of military

and civilian space systems including the systems engineering and technical

direction for the Air Force Ballistic Missile Program.

These are some of (lie recent papers prepared hy ineinbers of llie STL Technical Staff:

B. Lester Lees, F. W. Hartwig E. S. Wei BEL, "On the confine- T. A. M..\GNESS, J. McGuiRE and C. B. Cohen. "The use of ment of a plasma by magneto- and O. K. Smith, "Accuracy re- aerodynamic lift during entry static fields," reprinted from The uircments for interplanetary bal- into the earth's atmosphere." pre- Physics of Fliiuii. January-Feb- listic trajectories," reprinted from sented at .American Rocket Soci- ruary, 1959. Proceeding !X(/i /iitcTnnliomi/ Satellites Con- Aslronuulirci/ Congress. Amsler- ety Controllable A. D. Wheelon (with G. ference. April-May. 1959. dam, August, 1958. Munch), "Space-time correla-

S. C. Baker and ]. M. Kelso. tions in stationary isotrophic tur- A. D. Wheelon (with H. "Miniature movies of the plan- bulence." reprinted from The Staras), "Theoretical research ets." reprinted from Aeronau- Physics of F/iiiiis. November- on Iroposphcric scatter propaga- tics. May. 1959. December, 1958. tion in the United States, 1954- R. W. Rector, "Space age com- G. E. Solomon, "The nature of 1957." reprinted from JRE puting," reprinted from Datama- re-entry," reprinted from Astro- Transactions on Antennas and tion, March-April, 1959, mnilics. March, 195Q, Propa<]ation. J.uui.irv. 1950.

Investigate opportunities in your major concentration at our laboratories in Los Angeles, California,

or Cape Canaveral, Florida. Please consult with your placement officer for further information or write to: College Relations, Space Technology Laboratories.®Inc. P.O. Box 95004, Los Angeles 45, California SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES. INC.

28 THE TECHNOGRAPH Hesnifs tin- tfchnical procedures involved in an engineering design, the engineer must consider both public rela- THE OTHER ROLE tions and the aesthetic appeal of the proiect, for they will affect the success of his design. Often, the acceptance of a project depends upon the effectiveness OF THE ENGINEER of the exchange of ideas the engineer has had with citizens and citizen groups during the planning stages of the design and, sometimes more important, As Illustrated from Problems of Highway Er}gineering how the finished project looks to the eye of the public. The engineer's public relations re- By Robert M. Jones sponsibilities can be summed up in a few paragraphs. First, he must be able to get along must then pass. Eventually the truck this as obviously impossible, the "other with the public; it is, in effect, his em- traffic becomes such a problem that it role of the engineer" played an import- ployer, whether he works for a govern- demands a new highway to take care of ant part in the development of the Con- ment agency, for industry, or for a con- trucks. necticut Turnpike. There, the route sulting firm assisting government or in- A recent case in New England. Con- passes through some of the most heavily dustry. necticut, in particular, involved the populated and wealthiest counties in the Second, he must plan carefully Merritt Parkway and the Wilbur Cross nation ; in addition, these counties are enough and far enough ahead that he Parkway which, for many years, formed some of the most beautiful and historic can explain his actions at any stage any parts of the only multi-lane highway in New England. Thus, the usual pres- In the case of highway design, time. between New York and Boston. These sures were multiplied. such explanations would include why he parkways were restricted to passenger The engineer must be most careful chooses a particular route, why his de- car traffic, and, even with such a re- in his relations with the owners of the sign provides for drainage of storms striction, were crowded. At the time prospective site of a highway. He must which are likely to occur at only five they were built, shipping by truck had be certain he does not needlessly destroy vear intervals, or why he sets a par- not become as large an industry as it is any of our country's heritage in the ticular design restriction, as far as he is today. After World War II, the in- form of old houses, historic sites, fine empowered, on the speed and use of a dustry blossomed with numerous heavy trees or beauty spots, and other places given section of highway. trucks to take care of the increased vol- of sentiment. suc- Third, he must be able to fare ume of shipping. These trucks were In this light, he must be able to ac- public com- cessfully under the fire of forced to travel on U. S. 1, the Boston covmt for each of his design actions, ment and criticisms which accompany Post Road, through the centers of such as why he chose to put an ele- his decisions. Such discussion often towns along the northern coast of Long vated section of highway in a metropoli- comes from organized citizen groups Island Sound and on deeper into the tan section rather than skirting the in a form and newspaper campaigns slate. downtown area by building through the engineer on the which tends to put the The inevitable effects on these towns cheaper land of the slums. He must be he caught be- defensive. He may thus were traffic congestion, confusion, and able to explain, in terms that the lay- tween two factions of opin'on, but must inconvenience, plus destruction of city man can understand, why alignment, satisfying both work his way out while streets with accompanying increased sight distance, and volume of excava- sides. Of course, he should have antici- taxes for residents. tion dictated this choice rather than to answer pated and been prepared many The result of a concentrated cam- ignoring the honest questions of inter- his decisions. of the arguments against paign for a solution to the problem was ested though perhaps irate landowners. realized that prob- It must also be some the Connecticut Turnpike. It was espe- Aesthetic Design Important without lems are incapable of solution cially designed for trucks, though pass- Besides achieving a functional de- hurting someone. enger cars are allowed if the\' pav the sign, the engineer must consider the ef- In justifying the construction of a tolls. fects the project will have on the peo- highway, for example, the engineer must The need for a highway such as the ple it is meant to serve. Beauty should concern himself with the economic bene- Connecticut Turnpike should have been be included, for although it sometimes fits to the whole area under considera- foreseen at the time the two parkways costs more, the favorable reactions of tion. In doing so, he must weigh all were designed. Even if it was, the rate the viewing and using public are well possible highway locations in relation to of growth of the trucking industry was worth the added expenditure. It must be whether they provide the best service probably not correctly forecast. As a remembered that the work of an engi- both for the overall region and the spe- consequence, the volume of traffic at neer will last for many years and thus cific area through which the highway which more highway facilities would be should be aestically pleasing. passes. Often these considerations are in built was reached at an earlier date so Highway bridges, for example, could conflict; he must then work out an the engineer was caught short. be perked up by using unusual shapes equitable compromise. For safety, one In the middle of the Connecticut or combinations of concrete, steel, alum- particular location might require a re- Turnpike situation was the highway en- inum, and other materials. Or, extreme- duction in the speed limit over a section gineer. He was expected to make every- ly simple though aesthetically balanced of bridges and curves. This is opposed body happy with his solution to the ma.sses could be used. to the desirability of a higher limit problems of routing, alignment, curva- Since concrete requires surface which provides rapid How tii rough the ture, sight distance, and related subjects. grooves to arrest and contain cracks, entire highway network. Everyone, as usual, expected a dream good architectural u.se might well be Preventing or limiting truck traffic on highway which would neither disturb made of these grooves. With little or a parkway can cause troubles for the the towns through which it passed nor no extra cost, the grooves could be ar- commiMiities through which the trucks evict people from their homes. Since (Cnnlinucd nn Page 30)

FEBRUARY, 1960 29 )

.Armed Forces training films. Some IN AND AROUND CHICAGO Holl\wood scenes and some television dramas have been shot here, b\it the recent completion of "Prime Time" By SHELDON ALTMAN marks Chicago's first effort to emulate the old days of l'M() and Essanay Stu- More Modernizing Chirk will be razed to make way for the second building. Hetween 1897 lOK), A new "^oviTiimfiit cc-nter costing 6.1 and long before A project for con.solidating the rail- the first turned in mil lion dolhirs will j^et top priorit\' camera Holhwood, way terminals and building the I ni- Chicago was a major producer of fea- soon :is thf next proji-ct in the tompic- versity branch on these 1.^0 acres is ture films. hensivc plan tor mo(lcrni/.in<; Chic:ijj;o's Essanay Studio had people .nlso under consideration. such as Charlie Chaplain, ilowntown ari-a. The project \\ill house (Gloria Swan- son, Wallace Heery and 'Eom .Mix local jTovernnieiit and is to be built in Big Nuclear Shipment to Chicago workuig for them. the block bounded by Washinfi:t' sensitive material and will ernment office space. The remainder ot erns in the area were also utilized. This leplace photographic plates in the gon- the block will be a parklike pla/a, with city may soon be renamed "New Holly- dolas of the balloons. The\' will be such facilities as a skating rink in win- woo

.After this is completed and is housing rector, actors and technicians. oretical mechanics. M.E. 221 is again the federal courts and offices, the pres- In recent years many studios ha\e being offered. It was first offered last sent United States courthouse bounded been engaged in the production of in- semester. This is all part of UI's ex- by Adams, Dearborn, Jackson and dustrial, educational, public service and panding program.

THE OTHER ROLE OF THE ENGINEER

(C'lnttniicl from I'lujc l*-) of a borrow pit should he both to pro- therefore consider all the effects ot his ran'i:ed in pleasing geometric patterns. vide fill material and to improve the creation on those concerned.

