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Middle-Class Immigration and Residential Preferences in Stockholm

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Middle-Class Immigration and Residential Preferences in Stockholm KTH Architecture and the Built Environment Stockholm)(Google)images,)2013)! ! Middle'class!Immigration!and! Residential!Preferences!in!Stockholm! Rosa Gumà Altés Degree Project SoM EX 2013-13 Master (Two Years), Spatial Planning Stockholm 2013 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology Department of Urban Planning and Environment Division of Urban and Regional Studies Abstract This thesis reviews theories about migration, relocation and residential choice focusing on middle- class migrants as the target group within the Swedish context. I argue that middle-class migrants represent an increasing group of migrants within the European Union since the economic crisis of 2008. This time period has seen increased migrant fluxes mainly from Southern to Northern European states. The middle-class migrants have particularities that distinguish them from traditional mass migration. This study aims to learn more about their reasons to move to another country (in this study, Sweden) and their process of settlement (and integration) within the urban context in Stockholm) assessing which factors affect their residential choices. On the basis of qualitative methods, I assess the results of the research interviews of a convenient sample of 9 middle-class newcomers to Stockholm, with previous literature. Results of this study suggest that individual residential choices are related to socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, taste and previous personal experiences. Nevertheless, residential choices and the process of settlement and territorial integration are also limited due to the nature of the housing market, the institutional context, tenure choice, sources of information and economic constraints. In short, the middle-class immigrants represent a small group, which is heterogeneous in terms of culture, race, profession, level of education, country of origin, languages, that shows preference for diversity and the inner city. They do not show preference for co-ethnic or cultural concentration, neither tendency to segregation at the neighborhood scale. Keywords: Mobility• Middle-class• Immigration• Residential Preferences• Choice• Lifestyle. 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. INFORMATION SEARCHING ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. THE QUALITY RESEARCH INTERVIEWS ......................................................................................................................................... 9 PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES .................................................................................................................................................. 11 ETHICAL APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ................................................................................................................................................... 13 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ............................................................................................................................................ 14 THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION ................................................................................................................................................ 15 3.2. RELOCATION (INTRA-URBAN MIGRATION) ............................................................................................................................... 17 REASONS FOR RELOCATION: WHY PEOPLE MOVE? ................................................................................................................... 17 THE NATURE OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN STOCKHOLM ......................................................................................................... 19 CONSTRAINTS OF RELOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 26 3.3. LIFESTYLE AND RESIDENTIAL PREFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 28 4. CASE STUDY ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.1. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ................................................................................................................................................... 40 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF THE STUDY GROUP ....................................................................................................... 40 THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION ................................................................................................................................................ 42 4.2. RELOCATION (INTRA-URBAN MIGRATION) ............................................................................................................................... 44 REASONS FOR RELOCATION: WHY PEOPLE MOVE? ................................................................................................................... 44 THE NATURE OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN STOCKHOLM ......................................................................................................... 50 CONSTRAINTS OF RELOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 53 4.3. LIFESTYLE AND RESIDENTIAL PREFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 57 5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 69 6. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 76 REFERENCE LIST ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 3 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last two decades, Western countries have faced large amount of international migration. According to the DEMIFER project (DEmographic and MIgratory Flows affecting European Regions and cities, 2008) “In a majority of European countries immigration and emigration have a bigger impact on population size and structure than the balance of births and deaths. Since the beginning of the 1990s the inflow of asylum seekers, labor migrants and family members has been the most important demographic event in Western Europe. Of the approximately 475 million people residing in the EU, around 23 million hold a citizenship of a country different to their country of residence. Approximately one third of these originate from another EU state, and two thirds are from outside the EU, i.e. third-county nationals”. According to DEMIFER there are three levels for migration: (1) macro scale (which refers to the international migration within the European context); (2) mezzo scale (which considers the national level); (3) micro scale (which includes the regional and local level or intra-urban migration). This study focus on the macro scale considering migrants who moved to Sweden and originate from outside the EU or another EU state; and the micro scale, because I assess their locational decisions within the urban context in Stockholm. The increment of migration within the European context is translated into a more multicultural society and national governments are especially concerned about how migration will affect social cohesion. Migration is a concept linked with housing because the place of residence is a central issue for people, and therefore one of the first problems to solve when people move. “The housing of migrants-a central issue which affects quality of life in general- is a crucial aspect of the process of integration. On the one hand, the situation of migrants in a city with regard to their housing situation can be considered an important indicator for the state of structural integration in the receiving society. On the other hand, housing policies are an important part of general social policy at the local level, with a strong impact on future processes of integration of migrants and their descendants” ” (CLIP, 2007). Moreover
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