I he highway right-of-way also needs effectiveness of the surrounding in looks If he does so, he will find his services nnich attention. Its landscaping, includ- and use. more in demand and his leadership more ing informative signs, must be integrated If a low spot is created, water will respected and sought. The reason is sim- with the natural surroundings. All collect during storms, proving a hazard ple: when people have something good should be at least as good as if not bet- to children and grownups alike as acci- and are happy with it, they will want ter than the quality of the overall area. dents can always be associated with more of the same. But if they are dis- Economy Versus Safety pools of water. The standing water pre- pleased, the\- will be reluctant to pur-

I he engineer must seek an economi- sents a health hazard as it can harbor chase more such services or to appropii- cal solution, but in doing so he some- mosquitoes and other disease-carrying ate money for sinular projects. Again, times plays a deadly game. When get- insects. Also, it can pollute drainage the engineer must always remember that ting fill material for a highwa\', as an waters which m time pass through the his work will be exposed to the public example, he has to balance one evil possibly contaminated water of a bor- for many vears; thus, his professional against the prospects of another. Bor- row pit. reputation is at stake with every deci- row pits, as the sources of fill material The.se situations are seldom, if ever, sion he makes. are called, can also be accident and desirable. Besides being a danger to all The best way for the engineer to help health hazards. While the cost of haul- forms of life, they detract from the people and to keep them happy is to be ing material from an area where ex- beautx" ot the highway \icinity. honest, to show the engineering reasons cavation is already nece.ssary is .some- Responsibility Lies in the Engineer for his decisions, and to fulfill his real times more than the cost of excavating In short, the engineer has a high role—that of diligently striving to make from a nearby field, the engineer must level of social and aesthetic as well as every design as socially desirable, techni- consider the effects of his decision to technical responsibilitv' for his actions. cally efficient, and aesthetically pleasing open a borrow pit. The demands upon him are maTiifold, as possible for the public. V>n\\ in this Usually with a borrow pit, a field is and do not stop with a purely practical way can the engineer fill his true posi- lost from farming or from prospective solution to his problems. He works with tion of intellectual leadership in our so- hr)me or factory sites. The proper use people, and for the community; he inust ciety.

30 THE TECHNOGRAPH .

• A missile's main engine runs only for a few air-breathing, high speed turbine engine. The unit seconds. To supply electric and hydraulic power for pictured above develops 50 horsepower and weighs

control during the entire flight a second power plant 30 pounds. The acknowledged leader in the field,

is necessary. The AiResearch APU (accessory power AiResearch has designed, developed and delivered

unit) which answers this problem is a compact, non more accessory power units than any other source. EXCITING FIELD S OF INTEREST FOR GRADUATIE ENGINEERS

Diversity and strength in a company offer the and also other electronic controls and instruments. engineer a key opportunity, for with broad knowl- • Gas Turbine Engines — world's largest producer of edge and background your chances for responsibil- small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 ity and advancement are greater. delivered ranging from 30 to 850 horsepower. The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch

Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its •Environmental Control Systems — pioneer, leading diversification, which you will experience through developer and supplier of aircraft and spacecraft air an orientation program lasting over a period of conditioning and pressurization systems. months, allows you the best chance of finding your Should you be interested in a career with The most profitable area of interest. Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett

Other major fields of interest include: Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your • Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and College placement office. For further information

major supplier of centralized flight data systems write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley. .

THE /AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions

Los Angeles /.i, ('.(ililiirniu • I'liiit-nix. Arizona

APPLICATIONS Sysleius, ParluiSrs and Cmponents l„r: AIRCRAFT, MISSILE. NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL

FEBRUARY, 1960 31 engineers

and what they di

The field has never been broader The challenge has never been greater

Engineers at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft today are concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems—air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types for propulsion in space. Many of these systems are so entirely new in concept that their design and development, and allied research programs, require technical personnel not previously associated with the development of aircraft engines. Where the company was once primarily interested in graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical

engineering, it now also requires men with degrees in electrical, chemical, and nuclear engineering, and in physics, chemistry, and metallurgy. Automatic systems developed by instrumentation Included in a wide range of engineering activities open to engineers allow rapid simultaneous recording technically trained graduates at all levels are these four of data from many information points. basic fields:

ANALYTICAL ENGINEERING Men engaged in this activity are concerned with fundamental investigations in the fields of science or engineering related to the conception of new products. They carry out detailed analyses of advanced flight and space systems and interpret results in terms of practical design applications. They provide basic information which is essential in determining the types of systems that have development potential.

DESIGN ENGINEERING The prime requisite here is an active interest in the application of aerodynamics, thermodynamics, stress analysis, and principles of machine design to the creation of new flight propulsion systems. Men engaged in this activity at P&WA establish the specific per- Frequent informal discussions among analytical formance and structural requirements of the new product engineers assure continuous exchange of ideas and design it as a complete working mechanism. on related research projects. EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING Here men supervise and coordinate fabrication, assembly and laboratory testing of experimental apparatus, system components, and development engines. They devise test rigs and laboratory setups, specify instrumentation and direct execution of the actual test programs. Responsibility in this phase of the development program also includes analysis of test data, reporting of results and recommendations for future effort.

MATERIALS ENGINEERING Men active in this field at P&WA investigate metals, alloys and other materials under various environmental conditions to determine their usefulness as applied to advanced flight propulsion systems. They devise material testing methods and design special test equipment. They are also responsible for the determina- tion of new fabrication techniques and causes of failures or manufacturinc difficulties.

Under the close supervision of an engineer, final adjustments are made on a rig for testing on advanced liquid metal system. Pratt &. Whitney Aircraft...

Exhaustive testing of full-scale rocket engine thrust chambers is carried on at the Florida Research and Development Center.

For further information regarding an engineering career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your college placement ofliccr or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Connecticut. PRATT & IMfHITNEY AIRCRAFT

Division of United Aircraft Corporation CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida The Deans' Page . NEW ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERS

By Dean D. R. Opperman

Scincmbcr, l')().\ has been appi'cu i-il l.uiguage, more scienc. 1 he increases in of 19S4. The class of I9SS came far

In tin- Ho.uil of Tiiistecs as the cftVc- all of these areas are noteworthy if we hcter prejiared than the class ot 1954 ti\c (late tor tile lU'w entrana' ifquirc- compare the class entering in 1954 with with respect to 1^ through I'' or 19.5 mi'iits into tlic Collcfif of Knjiiiiffrinj; the class entering in I95.S. The result units. Several conclusions can be dr,-iwn at the Chicasjo L iidcrjiraduatc I)i\isioii of these stronger college preparatorv from the graph. programs is shown dramaticallv' in the ami at I rbaiia. These new ^equil(nlent^ 1. High school students are receiving are the result of a year long stinh iiiaile accompanv ing graph. better and better counseling each by a group of engineering faculty men The I niversitv ol Illinois requires year with regard to programs of on the Urbana campus. Their reconi- a minimum of 9 uiuts of college pre- study that v\ill prepare them for mendations were subsequently appro\e be in any area acceptable to the dents are presenting far more ensrineerins; facult\' and senate at the "solid" subjects than required for Chicago Undergraduate Division locat- entrance by the College of Engi- ed on Xavv Pier. neering or the University of Illi- Man\' interesting facts were dis- nois. covered in the study made by the I r- 3. A student who minimizes college bana facult\ members. preparatory subjects in high school Students entering the College in I r- will be at a distinct disadvantage bana as new freshmen have been pre- when paced in competition at the senting nunc entrance credits than re- college level with students who quired b\ the College and the I'niver- have given thought to their high sit\'. Further, the trend is for each suc- school programs and have chosen ceeding class to enter the College bet- wi.sely the subjects they will need ter prepared than the class previous to for their college work. it. good is found in mathe- A example As a result of these rather intensive matics. studies of the background of the stu- of 70'; of enter- In the fall 1954, the dents who entered in 1954 and 1948, 3'/> ing freshmen presented at least definite recommendations were made, uiu'ts in mathematics. (A imit is one ;md approved, to strengthen the en- year of studv' in one cour.se.) Four trance requirements to the College of the \ears later, in September 1958, Engineering. These new entrance re- of this number students presenting num- quirements, effective in September I''h3. 79','. ber of credits climbed to Last are as follows: fall, 1959, the figm-e rose September Rctoiiniit iiilt il

.mother .S',' to HI' i . We feel confident Rif/uiniJ JddilKjiiiil that this trend shown by prospective en- Su/fjcct Units I 'nils gineers to take more and nvire mathe- Total units of high school subjects in English 3 1 foreign languages, the social sciences, matics will continue in the future. The Algebra^ 2 credit for the trend .should be shared mathematics, the sciences, and Eng- Plane Geometry 1 eqiialK between the College of I'.ngi- lish, presented by freshmen entering Trigonometry ' j in fall of 1954 and fall of 1958. necring which has demanded more College Preparatory mathematics and the high schools which Mathematics .ailabl. graph have responded with excellent college high school for graduation. This Science" 2 enter- preparatory mathematics programs. Last indicates that very few students Social Studies 2 fall received ing in either or presented several new freshmen ad- 1954 1958 Language' 2 as available' vanced placement in differential calculus only a minimum of 9 college prepara- 'Students who have only nne unit in al- and a few students received advanced tory subjects. A large number of the gebra and one unit in plane Reometry may placement and began their mathematics students presented from 13 to 16 units lie admitted on condition that the deficiency studies in integral calculus, the sccoiul of this nature, an impressive fact when is removed in the first year. "Re<|uired science must include two units semester calculus course! 16 units is all that is required for gi7«/- from physics, chemistry, and biology. Botany Similar trends to take more subjects uation in many high schools. Howe\er. ami zoology may be substituted for biology, than required in high school have been the most significant feature of the (ieneral science mav" not be used as a re- subject. shown to exist in other fields of instruc- graph is the comparison between the (|uired 'Reciuired language must be two unit> in tion generally considered as college pre- classes entering in 1954 and 1958. one language. Students deficient in language paratory work. Increasing numbers of Those students presenting smaller num- may be admitted on condition that the de- students are taking a full four years of bers of credits in college preparatory ficiency is removed during the first two years. English in high school, more foreign subjects are in the majority in the class ( (Uintinuctl on P(U/c 36)

34 THE TECHNOGRAPH What's ahead for you... after you join Western Electric?

Aii\ \\'1h'1c' \i)U look — ill ciigim'ciiiit; and ollifi piolc-s- tvmities lor career building williin rcsearcli ,nid engi- sioiKil areas — tlif answer to that question is piugrc.s.s. neering. Western Electiic maintains its own full-time, For Western Eleetrie is on a job of ever-inereasing all-e.\penses-paid engineering training program. And complexity, both as the manufacturing and supply unit our tuition refund plan also helps you move ahead in of the Bell System and as a part of nian\' defense \()ur chosen field. communications and missile projects. Opportunities exist for electrical, mechanical, indus- These two assignments meau \oull find \i)uiselt in trial, civil and chemicol engineers, as well as in the fields miero- the thick of things in such fast-breaking as physical sciences. For more information get your copy \va\e radio relay, electrouic switching, miniaturization of Consider o Career at Western Electric from your and automation. You may engiueer installations, plau Plocement Officer. Or write College Relations, Room distribution of equipment and supplies. Western also 200D, Western Electric Company, 195 Broadway, New has need for field engineers, whose world-wide assign- York 7, N Y. Be sure to arrange for a Western Electric interview the Bell System visits your campus. ments call for working with cc|uipment we make for when team the Government. The opportunities are luiiny — anil thei/re wditinp,!

You'll find that Westi'in Eli-ctric is cai-eer-minded . . . and [/()i/-minded! Progress is as rapid as Nour own indi- WeBtcrn, EmJf^ vidual skills permit. We estimate that 8, ()()() supervisory jobs will open in the ne.\t ten years — the majority to be filled by engineers. There will be corresponding oppor- OF THE BELL SYSTEM/

Principal manufacturing locations at Chicago. III.; Kearny, N, J.; Baltimore. Md.; Indianapolis. Ind.; Allentown and Laureldale. Pa.: Burlington. Greensboro and Winston-Salem, N.C.;

Buffalo, N. Y,; North Andover, Mass.; Lincoln and Omaha. Neb., Kansas City, ^o.: Columbus, Ohio: Oklahoma City, Okia,: Engineering Research Center. Princeton. N. J.: Teletype

Corp,, Chicago 14, III and Little Rock, Ark, Also W E, distribution centers in 32 cities and installation headquartars in 16 cities. General headquarters: 195 Broadway. New York 7, N.Y.

FEBRUARY, 1960 35 studies will help the engineer write (Coiiliiiiinl from 1'iiy.f .'V j indirect- of your School? adilitioiiMl ijiilil more effectively and, therefore, Proud 'It is ri-C(iminciuli-il thai lliat \%a> pii- success. In- canicil in ihi- >atne latiKuaKf K contribute to his future tor ciitramc cri-clit. However, it tin- Miitfil last item of significant informa- l.atin, One two tiiiits of reiiuiri-d laiiKuaKf are modtrii tion uncovered by the study .should be aiUlitioTial ort-dit sti.nild W m a Though this laiimiaui-. brought to \our attention. ic- has no bearing on the iiev,- 'I'lu- inatluMiiatlcs and llnulish information requirements, it still should be (luin-iiH-iits tor admission have ifmami-d entrance to students planning to go imchaii!ii-d from what they wt-rc. The of interest The following graph, additions to the i-ntrana- reqiiiri'ments into engineering. high school rank, shows arc two units of lant;uage. two units ot which indicates and more students ot engi- social studies, and two units of science. that more are coming from the up|ier half I.ary:e numhers of students aii' alread\ neering extremely small numbers are presenting two units ot science and and only bottom quarter of their high therefore this new requirenu-iu will not from the Larger numbers ot students demand too much niodificat'oii in the .school class. from the upper ten per cent BE programs of the h'gh school students. are coming entering in ( )ver SO' ; of the students PROUD soc al lOSK presented two units of OF YOUR studies although one or one and one- half units are required for j^raduation WORKING TOOLS... troni high school. Therefore, a numher of prospective students who intend to A.W.FABER enroll here will he required to add one- CASTELL half or one unit of social studies to th;ir helps the hand that programs. shapes the future The requirement that will entail the most adjustment in hi<;h school pro- #9000 Castell Pencil in lan- • 'rams is the new reciuirement with world's finest in !'na first record is no worse than any other engineering. of professional people. Foreign language THE TECHNOGRAPH 36 A singularity in a field?

What is the nuclear "glue" for like charges?

A better comprehension of charge is important to Allison because energy conversion is our business and charge is one keystone for this conversion work. Thus we have a deep and continuing interest in elec- trons, protons, positrons, neutrons, neutrinos—charge in all its forms.

In its investigations, Allison calls upon the capabilities within General Motors Corporationand its Divisions, as well as the specialized talents of other individuals and organ- izations. By applying this systems engineering concept to new research projects, we increase the effectiveness with which we accomplish our mission — exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weap- ons systems.

Wan( to know about YOUR opportunities on the Allison Engineering Team? Write: Mr. R. C. Smith, College Relations, Personnel Dept.

Energy conversion is our business

Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana

FEBRUARY, 1960 37 Engineers who qualify to fill these chairs...

are on the road to filling responsible jobs

with a growing company in a growing industry

American Air Filter Company is one of the world's FORMAL FIVE-MONTH TRAINING COURSE pioneers in the field of "better air." Starting 30 years ago Your first job at AAF will be to complete a full five-month as a manufaclurcr of air filtration equipment only, it has, course in its technical training school. This is a complete through a planned program of product development, attained and carefully planned course covering every phase of this the unique position of being the one company in its industry business of better air and is under the direction of Mr. James that can take the complete over-all approach to the customer's W. May. a recognized authority on air handling problems and air problems. In brief, this means supplying and coordinating presently a member of the board of directors of ASHRAE. all the proper products to filter, cool, heat, clean (control Classes, held in special, air conditioned quarters, are sup- process dust), move, exhaust, humidify and dehumidify air. plemented by field trips to visit AAF plants and observe "Better Air", while a big business today, is still in its on-the-job applications of equipment. infancy. Name any industry, any building type, and you have a present or potential user of .AAF equipment. Other well- YOUR FUTURE IS ALL-IMPORTANT TO AAF known trade names in the AAF family are Herman Nelson, Kennard and Illinois Engineering. At present, AAF operates AAF prides itself on attempting to m'atch the man to the job. training will contacts ten plants in Louisville, Moline, 111., St. Louis, Chicago and During your period you have Montreal, Canada. with key company personnel. Your personal desires as to type and location of job are given every consideration. AAF is big

THIS KIND OF . QUALIFIES YOU FOR enough to provide opportunities galore — small enough to ENGINEERING DEGREE . . . THIS KIND OF JOB never lose sight of the personal touch that adds satisfaction along with success. representative of will be on your campus soon to Mechanical — Engineeriiif;, Sales or Mtintijiictiiring A AAF Electrical — Enijineering or Sales interview students interested in learning more about the Industrial — Maniifactiirini; or Sales opportunities with this company. Consult your Placement Civil — Sales Office for exact date.

rATA itnencan A>.1> Iter BETTER AIR IS OUR BUSINESS 38 THE TECHNOGRAPH ANOTHER W»V '*1fl RCA SERVES YOU THROUGH EUCTRONICS

photograph in relation One of the sharpest photos ever taken of Exact position of total sun surface is shown here. Plotting sun's surface. It, and hundreds of others to the of precise areas was made taken by stratoscope, may answer mystery and photography airborne RCA television. of violent magnetic disturbances on earth. possible by

RCA REPORTS TO THE NATION:

REMARKABLE NEW PHOTOS UNLOCK

MYSTERIES OF SUN'S SURFACE

Special RCA Television, operating from stratosphere, helps get sharpest photos of sun's surface ever taken

exactly what the tele- Scientists recently took the first, ground to view This accom- sharp, searching look into the center of scope was seeing aloft.

it was simple matter to onr solar system. It was achieved not plished, a precise photography— directed by a missile, but by a balloon posted achieve the ground by means of a separate in quiet reaches of the stratosphere. from RCA radio control system. The idea was conceived by astrono- reveal sun- mers at the Princeton University Ob- The resulting pictures servatory. They decided that a lloaling spot activities in unprecedented detail. observatory — equipped with a tele- They provide the world with im|)ortant scope-camera — would offer a stable information regarding the magnetic "work platform" from which sunspots disturbances which aflect navigation could be photographed free of the distor- and long-range communications. tion caused by the earth's atmosphere. The success of "Project Stratoscope"

But "Project Stratoscope" encoun- is another example of RCA leadership tered an unforeseen and major obslacle in advanced electronics. This leader-

on its initial flight. A foolproof method ship, achieved through quality and was needeil for aiming and focusing dependability in performance, has al- the telescope of the unmanned observ- ready made RCA Victor the most trusted atory. Princeton asked RCA to help. name in television. Today. RCA Victor sets are in far more homes A special RCA television system was television other make. devised which enatiled observers on the than any Going lip for "good seeing." Un- mauTicd ballooii-obsiMvalory starts its ascent to lake sunspot photos. "Project AMERICA Stratoscope" is a continuing program RADIO CORPORATION OF of the Office of Naval Research and THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN ELECTRONICS the National Science Foundation. 39 FEBRUARY, 1960 At CHRYSLER'S HUGE NEW STAMPING PLANT ^

\H. Mill ' r, ., I '...INEERS

JENKINS

VALVES assure reliable, economical control of Production's Lifelines

Cited as one of the nation's "Top Ten Plants of the Year",

Chrysler Corporation's stamping plant at Twinsburg, Ohio, is a 34-acre model of building and manufacturing eflicicncy.

Go into the power plant and you will find Jenkins Valves everywhere, controlling "production's lifelines" that supply 150,000 pounds of steam per hour ... 30 million cubic feet of

air per day . . . 7500 gallons of cooling water per minute. Jenkins

In the ultra-modern boiler hmr i th.-. n ,ibove, all gen- Valves got the job because "every efTort was made to install the eral service valves controllirif', |ii[K'lines are JENKINS finest mechanical and electrical equipment . . . and to insure minimum costs by eliminating excessive upkeep and equipment with a short life span".

It is a highly significant fact that all building experts and operating engineers "there's nothiiii; JENKINS agree heller limit Jenkins FOR THE Valves". Many will always insist on JENKINS for critical serv- LOOK JENKINS 01/

ices, and will prefer them for general use. After all, Jenkins Valves cost no more! When you are buying or specifying valves, remember that the best valves are the best assurance of economical service. Jenkins Bros., 100 Park Ave., New York 17. Sold Through Leading Distributors Everywhere

40 THE TECHNOGRAPH li.ul talked (it Inidnig but had ne\er realK' hoped to find.

Moving as fast as I coidd, I ran back The Inscription to the ship. With trembling hands, I tuned in the radio, focused the tele- screen, and relayed my findings and the inscription to my superiors. By Helen Geroff The commander's voice came o\er the radio loud and clear, "Stay where you are. We have called in some experts on

1 boarded iii\ sliip and \va\cil to tlie tei\ als. .\1\ landing on the moon was languages, and they will translate the crowd outside. In five minutes, I would \ery smooth. I made one last check of message if possible. You will hear from have to pull the lever which woidti re- the panel controls, donned my oxygen me again when we receive the transla- " lease the rocket blast and take me off mask, opened the ship's door, and set tion. ( )\er and out. into the unknown. As I gazed out of out. I waited anxiously for Earth's reply, the porthole, I saw- the faces of my but when it came, I found myself total- 1 walked around collecting rock and loved ones. They were proud of me, I ly unprepared to receive such a message. dust samples for several hours. When 1 was sure, but their haggard faces re- was almost ready to go back to the "This is Earth calling. The inscrip- vealed the same fear that I had. Would ship, I noticed a cave. I was getting tion reads as follows: 'The Earth will we ever meet again? tired, but I remembered hearing the be blown to bits during their nuclear

I threw one last kiss and pulled the scientists say that if man was ever to war. Any Earth-man reaching the moon le\er. The ship lunged forward and live on the moon, he would probably before the start of the war will remain lifted me high into the sky. My fingers have to live under the ground, so I de- ali\e if he stays in this cave. A ship turned the panel dials almost automatic- cided to look inside. from Venus will pick up any possible ally. My training had been long and ex- sm'vivors three days after Earth's de- With pencil and note pad in hand, " hausting, and now, I only hoped that struction.' 1 began to explore the cave. I had not 1 could remember everything. walked more than twenty yards when "Your orders are to remain in that ca\e. Russia has just declared war on As the moon came closer and closer I came upon a man-made door, at least ." the I riited States and . . into focus, I prepared to land. I radioed it looked man-made. On the door, a back to Earth that everything was func- strange inscription was written in sev- As I leaned closer to the ladio, I tioning satisfactorily and that I would eral languages. Excitement swelled in- heard a terrific explosion, and the voice be checking in with them at regular inside of me. Here was something man died away.

New Kind of Missile with

T»AK^^ H Minus HiGGins inK

if wherever . . . corry with you you go!

World-Wide Good news for draftsmen! New HIGGINS AMERICAN INDIA INK Cartridge always feeds ttie right amount of ink into pens and drawing instruments. No mess, no waste! Compact, rigid, plastic cartridge fits easily in Refrioeratioii pocket, purse or drafting sets. Stands on table, shelf, desk - won't roll off inclined drafting boards! l\/lost convenient way

to fill pens - and so economical! INDIA— Prime Minister Nehru inspects FRICK COMPANY a Frick installation by Mohammed Singh, a Frick graduate. Student Training

Course attracts students from all over the world

Established by one of the oldest manufacturers of

refrigeration, this course has acquired such an out-

standing reputation that only a small select group

can be admitted each year.

Write for details and applications today.

, t^jji'irntamim r\ir.rBtrr<«i i n

FEBRUARY, 1960 41 ...staffed by graduates of virtually every engineering school in the United States...

CONVAIR FORT WORTH p. O. BOX 748-C6 A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS THE TECHNOGRAPH 42 — —

OLLOW HE EADER IS no game with Delco. Long a leader in automotive radio engineering and

production, Delco Radio Division of General Motors has charted a

similar path in the missile and allied electronic fields. Especially, we are

conducting aggressive programs in semiconductor material research,

and device development to further expand facilities and leadership in these areas. Frankly, the applications we see for semiconductors are

staggering, as are those for other Space Age Devices: Computors . . .

Static Inverters . . . Thermoelectric Generators . . . Power Supplies.

However, leadership is not self-sustaining. It requires periodic infusions of new ideas and new talent — aggressive new talent. We invite you to follow the leader Delco — to an exciting, profitable future.

If you're interested in becoming a part of this challenging Delco, GM team, write to Mr. Carl Longshore. Supervisor Salaried Employment, for additional information — or talk to our representative when he visits your campus.

ELco Radio Division of General Motors

KOKOMO, INDI.A.NA

FEBRUARY, 1960 43 Photos by Dave Yates

Technocutie . . . MARION HILLER

44 THE TECHNOGRAPH Bevier Hall and the school of Home Economics claim freshman, Marion Hiller, most of the time, but the engineers on campus claim her as their February Technocutie.

From Evanston, Marion calls Allen South her home on campus; but Saturday afternoon she lives at the Turk's Head listen- ing to Hockenhull. An alternate

on occasion is the Capital for the jam session.

Marion likes outdoor sports, tennis being her favorite with water skiing and sailing coming in second. But she also admits

she is enjoying learning to play chess. Sweets are Marion's favorite food. She laughingly admits she doesn't care for meals, but loves eating between them. Lobster

tail rates high with her; milk is her favorite beverage.

Informal dates are the kind Marion likes most: movies, the beach in the summer, parties with close friends. She's always ready to dance. Egotistical and unattentive men are Marion's pet peeve. She also rates low the type that call and say, "I'm here; come on down." A sense of humor in a fellow goes far with her.

Men's clothes are neat to score with Marion. In the win- ter she loves to see sweaters. She likes Ivy League clothes but would do away with the belt idea. Cotton slacks and wash pants instead of Levis are also a must. With a millionaire's budget, Marion would travel; she would like to see the much-heard-about places, especially Russia.

Marion is not sure what she will do when she graduates perhaps go into retailing or textile research. In the meantime, she will study and have fun.

FEBRUARY, 1960 45 290,000 KVA AUTO TRANSFORMER SERVES 460,000 KVA LOAD Wisconsin Electric Power Company engineers' specifications for the new 230/ 13S hv transformer at the Company's Bliiemound Substation were reduced from the 460,000 kva (shown in outline) to 290.000 hva as the result of imaginative thinking.

POWER is ENGINEERED for economy, reliability

Wisconsin Electric Power Company engineers needed a transformer to carry a load of 460,000 kva. The unit was to be part of Wisconsin's first 230 kv transmission system from the new 275,000 kilowatt generating unit at Oak Creek. An auto transformer was the obvious choice over a conventional two winding unit. But Company engineers also considered these three factors: (1) the ambient temperature expected in the Mil- waukee area; (2) the daily and hourly variation in load expected for the next 15 years, and (3) the use of supplemental cooling equipment. The result was the 290,000 kva

unit above. It is able to carry 460,000 kva of load without sacrificing reliability or short-

ening transformer life.

The electrical engineer plays a vital role in design and development work at Wiscon- sin Electric Power Company. Progress in power with us may be your key to the future.

WISCONSIN EIECTRIC POWER COMPANY SYSTEM Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Wisconsin Michigan Power Co. Wisconsin Natural Gas Co. * Milwaukee, Wis. Appleton, Wis. Racine, Wis. 46 THE TECHNOGRAPH REQUIRED SAFETY

FACTORS in steering

arm assured by

designing it to be forged

By designing with forgings, a trucls. manufacturer can count on the required

safety factors, with minimum 'beefing-up" of parts to offset unknown

internal structures or non-homogenious materials.

either at You, too, can achieve results like these by designing uith for^irif^s impressive, ^he start or on re-design. The benefits of forgings are equally whether you make home-workshop equi]iment or diesel engines.

further improved by the lunnmer-ljlows Forgings start as better metal . . . are

or high pressure of the forging process. procurement of forgings. Write for literature on tiie design, specification, and

Drop Forging Association • Cleveland 13, Ohio Nam,-i ol H,o,„.

FEBRUARY, 1960 47 Problem: To fin(l a job that will utilize your engineer- cryogenic (ultra-low-teniperature) technology, and ing trainin-; to the fullest possible extent, and reward other new and fascinating [)roducts and processes. you for a job well done. A IjINDE engineer, as a result of this progressive com- Soliilion: Find a company that has a rejiulation for jtanv thinking, enjoys several important advantages. hein>; the leader in its field. A eonijiany whose eontinued Primarily, he works in a professional atmosphere, where expansion is hiiilt on creative enjrineerinji of new prod- highly specialized technicians are used to relieve him ucts, new jirocesses. A company with this hackgroiuid of hcnch work, drafting, and other detail work. And the relies on its engineers for progress and rewards them engineer at all times enjoys privacy that is so greatly accordingly. desired in engineering today.

At LiNDE, the creative engineer will find this and But all these are discussed in a booklet that should more. As you prohahly know, Linde is a major supplier he in your possession before you decide. Why not write

of industrial gases to industry . . . you're projiahly famil- for a copv today ... no obligation. Ask for "Look to iar with them in welding; steel companies use them in LiNDE for Your Future." Address: Mr. J. J. Rostosky, refining metals; and they're essential to thousands of Manager — Recruiting, Linde Company. Division of chemical processes. I.inde is also famous for its con- Union Carbide Corporation, 30 East 42nd Street, New Irihulion in welditig eipiipmeni, and its leadership in ^'ork 17, New York.

A LEADER FOR OVER 50 YEARS ^ii/e

The terms "Linde" and "Union Carbide" are repistered trade-marks of UCC.

48 THE TECHNOGRAPH Tau Beta Pi Essay . . .

The Thing That Couldn't be Done

By Stephen Lucas

S'liiii hotly said that it (ouldn't he /lone. turning out the organization man, the What does all of this mean ? What

But III nith II iliiuUc ri-pliiii man who is happy to find his safe little am 1 trying to say? I am saying that ." Hull " iiiiiyhc it lOiililn' t hut lie ivniilil niche in life and stay there away from the uni\ersities and colleges are not hv one the \\(u-ries and insolvable problems of tinning out the thinking man, the man Who u'oiililii't say so till hi'/l triiil. life. The Wall Street Journal, in an who has a wide and varied background

So III- hiirUid I'ti/ht in ivith the triiee of early March editorial, noticed that more in all or most fields, the man who when

II jfiiii employers wanted their prospecti\e em- confronting a problem knows what to do On his ftiee. If he ivorried he hid it. ployees to ha\e a wide and di\ersified when parts of the solution are not in lie started to siui/ as he taekled the his field, and the man who can and will

t hi nil tackle any problem because his mind has

That eoitldn't he done, and he did it. not been channeled and persuaded that the problem cannot be done. I am sav- —Edgar A. Guest ing that the men and women graduated today are not the well-rounded men and They said it couldn't be done; thc-y women they believe themselves to be. said nobody could do it. Sounds familiar, The three sources noted above are iloesii't it. "Gunsnioke " is interrupted at only a sample of the many persons, K-ast three times a week by that catchy groups, and publications which cite the little phrase to which is added a plug poor education being obtained in col- for Liggett and Meyers L & M cigar- leges and universities. It is relatively ettes. Most (if us though are so worried simple to say that something is definite- about whether Matt Dillon will catch ly Licking in college education today; that week's \armit that we don't think hut. it is much harder to advance even seriously about the present implication .1 partial solution to this difficult prob- of those twehe words they said it — lem. Hefore setting down suggestions, couldn't be done; they said nobod\' 1 should like to advance two statements: coidd do it. the first to explain what education Throughout his brief presence on should not be, and the second to gener-

earth, man has attacked many problems alh' outline what it should be. which couldn't be done, and done them. The late Albert Einstein once re-

One does not have to think too long to marked, "There is born into the minds come up with such examples. Man was of all men an intense curiosity and de- not made to fly and he certainly coidd sire for knowledge, hut for most people, not in a heavier than air machine; yet this is .soon educated out of them." And the Wright brothers did it. It was im- V ice President and Provost of the I'ni- possible for one person to talk to anoth- versity, Gordon Ray, commented last er many miles away; but Alexander year at the Men's Independent Associa- Hell did it. A ship dri\en by a tub of tion Awards Banquet that the aim of

boiling water — impossible, the people college education is not the amassing of

said ; they were amazed when Fulton's information, but the enlarging of mental (Jeriiiont did it. capacities to enable an individual to use That's \ery nice, you are probabh' the information he gained at college. saying to yourself, but I knew all this training. The e

before. True, I say, this is not m\- that presenth' colleges and luiiversities let us see what could be done to actually

point; my question is, can we keep the were graduating tradesmen or human educate, and not train, the people at- impossible jobs of today and tomorrow machines with the characteristic lack of tcnd'iig our colleges and universities. as our forefathers did? Can we, who are drive and vocational interest that I'irst, the undergraduate curriculum in colleges and universities of the Lnit- Whyte often observed. To come a little should consist of basic and general ed States, tackle the job that couldn't closer to home, Mrs. Frayn Utley, wife courses. A large amount of technical be done and do it? I am not sure we of Clifton Utley, well-known news and specialized cour.ses should only be

can, and I shall attempt to explain why commentator, and famous herself as a taught in graduate schools. A po.ssible and to offer a few suggestions on how news commentator, last week at the an- solution to the old complaint about the we can remed\ the situation of which nual professional journalism honorary narrowness of engineers would be to ". I speak. banquet said, . . schools of journal- make engineering curricula of five year In The Organization Man. William ism are not providing enough hack- duration. The present trend of under- Whyte takes several chapters to explain ground education. Tlu-\ are turning nut graduate engineering schools, which are his \ie\\s on the effect of education in technicians." most often accused of not offering a

FEBRUARY, 1960 49 \M'II-r()uiuInl cmiiM' i>t stiul>, is to i-oii- local aft'aiis. 'riii> lack of intere>t and tinually k«'p adding more technical and knowledge is ipiite evident in the cam- specialized courses to the already over- pus counterpart — student govertuiient. loaded undergraduate program. If the Student Senate at this university has engineering school at this university long admonished the student for his were changed to a five year school, it is apathy in governmental affairs. Perhaps almost a certainty that the extra \ear Student Senate could work in conjunc- would he composed almost entirelx of tion with the uni\ersit\ in offering these more technical courses, althougli the courses in go\ernmeiit :\i\i\ world af- main reason many educators ami per- f;iirs and use the uni\ersir\ .is a small sonnel directors in industry would want model on which the students on this an extra year for engineering education camnus could practice and learn. is to add the lacking non-technicai or Third, a series of one course in con- liberal arts courses. Several of my in- temporary, creative, or out-of-field writ- structors have mentioned that many of ing should at least be offered and possi- the pre.sent engineering courses were hi\ be require

I am afraid, at the expense of a non- \()u are reading is an example. The rec- technical or liberal arts electixe. Some ognition of this problem, however, does work should be definiteh' done in this not necessarily bring about a solution. area to stop the trend of technical spe- Those engineers elected into Tau Reta cialization and turn it into a trend of Pi do need this type of experience ; but, education. surely the other people in engineering Second, se\iT;d reipnred courses in need this experience as much if not more present or contemporary world events than those persons actually participating should be offered by colleges and luu- as pledges. A course of this type should versities to all of their undergraduates. be required of all engineers, possibly a A very noticeable trend in our nation at full year after Rhetoric 102. This pro- this time is the ignorance and disinter- gram would be applicable to other col- est of the people in world, national, and leges whose graduates also need a good

FATIGUE HE MAKES HIS ENGINE STALL ...SO yours won't!

Charles Domke lias one of the world's most unusual jobs. He tricx to have engine trouble! He's a Project Automotive Engineer at Standard Oil. In all kinds of weather— hot, cold, wet, dry, low barometer, high barometer — he goes driving. First thing you know, he'll stop and change fuel, put in a different blend of gasoline to see what happens. If it stalls, he doesn't call a tow truck. He just puts in another blend of gasoline. You might say he makes his engine stall ... so yours won't! What Mr. Domke and other automotive engineers learn from these constant experiments is used to give you gasoline that is blended especially for the region of the country in which you live and also for the season. It may surprise you to learn that 12 or more seasonal changes are made in Standard gasoline every year! It is adjusted for temperature, humidity, altitude and other factors that affect ua.'^oline performance in your area. .\ pioneer in petroleum research. Standard

' 111 is famous for its "firsts" in petroleum progress. Since our first research laboratory opened Til years ago, our scientists have been responsible for many major petroleum advances— from making a barrel of oil yield more gasoline to discovering a way to get more oil out of the earth. Charles Domke and other scientists at Standard Oil and its affiliated companies are searching continually for ways to make oil

products serve you better. . to make petroleum more useful to more people than ei'cr before! What makes a company a good citizen? For a company, good citizenship is more than obeying the law and paying taxes. It is looking ahead, planning for the future, making im- provements. America has grown to greatness on research conducted bv private business for the benefit of all.

Charles Domke (right) is one of the few men we know wlio takes a positive deliglit in having his engine stall in sub-zero weather. He and Mechanic Verland Stout change gasoline blends frequently. When the engine stalls, they try another blend. Their objective, of course, is to find the perfect gasoline under various climatic and road conditions —and the true test is on the road itself!

The gasoline that performs best in icy conditions will cause engine difficulty in hot weather. Standard gasoline formulas are changed twelve times a year to assure peak performance in every season. Mixtures also differ from one geographical location to another in order to offer customers more gasoline value for their dollar.

standard)

S T A X II A It II OIL CO >l I* A .\ V THE SIGN OF PROGRESS THROUGH RESEARCH

FEBRUARY, 1960 51 —

to produce a slickness so total that there

is \irtually nothing tor dirt to adhere Skimming to." The water-repellent treatment "\\ ithstood se\ en days of continuous 24-

lioiii" raint.ill without showing any Industrial w.itei' penetration." Mobile Lounge

I'.issengers at the now-abuilding

1 )iilles Intei'national Aii|iort outside Headlines Washington, D. C"., will he ferried

I rom teiiiiinal to pl.incs in "mobile lounges." The \ehicles will he self-pro-

pel le

Electronic Warehouse

.A giant Milwaukee mad order house

li.is sl.ished its two biggest costs li,i|ierwork and physical assembly of orders—by an estimated #250,000 a year through automation. Two electronic computing systems used to sort and Edited by The Staff process orders have enabled a reduction of the firm's warehouse staff from 200 to 20. Seven Tips on How to Get Better Survey on Engineering Writing Results from Tape Recorder Under Way Fish Finder

^'our (laiii;htcr lias Midi a sweet little A siir\e\ to find what management A Massachusetts electronics company com- voice that you simply must put it c)ii is doing to help technical people has developed a portable depth and fish by the in tape. You do—and she sounds like a municate better is being made finder for use by sports fishermen beatnik on a binge. Technical Writing Improvement So- boats as small as dingies. The transistor- ciety (TWIS). Underlying the survey ized fathometer can operate off a port- This can be avoided if \ou follow is the desire to find why industry is not able battery or the battery of a power these seven hints on how to get better doing more to help their key profes- boat, has .a depth range of 120 feet, results from \our tape recorder. sionals—particLilarly engineers — write and will (lin-point both bottom depth 1. Avoid hand-holding the micro- better. The survey results are expected and an\ intervening schools of fish. phone. Mike stands, both Hoor and to show if the reasons are financial, lack table models, are preferable. Don't of instructors, lack of books and other New TV Tube place the microphone on the same t.ible teaching materials, etc. with the recorder nv on .1 piano, radio A pale green glow emitted by the Questionnaires are being sent bv or TV cabinet. radar screens is the onh' source of light TWIS to more than l.(H)() of the coun- to record at the proper in an airport radar room. All day, every 2. Make sure try's top firms in all industries. The sur- level. high or too low le\els day, observers in this darkened room volume Too vey is being directed bv John L. Kent, scan the scopes to insure that air traffic will create distortions. TWIS Executive Secretary. TWIS is is safely routed. 3. Record the speaking voice at a a national organization of educators, Without disrupting these vital oper- speed of 3.7 S ips. Hut it is advisable to tr.ide journal editors, industrial writers ations, WDSU-TV, Channel 6, New record music, both vocal and i nstru- and editors, and iiianagenient people, ()rleans, recently took its viewers into mental, at 7.5 ips. founded in lO.SS. the sur\e\, Kent s.aul the radar room of the new Terminal 4. To avoid feedback, place the mi- In announcing Huilding at Moisant International Air- crophone so that the sound from the that industrial management is one (jf which educators feel port. The telecast from this darkened speaker is not directed toward it. Keep the four factors writ- room was made possible by the use of the mike away from audible hum fields have a bearing on the quality of Electric's new super-sensitive 1 the eng:- (leneral such as those produced by fluorescent ing. The other three are ( ) who ac- television camera tube. lamp ballasts and the like. neer himself, (2) the editors The e\ent was one of a series of high- X Keep tapes away from excessive cept engineers' writing, and (3) the l\ successful local "remote" telecasts heat and dampness, and do not store schools and colleges which ha\e helpeil using this type (iL-7629 image orthicon tape near electrical appliances or mo- educate the engineer. published b\ for black-and-white for the first time in tors which may generate magnetic fields. Results are to be TWIS regidar on-the-air service. WDSl -1 \ 6. Do not wind the tape too tightly this June. technicians were amazed by the abilit\ when you store it. Be sure the tape is New Repellents of this tube, to pick up a usable pictui'e wound evenly, and make sure to rcw iiid dusf-iepelleiit for paint and a in abscdute minimum "existing light' at least once every six months. A clothing are promis- conditions. 7. Don't be afraid to experiment and water-repellent for New Orleans' St. Louis Cathedral, make mistakes. One unique advantage ing new developments. The paint-pro- colloidal silica preparation on hist(u-ic Jackson Square, was the site of a tape recorder is that you erase mis- tector is a paint surface of another important telecast using this takes simply by re-recording. that "fills the pores of a

THE TECHNOGRAPH 52 new image orthicon. WDSU-TV's tra- and diNposal of the wastes, while the the shuttle, is lo.ided with two parts in

ditional Christmas Eve telecast of Mid- estimated annual operating cost tor the first station. One raw casting is night Mass was marked by the best re- these facilities is appro\imatel\ is(),(KI(l,- clamped with the four exhaust port sults ever this year. Understandably, the 000." flanges up. A partially finished casting use of TV^ lights for this remote is out Methods of keeping waste from hav- IS turned end for end. rotated approxi- of the question. Engineering personnel ing harmful effects center around two mately ')(l deg and clanipecolumn as the mil'ing cutters. With sults obtained with the new tube during the sea. normal part design changes, it would the remote telecasts and studio experi- "The conversion to solids and storage on!\ be necessary to change the angle of ments. of these wastes in salt formations seemed the tailpipe flange-drilling head. Because to be the most favored possibility at this of standard component ilesign, this is a Radioactive Waste time," Leiberman added, referring to compartively simple m.atter. Eixturing changes would depend on the angular The luiclear energy industr\' cm de- recent Washington hearings on the sub- change. velop in a rational way without being ject. "bottle-necked" or "liamsfnuig" by ".Although one has to be \er\' care- The parts are shuttled back to the trouble in ilisposing of ]adioacti\e ful to distinguish between aspiration, first station in rapid traverse f(u- the wastes, an Atomic Energy Comnu'ssion reality and speculation in this field, it final machining operations. To prevent spokesman said. is our own strong feeling that the devel- scuffing of the milled SLirfaces, the mill- opment program has thus far found ing cutters are lifted about ' inch dur- .'\ddressing a University of Illinois ,s solutions to ^ome of the waste problems ing the period of the return movement. sanitary engineering conference that has and at least indicated solutions to In this station, the eight exhaust port "Radiological Aspects of Water S Lip- others." flange holes of the r.iw casting are plies" as its theme, J. A. Lieberman, The U. of I. Sanitary Engineering drilled and the central opening in the chief. Environmental and Sanitary En- Conference is conducted by the U. of I. tailpipe flange of the semifinished gineering, AEC Division of Reactor part Department of Civil Engineering and is finished with a two-step boring tool Development, said: Division of University Extension, with using carbide cutters. "The management of railioacti\e the Division of Sanitary Engineering, At the end of this automatic cycle, wastes which includes their handling, Illinois Department of Public Health. the operator removes the finished part, treatment and disposal is a general prob- Proceeilings will be published. transfers the .semifinished part to the lem whose thread runs thi'ough the com- second fixture position and inserts a raw plete fabric of nuclear energy opera- Milling During Transfer part in the first position. Each back-and- tions. . . . forth cycle of this machine produces one "In the peaceful day-to-day ap|ilica- |-,\h:ui>t manitold castings can now be finished manifold ami the production tion the finished in a that of benefits of nuclear technol- completely machine rate is 20 |iarts per hour at IIIO', ogy, the disposal of radioactive wastes not only saves floor space hut permits etficiencv while producing truck mani- potentially represents perhaps the major simple alterations to meet part design folds. 'non-beneficial' effect on the public anrl changes. Designed and built b\' The Its resources. Cross Company, Detroit, Mich., this Space 'Bicycle' "More mone\' probabh' has been machine mills all flange faces of mani- spent, and more scientific and technologi- folds while they are being transferreil S|iacemen may spend a good part of cal effort concentrated on facilities, and does machining operations in both their time pedaling. One researcher says operations, and research with regard to stations. Any change of the tailpiiie a human passenger in a space vehicle this industrial waste than on any in- flange angle — which usually changes could supply some of his own power by liustrial contaminant we have known. with each new vehicle model — can be a pedal operated generator to .save the At the present time at Atomic Energy accommodated by changing the fixturing weight and space used by other power

Commission installations, there is an in- and the angle of just one head in one sources such as batteries. In addition, it vestment of approximately $200,000,0()() of the stations. would provide a form of exercise and in facilities for the hnndling, treatment .A two-position livture, mounted on possibly help relieve tension.

FEBRUARY, 1960 53 I

''Fenton! Quick!''

54 THE TECHNOGRAPH Summer jobs often lead to rewarding careers at Du Pont

THIS SUMMER... ON-THE-JOB TECHNICAL TRAINING AT DU PONT

Pictured are a few of the many Du Pont dents an opportunity to increase technical plants and laI)oratories across the country knowledge and to learn how to put college where selected technical students roll up training to use in industry. It gives their sleeves during summer vacation and DuPont a chance to observe men who will put their college training to practical use. soon be graduating in science and engineering. Many of these summer associa- Most of the assignments are similar to tions are stepping stones to rewarding work the employees are likely to do after careers with this company. graduation. Next summer, for example, a chemical engineering student may go to Juniors, seniors and graduate students work on a catalyst recovery project. A will be given technical assignments. Op- mechanical engineering trainee may be- portunities are in chemical, mechanical, come engrossed in a challenging hydraulic electrical and metallurgical engineering; study. A promising young chemist may also in physics and mathematics. Candi-

tackle a problem in organic chemistry. dates should write at once to E. I. du Pont

In short, each man is given a regular de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), 2420 Nemours plant or laboratory assignment commen- Building, Wilmington 98. Delaware. Open- surate with his education to date. And, as ings are, of course, limited. with permanent employees, the student's There are opportunities also for men training is personalized and tailored to fit who have completed tlieir freshman and

his background and interests . . . even to sophomore years, as laboratory assistants the location he prefers, as far as practical. or vacation relief operators. They should This program has proved of benefit both apply direct to the Du Pont plant or to students and to Du Pont. It gives stu- laboratory location of their choice.

OTK BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING . . . THROUGH CHEMISTRY

FEBRUARY, 1960 55 Biggest thirst in the universe

Each 6,000,000 pound thrust rocket ship now being planned for manned interplanetary exploration will gulp as much propellant as the entire capac-

ity of a 170 passenger DC-8 Jetliner in less than 4 seconds! It will consume 1,140 tons in the rocket's approximately 2 minutes of burning time. Required

to carry this vast quantity of propellant will be tanks tall as 8 story buildings, strong enough to withstand tremendous G forces, yet of minimum weight.

Douglas is especially qualified to build giant-sized space ships of this type because of familiarity with every structural and environmental problem involved. This has been gained through 18 years of experience in producing missile and space systems. We are seeking qualified engineers and scientists to aid us in these and other projects. Write to C. C. LaVene, Box 600-M, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California.

Dr. Henry Ponsford, Chief, Structures Section, discusses valve and fuel flow requirements for space vehicles with ^^ll^l AQ Donald W. Douglas, Jr., President of l/UUULMd

MISSILE AND SPACE. SYSTEMS MILITARY AIRCRAFT DC-8 JETLINERS CARGO TRANSPORTS AIRCOMB GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

56 THE TECHNOGRAPH . a liaiul in tliiiif^s li Reaching into a lost world

. . . jor a plastic you use every day

Massive creatures once sloshed tlirough endless swamps, feeding on Learn about the exciting work going on now in plastics, car- huge ferns, luxuriant rushes and strange pulp-like trees. After ruUng for 100 million bons, chemicals, gases, metals, years, the giant animals and plants vanished forever beneath the surface with and nuclear energy. Write for violent upheavals in the earth's crust. Over a long period, they gradually turned into "Products and Processes" Booklet H, Union Carbide great deposits oil natural gas. today. Union Carbide converts these vast of and And Corporation, 30 E. 42nd St., resources into a modern miracle — the widely-used plastic called polyethylene. New York 17. N. Y. In Canada, Un ion Carbide Canada Lim ited, Millions of feet of tough, transparent polyethylene film are used each Toronto. year to protect the freshness of perishable foods such as fruits and vegetables. Scores

of other useful things are made from polyethylene . . . unbreakable kitchenware, alive

with color . . . bottles that dispense a fine spray with a gentle squeeze . . . electrical insulation for your television antenna, and even for trans-oceanic telephone cables.

Polyethylene is only one of many plastics and chemicals that Union

Carbide creates from oil and natural gas. By constant research into the basic elements of nature, the peojjle of Union Carbide bring new and better products into ... a hand your everyday life. in things to come

FEBRUARY, 1960 57 mm.//mmw

.THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE

Since its inception nearly 23 years ago, tier will advance at an accelerated rate. will be made of the moon and the plan- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has given The preliminary instrument explora- ets and of the vast distances of inter- the free world its first tactical guided mis- tions that have already been made only planetary space; hard and soft landings sile system, its first earth satellite, and seem to define how much there is yet will be made in preparation for the time its first lunar probe. to be learned. During the next few years, when man at last sets foot on new worlds. In the future, under the direction of the payloads will become larger, trajectories In this program, the task of JPL is to National Aeronautics and Space Admin- will become more precise, and distances gather new information for a better un- istration, pioneering on the space fron- covered will become greater. Inspections derstanding of the World and Universe.

~ We do these things because of the unquenchable curiosity of Who, at this present time, can predict what potential benefits Man. The scientist is continually asking himsell questions and to man exist in this enterprise? No one con say with any accu- then setting out to lind the answers. In the course of getting racy what we will find OS we fly farther away from the earth, these answers, he has provided practical benefits to man that first with instruments, then with man. It seems to me that we hove sometimes surprised even the scientist. ore obligated to do these things, as human beings'.' "Who can tell what we will find when we get to the planets ? DR. W. H. PICKERING, Director, JPL

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JET PROPULSION LABORATORY A Reseorch Facility operated for the National Aeronautics anct Space Administration PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Employment opportunities for Engineers and Scientists interested in basic and applied research in these fields: INFRA-RED • OPTICS • MICROWAVE • SERVOMECHANISMS • COMPUTERS • LIQUID AND SOLID PROPULSION • ENGINEERING MECHANICS STRUCTURES • CHEMISTRY • INSTRUMENTATION • MATHEMATICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS Send professional resume for our immediate consideraiion. Inferviews may be arranged on Campus or at the Laboratory.

58 THE TECHNOGRAPH For the man who likes to make his own career decisions

The AlHs-Chalmers Graduate Training Course is based on freedom of opportunity. You will have up to two years of practical training to find the right spot for yourself. At the same time, you enjoy a steady income. You can ac- cept a permanent position at any time — when- ever you can show you are ready. You help plan your own program, working with experienced engineers, many of them graduates of the program. Your choice of fields is as broad as industry itself — for Allis-Chalmers supplies equipment serving numerous growth industries. A unique aspect of the course is its flexibility. You may start out with a specific field in mind, then discover that your interests and talents lie in another direction. You have the freedom to change your plans at any time while on the course.

Types of jobs: Research esign • Development • Manufac- turing • Application • Sole Service.

Industries: Agricultur< Electric Power • Nude Pope

Equipment: Steam Turbines • HycJroulic Tu rbines • Switchgeor • Transformers • Electronics • Reoctors ' Kilns • Crushers • Tractors • Earth Movers • Motors • Control • Pumps • Engines:

Freedom of Opportunity ojiens the doors to challenging and interesting careers. Among them is our Nuclear Power Division, with an engineering staff in Washington, D. C, a new research and development center in Greendale. Wis., and an important research effort at Princeton University involving power from the hydrogen atom. For details on the opportunities available, write to Allis- Chalmers, Graduate Training Section, Milwaukee

1, Wisconsin. ALLIS-CHALMERS <^

FEBRUARY, 1960 59 BRAIN TEASERS

Edited by Steve Dilts

A familiar txin- ot logic |ii)mt ma\ he The answers for these hi .linteasers callfd the "coloieii-hat" variety after will apiiear next month. The answers to the followini; best - known example. last month's problems follow.

Three men : A. 1? and Care blirulfold- ed and told that either a red or a sireeii The ;imount spent by eacli individual hat will he placed on each of them. is a square number, and the difference thi.s is - see a red hat. and to lea\e 3 sets of squares that differ b\ 53. The the room as soon as the\' are sine of required numbers are: the color of their own hat. All three 32-31 ==63 hats happen to be red. so all three men 12=- 9==63 raise a hand. Se\eral minutes go by 8=- P=63 \mtil C. who is more astute than the in first column rep- others, leaves the room. How did he The integers the deduce the color of his hat? resent expenditures b\ the husbands; in the second column, by the wi\es. Now we have to pick the integers that differ Another class of jiopular logic puz/les b\- 2?i and 11. It is easily seen that involves truth-telling and lying. The Anna (31) is the wife of Hendrick classic example concerns an explorer in (?>2) \ Katrun (9) is the wife of Elas a region inhabited b\ the usual two (12) ; (nirtrun (1) is the wife of Cor- tribes; the members of one tribe al- nelius (8). ways lie, the members of the other always tell the truth. He meets two na- 30 tives. "Are you a truth-teller?" he asks the tall one. "Goom," the native re- plies. "He say 'Yes'," explains the short nati\e. who speaks English, "but him big liar." What tribe did each belong

When Professor Stanislaw Slapenar- ski. the Polish mathematician, walked down the down-moving escalator, he- reached the bottom after taking 50 steps. As an experiment he then ran up the same escalator, one step at a time, reaching the top after taking 125 steps. As- suming that the professor went up fi\e time as fast as he went down ( that is. took five steps to e\'ery one steii before), and that he made each trip at a constant speed, how many steps would be visible if the escalator stopped running? * » »

An absent - minded bank teller switched the dollars and cents when he cashed a check for Mr. Brown, giving him dollars instead of cents, and cents instead of dollars. After buying a five- cent newspaper, l?rown

Hrainteasers courtesv Sricii/ifii .1 nicri- —

Since he won the unique 7-5 set, his Electronic 'Old Man' Hat Radio Hrst-round opponent was Bancroft. Latest idea In company communica- Other first round pairings were Aber- .\ew Hampshire's famous "Old Man tion is a two-way radio in a safety hel- cronibie vs. Devereau (3), and (jormley of the Mountains," the natural rock for- met which has a sound-cancelling micro- vs. Egglestoii (9). The remaining two mation that inspired Nathaniel Haw- phone for efifective transmission when entrants must ha\e been paired: Haver- thorne to write "The (jreat Stone surrounding noise level is high. The toril vs. Chadwick. Face," is being protected from the radio, about the size of a cigaret pack The winners in the first round were weather by modern electronic equip- and weighing two pounds including two Haverford (3), Franklin (8), Eggles- ment. Engineers have installed strain small batteries, has a 1 ,(100-f()ot range. tnn and Devereau (6). gages on the steel rods used to reinforce In the second round Eggleston did the stone face to measure shifts in the not meet Haverford (1), nor did he formation of the rock. Arctic Buildings Self-Rising meet Frankhn, for Franklin vs. Ban- Two huge steel buildings that pull croft and Eggleston vs. Gorniley were Belt Saves Roads themselves up by their own bootstraps in different halves of the original brack- in this case, built-in hydraulic jacks Therefore, Eggleston met Dev- Old conveyor belts, which had been et (2). are features of new Distant Early ereau, and Haverford met Franklin. discarded by a mining firm, now are Warning Line construction in the Arc- The winners were Devereau (6) and being used to protect the surface of a tic. The two-story, 133-by- 144-foot road from tractor-type machinery. Franklin (8). The structures stand on "stilts" 19 feet company's operations lie on either side Devereau won tiie final match from above Greenland's ice cap and are raised of a black-top the old belts, Franklin by 6-4, h-4. and ti-4 (8). road and b\- the jacks three feet each year. This laid across the road, prevent crawler- keeps them from being buried b\- drift- Gulls Plague City Dump type machinery fi'om damaging the pave- ing belting and accumulating snow, which Gulls may force Diduth, Minn., to ment. However, the does not builds up on the cap one \ard each year. interfere with normal road traffic. close its city garbage dimip. The scaven- ging gulls, defying bombs, buckshot and Steam Welding thicker coverings of dirt, are considered Rumpus Room Shelter a hazard to planes using a nearby air- Steam weKling is the latest idea in port. They ha\e flown into jet intakes The latest twist in bomb shelters is shieded-arc systems—where gases usual- and coUuleil with radar equipment. a walnut paneled room designed to serve ly are used to protect the weld from im- as a guest room, rumpus room or work- purities such as oxygen—in the Soviet Paint Kills Bugs shop when not being used as a shelter. L'nion. Russian engineers say tests show .A paint that kills insects which alight It uses the basic design approved by that water vapor becomes a protective on it recently has been developed. The the Office of Civil Defense Mobiliza- medium—providing a large quantity of paint is applied by conventional tech- tion, but it adds such refinements as moisture at the joint—that prevents niques. Insect-killing power is said to convertible sofas, vinyl floors, finished weld porosity and improves over-all last as long as the paint itself. walls, a television set and cabinets. quality.

To students who want to be SUCCESSFUL highway engineers

There's a real need for qualified men in America's specified for paving . . . and much more. It is a

100 billion dollar highway program. It's a big job. worthwhile, permanent addition to your profes-

For example, for the new Interstate Highway Sys- sional library.

tem alone, 35,000 miles are still to be built. It's yours, free. Send for it today. Prepare now for

Choice assignments await engineers at every level. your future success.

They will go to the men who prepare for them.

As part of that preparation, you must have basic THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE material on Asphalt Technology. For if you don't Asphalt Institute Building. College Park, Maryland ' ' ^ '^ know Asphalt, you don't know your highways. Gentlemen : Please send me your free student portfolio on Asphalt Asphalt is the modern paving for today's and Technology. tomorrow's roads. Asphalt surfaces more than

4/5ths of all roads and streets in the country.

We have put together a special student portfolio

to meet that need for information on Asphalt. It

covers the Asphalt story, origin, uses, how it is i. 1

62 THE TECHNOGRAPH .

''we need. .

men who can write . , . or learn to write; cover fast -breaking neivs around the world; develop into editors running top business and engineering magazines.'^

Robert K. Moffett Assistant to the Editorial Director McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

"Buck" Moffett is looking for engineering graduates in that field— and what it may mean. who can come up as fast in business and technical In line with this, you may also be interested in the journalism as he did himself. McGraw-Hill Tuition Refund Plan. All of our editors Buck was trained on Business Week, Factory, and have the opportunity to continue their education in Fleet Owner, handling everything from rewrite to field their chosen fields. The company pays half the cost. assignments. With experienced McGraw-Hill editors Physics, economics, aerodynamics— whichever will to show him how, he rose rapidly from trainee to help you go the furthest in your career. assistant editor to associate editor to managing editor Is writing experience required? It helps, but if you of Fleet Owner. like to write—and engineering is your profession— Now Assistant to the Editorial Director of ^NIcGraw- that's the main thing. Hill, he's looking for engineering graduates who want Buck Moffett will cover as many colleges as he can to rise to the top of their industry— in publishing. in person. Ask your placement director when he'll be at

This is no job for the engineer who wants to spend yours. If he hasn't been able to get your campus on his his life in a corner on one part of one project. You work itinerary, write direct. Tell us about your background, you would . activities why with the new . . the experimental . . . the significant. college record, outside and It will be up to you to interpret today's advanced be interested in a career in engineering journalism. developments for thousands of readers. Whichever Write to: Assistant to the Editorial Director, McGraw-Hill magazine you're assigned to, an indus- McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc., 330 West try will be looking to you for the word on the latest 42nd Street, New York 36, New York.

Mc Graw-Hill —»:- PUBLICATIONS

McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC., 330 WEST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 36,N.Y. FEBRUARY, 1960 63 : ——

Begged, Borrowed, and . .

Edited by Jack Fortner

hospital who 'Fhe Professor ot English and the In- A patient at .a mental I. IFF. OF A jOKK rilK was saving structor of Engineering were dining to- hail been certified cured frcshinaii thinks it up :hu1 psychiatrist. Hi,th —A gether in the Faculty Cafeteria. During LM)od-b\ to the head wakinsi two Sopho- lauj;lis out loud, the course of the meal the fonner "And what are you going to do when the back row. niori-s in spoke \(iu '.'vx out in the world?" it to Aiic 3 minutes— Freshman tells rather pecidiar answer in "I had a "Well I may go back to I', of I. and funny, but a Senior, who answers: "It's asked who wrote the class today. I fiii'sh mv CE course. Then, 1 liked the I've heard it before. and a rather 'Merchant of Venice,' .Arm\- before, so I may enlist again. He turns it in to a Aj;e 1 (lay Senior rejilied. 'I'le.ise, su, it — young freshman paused a moment and tbouidit. "'Fhen, eolle^e ma-'-azine as his own. wasn't me!" a'_;ain, 1 may be a teakettle." ter- Aije 2 days— Editor thinks it's "Ha ha ha!" laughed the Eugineei- the lit- rible. iiiL' Instructor, "and I suppose Editor has to Idl ma>i- He grabbed me by my slender neck .Asie 10 days— tle rascal did it all the time." 1 could not yell or scream. a/,ine, so joke is printed. Thirteen college com- He dragged me to his bedroom Age 1 month— young engineer took his girl to A Where we could not be seen. ics reprint it. opera one beautiful, warm, an open air flimsy wraps years Seventy-six radio come- He threw aside my Ao-e 3 — summer evening. During the first act simultaneously and tell And gazed upon mv form. dians discover it necessary to excuse himself. he found it chilly. accomiianied bv howls of mirth from 1 was cold and it He asked the usher where the men's the orchestra (,e printer gets all incorrect. night? interesting was And the staff gets all the blame! with la^f THE TECHNOGRAPH 64 By setting templates of standard With this plotter, stereo aerial Slides give the sales staff cjuick components on photo-sensiti\e photos become contour maps, show understanding of the engineering paper and exposing it, hours of highway routes, mineral-bearing superiority of their product —equip hand drafting are saved. formations, volume of coal piles. them with facts for their customers.

From drawing board to shipping platform...

Photography works forth e engineer

Whatever your field, you will find photography

increasing in importance. It works for the research

scientist, the production engineer, the sales executive,

the administrator. It speeds engineering, expedites

quality control. It trains, and teaches, and sells. It

will help you in whatever you do.

Photographs of freight cars as loaded and as received provide information for engineers to develop better loading practices (as well as data for damage claims). EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

Rochester 4, N. Y.

Careers witli Kodak

With photography and photographic If vou are looking for such an inter- processes becoming increasingly impor- esting opportunity, write for infor- tant in the business and industry of mation about careers with Kodak. tomorrow, there are new and challeng- Address: Business and Tcchiiiral ing opportunities at Kodak in research, Per.sonncl Department, engineering, electronics, design, and Eastman Kodak Company, production. Rochester 4, N. Y. One of a series

hilerview with General Electric^s Earl G, Abbott, Manager— Sales Training Technical Training Programs at General Electric

Q. Why does your company have train- third year of the Advanced Engineering edge in dealing with customers. After Program. completing orientation assignments in ing programs, Mr. Abbott? Then there is the two-year Creative engineering, manufacturing, and market- Engineering Program for those graduates ing, the Program member may specialize A. Tomorrow's many positions of major who have completed their first-year in one of the four marketing areas: appli- responsibility will necessarily be filled by assignments and who are interested in cation engineering, headquarters market- young men who have developed their learning creative techniques for solving ing, sales engineering, or installation and potentials early in their careers. General engineering problems. service engineering. Electric training programs simply help Another avenue of training for the In addition to on-the-job assignments, speed up this development process. qualified graduate is the Honors Program, related courses of study help the Program In addition, training programs provide which enables a man to earn his Master's member prepare for early assumption of graduates with the blocks of broad ex- degree within three or four semesters at major responsibility. perience on which later success in a selected colleges and universities. The specialization can be built. Company pays for his tuition and books, training Furthermore, career opportunities and Q. How can I decide which his work schedule allows him to earn sharp focus and interests are brought into program I would like best, Mr. Abbott? 75 percent of full salary while he is going after intensive working exposures to to school. This program is similar to a Electric then gains several fields. General training program is research assistantship at a college or A. Well, selecting a the valuable contributions of men who alone can make. You university. a decision which you early, well-considered deci- have made made a similar decision when you selected sions on career goals and who are con- Q. Just how will the Manufacturing your college major, and now you are fidently working toward those objectives. focusing your interests only a little more Training Program help prepare me for sharply. The beauty of training programs a career in manufacturing? Q. What kinds of technical training pro- is that they enable you to keep your does your company conduct? career selection relatively broad until you grams A. The three-year Manufacturing have examined at first hand a number of Program consists of three orientation specializations. A. General Electric conducts a number assignments and three development training programs. The G-E programs Furthermore, transfers from one Gen- of assignments in the areas of manufacturing the great majority of eral Electric training program to another which attract engineering, quality control, materials Engineering are possible for the Program member engineering graduates are management, plant engineering, and Science, Manufacturing, and Tech- whose interests clearly develop in one and manufacturing operations. These assign- Marketing. of the other fields. nical ments provide you with broad, fundamental manufacturing knowledge and Q. How long does the Engineering and with specialized knowledge in your Personalized Career Plantiiiif! Science Program last? particular field of interest. is (General Klectric's term for the The practical, on-the-job experience selection, plareineitt. and pro- which of several offered by this rotational program is sup- A. That depends on fessional development of engi- avenues you decide to take. Many gradu- plemented by participation in a manu- neers and scientists. If yon nonid ates complete the training program dur- facturing studies curriculum covering Career Plan- ing their first year with General Electric. all phases of manufacturing. like a Personalized Each Program member has three or four ning folder u-hicli describes in responsible work assignments at one or Q. What kind of training would I get more detail the Company's train- more of 61 different plant locations. on your Technical Marketing Program? ins proiirams for technical arailn- Some graduates elect to take the Ad- ates, write to Mr. Abbott at Sec- vanced Engineering Program, supple- A. The one-year Technical Marketing tion 959-1.3, General Electric menting their work assignments with Program is conducted for those graduates challenging Company -conducted study who want to use their engineering knowl- (knnpany, Sclienectady 5, l\. 1. courses which cover the application of engineering, science, and mathematics to Progress fs Our Most Important Product industrial problems. If the Program member has an analytical bent coupled with a deep interest in mathematics and physics, he may continue through a second and GENERAL AeLECTRIC